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RUSSIAN NAVY Archipelago expeditions, trips Russian squadron from the Baltic m. In the area of the Greek archipelago in the 2nd floor. 18 - early. 19 cc., During the Russian-Turkish wars. In the 1 st Archipelago expeditions (1769-74) Russian fleet (the actual commander Admiral GA Spiridonov) defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Chesma (1770), and blocked the Dardanelles. In the 2nd Archipelago expedition (1806-07) Russian Navy (Vice Admiral DN Senyavin) defeated the Turkish fleet in the Battle of Athos (1807). Alexander Archipenko Porfirevich (1887-1964), Ukrainian sculptor. From 1908 he worked in France, Germany and the United States. One of the founders of Cubism in sculpture. Author expressive portraits ("Franko"). Abram Efimovich Arkhipov (1862-1930), Russian painter, People's Artist of Russia (1927). Wanderers. Open-air lyrical genre and landscape paintings ("The river Oka", 1890), a picture of severe working life of the people ("Washerwomen", 1890. And 1901), major figures in color peasant ("Girl with a Jug", 1927). ARKHIPOV Vladimirov (1906-85), commander, Colonel-General armored troops (1963), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1940, for the difference in breaking the fortified zone in the Soviet-Finnish War, and 1944, for the crossing p. Vistula). In the Soviet-Finnish war tank company commander. In World War II commander of a tank brigade. ARKHIPOV Trofim Arkhipovich (b. 1908), the Udmurt writer, People's Writer of Udmurtia (1960). Novels "a river Ludzinki" (1949-57), "you came out on the road" (1968-69) story. ARKHIPOVA Irina Konstantinova (b. 1925), the Russian singer (mezzo-soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1984). In 1956-88 at the Bolshoi Theatre. President of the International Union of Musicians since 1991. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory (since 1982). Lenin Prize (1978). Arkhipov-Osipovka, urban-type settlement (since 1960) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr., Climatic resort area on the Black m. 7.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Is named after Arkhip Osipov. Archippus (d. Between 54-68), Apostle of the 70 (Colossians 4:17), bishop of Hierapolis and Colossae (second after the apostle Epaphras). Suffered in Colosse in persecution of Emperor Nero. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January, February 19 (March 4) and 22 November (December 5), in the Catholic March 20. Archippus Herotopsky (Hierapolis) (4 in.), The Christian ascetic, sexton, witness the miracle of Archangel Michael in Honeh (saving the Church of Archangel Michael from the flow of mountain rivers). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 6 (19) of September. Archytas (4 in. BC. E.), Greek philosopher, mathematician, statesman, one of the most prominent representatives of the ancient Pythagoreanism. 7 times elected strategist of Tarentum, established a democratic constitution, Plato saved from punishment Sicilian tyrant Dionysius II in 361 BC. e. ARCHITECTONICS (from the Greek. Architektonike - the art of building), artistic expression patterns of the structure, the ratio of the load and support inherent structural system installations or sculptures. ARCHITECTURE (Lat. Architectura, from the Greek. Architekthon - builder) (architecture), the art of designing and constructing buildings and other. Structures (and their complexes), creates the material organized environment necessary for people in their lives and activities in accordance with the purpose, modern technical features and aesthetic views of society. Architecture as an art form within the scope of spiritual culture, aesthetically pleasing environment shapes human social ideas expressed in images. The historical development of the society defines the functions and types of buildings (buildings with organized interior space, structures that form open spaces, ensembles structures), the technical design of the system, the art system architecture. Architectural space organization of settlements, the creation of cities and towns, the regulation of settlement systems stood out in a particular area - urban planning. The architecture of interconnected functional, technical, aesthetic beginning (use, durability, beauty). Purpose, functions architectural structure determine its plan and volume-spatial structure, construction equipment - an opportunity, economic expediency and the specific means of its creation. Figurative aesthetic principle of architecture due to its social function and is manifested in the formation of three-dimensional structures and structural construction. Expressive means of architecture - the composition, tectonics, scale, proportion, rhythm, plastic volume, texture and color of the materials, the synthesis of the arts, and others. In the 2nd floor. 