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ARTICLE (from Lat. Articulus - section; article) .. 1) the military regulations issued by Peter I ... 2) (obsolete.) Article of the law ... 3) Type of product, the product, its figures or letters. Articulation in music - way of performing a sequence of sounds on the instrument or voice. The main types of articulation - legato, staccato, portamento, glissando. Technically associated with receiving hand movements (parts of it) in the conduct of the bow, hit the keys, as well as using different vocal apparatus. Articulation (in communication), a measure of the quality of communication systems for the transmission of voice information; determined by the ratio of correctly received speech elements (sounds, syllables, words, phrases) to all transmitted and expressed in%. Eg., In a telephone system articulation reaches 90%. Articulation (from Lat. Articulo - dismember), the work of the organs of speech, performed in the utterance of a sound; the degree of clarity of pronunciation. Artillery instruments, scopes, binoculars, stereoscopic, rangefinders and others. Designed for shooting. ARTILLERY (fr. Artillerie), .. 1) arm. In Europe, the artillery appeared in the context. 13 - early. 14th centuries. The first mention of the use of artillery in Russia refers to 1382 (in the defense of Moscow from troops Khan Tokhtamysh). Artillery Land Forces is divided into the ground and anti-aircraft ... 2) The Science of device properties and combat use of artillery weapons. ARTIN (Artin) Emile (1898-1962), German mathematician. Proceedings in algebra and number theory. One of the founders of modern axiomatic algebra. In the theory of algebraic numbers proved reciprocity law named after him. One of the founders of the theory of ideals in finite-dimensional algebras. ARTIST (fr. Artiste, from Lat. Ars - art), the same as an actor. In a broad sense - a person engaged in the work of any art. In a figurative sense - a man who has attained mastery in their field. Artichoke genus of perennial herbs of the family Asteraceae. St. 10 species, mainly in the Mediterranean. Grown in European countries, India, Algeria and others. Spanish Artichoke and artichoke scratchy, or seed, - vegetables (in thickened receptacle and petioles of sugar, protein, vitamin C, vitamin B et al., Aromatics), oilseeds (seed oil), forage (green weight), and ornamental plants. Yields inflorescences 50-250 quintals of 1 ha. Artman (Artmann) Hans Karl (b. 1921), Austrian writer. Chapter "Vienna Group" experimental poetry. The collection of short stories "The Hussars and other high-wire" (1959) reinterprets folk motifs in the spirit of surrealism; collection of short stories "Hunting for Dr. W." (1977) - in the spirit of neofuturizma. Hartmann (Artmane) Wii (Alida) (b. 1929), the Latvian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1969). Since 1949 in the Latvian Art Theater. Rainis (1989 Daile Theatre), Riga. Created a lyrical, feminine, full of dramatic images. Roles: Juliet ("Romeo and Juliet" by William Shakespeare, 1953), Elizabeth ("Elizabeth of England" F. Bruckner, 1980), and others. Filmed in the movies: "Native Blood", "Nobody wanted to die", "Edgar and Cristina "TV movie" Theatre "and others. ARTO (Artaud) Anthony (pres. the name of Antoine Marie Joseph) (1896-1948), French actor, director, painter, poet. In 1924-26 belonged to surrealism. In 1926, together with R. Vitrac (R. Vitrac) and Aron founded the "Theatre Alfred Jarry" (existed until 1928). Articles (the collection "Theatre and its Double," 1938). Proposed the idea of "theater of cruelty", a direct impact on the psyche of the viewer. Filmed in the movies. Artobolevsky Ivan Ivanovich (1905-77), the Russian scientist, founder of scientific school, academician of the USSR (1946), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Many works on classification, kinematics and Kinetostatics planar and spatial mechanisms; developed methods for kinematic analysis of mechanisms. Proceedings to establish a system of automatic machine action. Union Society "Knowledge" (1966). ARTHRALGIA (from the Greek. Arthron - joint and algos - pain), pain in the joints in various diseases. Arthritis, a collective designation inflammatory and inflammatory-degenerative, and in the broadest sense - any disease of the joints. May be the underlying disease (eg., Spondylitis) or other manifestation of the disease (eg., Rheumatism); acute and chronic; affects one or more (polyarthritis) joints. Causes: infection (tuberculosis, brucellosis, and others.), Metabolic disorders (eg., Gout), trauma, and others. Local symptoms: pain, redness, restriction of mobility in the joint, changing its shape. Arthrogryposis (from the Greek. Arthron - joint and grypos - twisted), multiple congenital contractures of limbs with limited or lack of movement in the joints. Arthritis, a chronic disease of the joint degenerative-dystrophic character. Occurs when metabolic disorders, occupational exposures, chronic trauma, intoxication, etc.. D. Characteristic changes in the mating surface of the bone, pain and limited mobility in the joint