19-20 centuries. social and technological developments led to the appearance of new features, structural systems, artistic means of architecture, industrial methods of construction. Small architectural forms, small structures used for the organization of open spaces and complement the architectural and town-planning or landscape composition. Are functional and decorative (fountains, stairs, railings) or a memorial (tombstones, steles) value, are elements of urban development (lights, kiosks), storage media (advertising and so on.). Architectural acoustics, studying the propagation of sound in the room, the influence of the reflection and absorption of sound protecting designs on the audibility of speech and music. Architrave (from archi ... and armor. Trabs - beam), the bottom of the horizontal part of the entablature 3 lying on the capitals of the columns; has the form of beams - a wide, smooth (in the Doric and Tuscan orders) or divided into 3 horizontal ledge - fascia (in the Ionic and Corinthian). Archias (from the Greek. Arche - power, supremacy), part of compound words denoting the form of power of government (eg., The monarchy). Archon (archon), the highest official in the Greek city-states. In Athens, approx. Ser. 7. BC. e. Board consisted of the archons 9 persons. In the 5th century. BC. e. lost value. Arkhyz settlement, the remains of the city Alani 10-12 centuries. at p. N. Arkhyz (Karachay-Cherkessia). The ruins of fortifications, temples and other buildings burial. Artsebarsky Anatoly Pavlovich (p. 1956), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1991), Colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union (1991). Flight on "Soyuz TM-12" and orbital station "Mir" (May - October 1991). Artseulov Konstantin (1891-1980), a Russian test pilot and glider. First performed in Russia by plane intentional corkscrew (1916), the designer of gliders. Artsyz, city (1963) in Ukraine, Odessa region. Railway junction. 20.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food processing industry, mechanical engineering and other. It was founded in 1816. It is named in commemoration of the victory of Russian troops in 1814 near the town of Arcy (Arcis-sur-Aube, French. Areis-sur-Aube). Victor A. Artsimovich (1820-93), Russian statesman, since 1858 the Governor of Kaluga. In conducting the peasant reform of 1861 was based on liberal Kaluga circle. Earned the nickname "red". In 1862 suspended as a result of the machinations of the feudal. Lev Andreevich Artsimovich (1909-73), the Russian physicist, academician of the USSR (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Works on the atomic and nuclear physics. Under the leadership of Artsimovich first in the USSR developed an electromagnetic isotope separation method. Since 1951, the head of research in the physics of high-temperature plasma and controlled thermonuclear fusion. Under the leadership of Artsimovich first obtained in the laboratory thermonuclear reaction. Lenin Prize (1958). USSR State Prize (1953, 1971). Artsikhovsky Artemy Vladimirovich (1902-78), the Russian archaeologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960). Son VM Artsikhovsky. Proceedings on general issues of Archaeology, Russian antiquities. USSR State Prize (1970, 1982, posthumously). Artsikhovsky Vladimir Martynovich (1876-1931), a Russian botanist, Professor. Works on the sterilizing effect of poisons on seeds, plant anatomy, the water regime of tree species, chemical amelioration of salt licks. Developed aeroponics (1910). Grigor Artsruni (1845-92), the Armenian liberal social activist and writer. One of the leaders of the movement for the liberation of Turkish Armenians with the help of Russia. The founder of the newspaper "Mshak" (1872). Artzrunis dynasty of Armenian kings at 908-1021. Founder - Gagik of the eponymous princely family. Artsybashev Mikhail Petrovich (1878-1927), Russian writer. Nietzschean mood in the novel "Sanin" (1907), gained a reputation for product preaching primitive hedonism and immorality. In 1923 he emigrated. Artsybashev Nikolai Sergeyevich (1773-1841), Russian historian skeptical school. Proceedings: "Remarks on the" History "Karamzin," "The story of Russia." Archa Central Asian species of juniper. ARCHIL II (1647-1713), king of Imereti and Kakheti, poet and historian. Unsuccessful struggle with Persia and Turkey and strife nobility forced him in 1699 to emigrate to Russia. The founder of the colony of Georgia in seconds. All Saints (now in Moscow). Created 1st Georgian printing house. Archi see. Art. Dagestan languages. Archi (self - arshishtib), the people in the Russian Federation in Dagestan. St. 1 thous. People (1992). Archi language. Believers - Sunni Muslims. Arshavskaya Ilya Abramovich (b. 1903), the Russian physiologist. Put forward no entropy (thermodynamic) theory of individual development of organisms. Developing some of his teacher Ukhtomskii of nonequilibrium living systems Arshavskii found that physical activity of the body leads to redundancy of anabolic processes, ensuring its growth and development. Contributed to the pediatrician (early breastfeeding mothers, evaluation criteria physiological maturity newborns, the original system hardening et al.). Arshakids dynasty kings of Armenia 62-428. Founder - Tiridates I. Arshakids (Arsakid), the Parthian dynasty in 250 BC. e. - 224 n. e. ARSHIN (Turk.), The measure of length in a number of countries, in Russia in the 16th century., Is 16 inches (71.12 cm). Irrigation ditches (Turk.), The name of the channel of the irrigation network in the Avg. Asia, Kazakhstan, Caucasus, Arab countries, Turkey, Afghanistan and others. Arys, bitter-salty lake deposited lump in Kazakhstan, in the western part of the desert Betpak-Dala. 173 km2. Aris, a town (since 1956) in Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan region., At p. Aris. Railway junction. 34.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Enterprises of rail transport. Aris, a river in the south of Kazakhstan, right tributary of the Syr Darya. 378 km, the basin area of 14.9 thousand. Km2. Average water consumption in Mr. Aris 46.6 m3 / s. Used for irrigation. Rearguard (from the French. Arriere - rear, rear and garde - guardian), part (subdivision), is sent from the combined arms units (parts) to cover the retreat of the main forces. Arya Samaj (in Hindi - Aryan society), religious reform and educational society in India, founded in 1875 AD Saraswati. Contributed to the awakening of national consciousness and the development of the national liberation movement, but with a con. 20-ies. switched to the reactionary position. Aryavarta (Skt. Aryan country), the scene of the ancient Indian epics and myths Located in North India; the area of the original settlement of the Aryans. Aryaman, Vedic deity, one of the Adityas; he had been approached with prayers for the welfare of the family. AU (French. As - master of his craft, letters. - Ace) .. 1) first class pilot (originally a fighter pilot, master air combat) ... 2) In a figurative sense - a master of his craft. ASAD Hafez (b. 1930), the Syrian president and general secretary of the Arab Baath Socialist Party from 1971, General of the Army (1968). In 1966-71 the Minister of Defence, in 1970-71 the Prime Minister. Asadi Tusi Abu Mansur, the Persian poet 11th century. Epic-heroic poem "Garshasp-name". "Dictionary of the Persian language" - the earliest known Persian dictionaries. ASADOV Eduard Abramovich (b. 1923), the Russian poet. Lyric poetry (the collection "high debt", 1986), poems (in Vol. H. Autobiographical "back in the ranks," 1948). ASAEV Revaz Nikolaevich (b. 1923), the Ossetian poet. The poem "A drop of blood" (1952) about the soldiers of the Soviet Army and the friendship of the peoples; collection of lyrical poems "White Cloud" (1971), "Echoes of Time" (1973), "Scattering seeds" (1976). ASALLUHI in Sumerian mythology, deities, demons cast out evil and man's cooperation with the spells, witchcraft and healing. Asanga (4 in.), The Indian philosopher and Buddhist. Together with his brother Vasubandhu is considered one of the main teachers of the school Yogacara (vidzhnyanavada), the center of which - the idea of exceptional importance Vijnana, or pure consciousness. Asanovo Dinara Kuldashevna (1942-85), the Russian film director, Honored Artist of Russia (1980). The delicacy of manners film "Do not have a headache woodpecker" (1975), "The key is non-transferable" (1977) is followed by a sharp, nervous style in the movie "Trouble" (1978), "useless" (1980, TV movie), "Boys" (1983), "My dear, dear, dear, the only" (1984). USSR State Prize (1985, posthumously). Asansol, a city in India, pieces. Zap. Bengal, Damodar Valley. 262 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Coal mining; metallurgy; engineering (industrial area Chota Nagpur Plateau). Asan Manuel (1880-1940), President of the Spanish Republic in 1936-39, one of the leaders of the right wing of the Popular Front. In 1931-33, 1936 (February-May), the head of government. Asar (Azara) de Felice (1746-1811), Spanish topographer, naturalist. In 1781-1801 conducted the first comprehensive study hall. La Plata river basin of Parana and Paraguay. Asaris (Asaris) Gunnar (b. 1934), Latvian architect, member of the Academy of Arts (1988). Houses in Riga and Jurmala (1959-69), memorial ensemble memory of the victims of fascist terror (1961-67, et al) and a monument to the tortured prisoners of war (1967-70, with co-author) in Salaspils. Lenin Prize (1970). Esarhaddon (Assyrian - Ashshurahiddin), king of Assyria in 680-669 BC. e. Led war in Arabia, Phoenicia and Egypt. To restore the destroyed his father Sinaheribom of Babylon. Asatiani Iraklievich George (1914-77), the Georgian film director and cameraman, People's Artist of the USSR (1967). Documentaries: "Raznoetazhnaya America" (1961), "Paris ... Paris" (1965), "In the country of the Incas" (1966), "The Light of Freedom" (1976) and others. Asaph Boris Vladimirovich (literary pseudonym. Igor Glebov ) (1884-1949), the Russian musicologist, composer, USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), People's Artist of the USSR (1946). One of the founders of the national musical science ("musical form as a process", Vol. 1-2, 2 published in 1971, and others.). Ballet "Flames of Paris" (1932), "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (1934) and others. Professor of the Leningrad Conservatory (1925). USSR State Prize (1943, 1948). "Asahi Shimbun" ("Asahi"), daily Japanese newspaper. Comes in Osaka (1879), Tokyo (1888) and others. Asahi Shimbun, a Japanese newspaper group. Founded in 1879. Management in Tokyo. Asahikawa city in Japan (. Hokkaido). 362 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Timber, pulp and paper, chemical, food processing, machinery. Asbestos, a town (since 1933) in the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk region. Railway station. 84.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Asbestos Mining and Processing Plant, Plant asbestos articles. ASBESTOS (from the Greek. Asbestos - unquenchable) (mountain flax), generic name of the class of silicates minerals (serpentine and amphibole), forming a fine fiber aggregates. What matters most is chrysotile asbestos. Fireproof (mp approx. 1500 ° C), alkali- and acid-resistant, nonconducted, dielectrics. Fillers plastics, asbestos cement, material for refractory and insulation products. Major Field: Bazenovskoye (Russian Fediratsiya), Jeffrey (Canada), Zvishavane (Zimbabwe). Total reserves of asbestos in the developed capitalist and developing countries approx. 98 million. M. Of asbestos cement, building material, obtained by hardening an aqueous mixture of Portland cement and asbestos fibers. Waterproof, fire resistant and hardy. ASBOLAN see. Art. Wade. ASBOPLASTIKI, thermo plastic containing asbestos as a reinforcing filler material. Issued in the form of laminates (Textolites) and FRP. ASBERNSEN Peter Christen (1812-85), a Norwegian writer and folklorist. Issued a "Norwegian Folk Tales" (1841, revised edition 1871, together with the Norwegian poet and folklorist J. Mu) and "Norwegian fairy tales and folk tales" (1845-48). ACVA (Asva), settlement 7. BC. e. - 9. n. e. near the village. Asva on about. Saaremaa in Estonia. Shafts, remains of dwellings, tools, ceramics. ASGARD (al., ISL. Fence aces), in Norse mythology, the habitat of the gods, the Aesir, the celestial fortress built giant. ASDRENI (Asdreni) Sotir Drenova Alexander (1872-1947), Albanian poet. Collection of lyrical and patriotic poems "Dreams and Tears" (1912), "The Psalms exile" (1930). "ACEA-BROWN, Boveri" (ASEA-Brown, Boveri), a Swiss industrial company, the largest in the world in production of electrical products. Founded in 1988 by combining the Swiss electrical and electronics companies, "Brown, Boveri and C °" and the Swedish electrical and engineering firm "ACEA". Has factories, research and development centers and offices in 140 countries. With sales of 17.6 billion. USD., Net profit 386 million. USD., The number of employees 170 thous. People (con. 1980.). ASEAN cm. Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Aseeva Nikolai Nikolaevich (1889-1963), Russian poet. In the poem "Budyonny" (1923), "Twenty-six" (1924), "Simon Proskakov" (1928) - a romantic glorification of revolution. From formal sophistication first collections ("Zor", 1914) came to the lyrical and philosophical understanding of reality ("Reflections", 1955; "Lad", 1961). In the poem "Mayakovsky begins" (1940, USSR State Prize, 1941) created the image of the poet, fighting for new art. Book reflections on poetry, memoirs, "Why and who needs poetry" (1961). Asen in 1187-1280 Bulgarian royal dynasty of the Second Bulgarian Empire. Founded boyars (nobles) Asen and Peter. The main representatives: Kaloyan and Ivan Asen II. Varvara Nikolaevna Asenkova (1817-41), Russian actress. From 1835 the Alexandrinsky Theatre. Famous in vaudeville. First performer roles of Maria Antonovna ("Inspector" by Nikolai Gogol, 1836) and Sophia ("Woe from Wit" Griboyedov, 1839). Asenovgrad (until 1934 Stanimaka), a city in Bulgaria. 60 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Engineering, food processing, chemical industry. Near Asenovgrad - the ruins of Asen's Fortress (11-13 cc.) With the church of the 12th century., Bachkovo monastery (11-19 cc., Painting 12-19 cc.) Church of St. John the Baptist (14 in.). Aseptic (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Septikos - causing suppuration) prevention method (sterilization of instruments and others.) Penetration of bacteria into the wound, tissue or body cavity, for example. during operations. Assessor (lat. Assessor - assessor) in Other. Rome and medieval Europe officer invested with judicial authority; Russia's position corresponds to Grade 8 (collegiate assessor); in the central state institutions (18 in.), and the provincial government (19 - beg. 20th c.). ASIDOL oily dark brown liquid insoluble in water; product sulfuric acid treatment of waste from the alkaline cleaning oil distillates (kerosene, solyarovogo, oil). Antiseptic (eg., Wood), emulsifiers, solvents and others. Ashikaga city in Japan about. Honshu. 168 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Center silk and textile industries. Textile machinery. Ashikaga, the second dynasty [1335 (1338) - 1573] shoguns Japan. Asymmetric carbon atom in organic compounds associated with the four different substituent groups (the role of which one can play the electron pair). Asymmetric marked with an asterisk in the formula, for example. CH3SH (OH) COOH. The presence of asymmetric atoms causes an optically active compound. Asymmetric synthesis method for preparing optically active compounds (see. The optical activity). Performed using reactions that result in the molecule of the starting optically inactive compound element of chirality arises mainly asymmetric carbon atom. Asymmetric synthesis is used to produce pharmaceuticals. Some hypotheses about the origin of the world full of optically active organic compounds associated with the asymmetric synthesis. Muhammad Asim Sayfitdinovich (b. 1920), the Tajik philosopher, academician (1965) and president (1965-88), Academy of Sciences of Tajikistan, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences 1974). Works on the history of philosophy peoples Avg. Asia. Asymptote (from Greek. Asymptotos - dissenting) curve with an infinite branch, direct to which this branch of infinitely approaching, eg., The asymptote of the hyperbola. An asymptotic formula, approximately binds some (complex) function with a simple function at large (or small) values of the argument. Asyndeton (Gr. Asyndeton), the same as asyndeton. Asyncritus of Hyrcania (1 in.), Apostle of the 70 (Romans 16:14), Bishop Hirkan (Asia Minor), the martyr. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 8 (21) of April. Asin, city (1952) in the Russian Federation, Tomsk region. Port on the river. Chulym. Railway station. 33.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Timber, woodworking industry; tractor repair plant, meat processing plant. Asynchronous coupling (from a - a negative particle and Greek. Synchronos - simultaneously), magnetic clutch bearings for smooth speed control mechanism driven at a substantially constant speed motor. Asynchronous electric machine, the electric machine of alternating current, in which the rotor speed is not equal to the frequency of rotation of the stator magnetic field, and depends on the load. Used primarily as a motor and as a generator of relatively rare. Asynchronous generators, asynchronous electric machine, operating in generator mode. An auxiliary source of electric current of low power and braking device (in the drive). Asynchronous motors, asynchronous electric machine operating in motor mode. The most common three-phase asynchronous motor (invented in 1889 MO Dolivo-Dobrovolsky). Induction motors are relatively simple construction and reliability in operation, but have a limited range of speed and low power factor at low loads. Power from a fraction of watts to tens of megawatts. Ashihara-NO NAKATSUKUNI (Japan. Reed plain - the median country), self-mythical Japan; world inhabited by people. ASA (bag), the organ of sexual sporulation marsupials fungi, inside which develop ascospores. Formed on the mycelium from a zygote or a fruit body at the ends of hyphae. Ascanio (Yule), in Roman mythology, the son of Aeneas and Creusa, who escaped with Aeneas from Troy; founded in Italy, the Alba Longa. It traces its origins Askaniju Roman gens Julio. Askania Nova Biosphere Reserve in Ukraine, Kherson region. Founded in 1921 on the basis of the private reserve, which existed from 1874. The area of 11 thousand. Ha. Dry fescue-feather grass steppe. Przewalski's horse, zebra, antelope (eland, wildebeest), ostriches and others. St. arboretum. 150 species of trees and shrubs. Askania Nova (until 1841 Chapli), urban village in the Ukraine, Kherson region., 76 km from the railway Art. Novoalekseevka. 4.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Ukrainian Research Institute of Livestock prairies them. MF Ivanov ("Ascania Nova"). Plants of breeding cattle, the state breeding stations. Museum of flora and fauna of southern Ukraine.
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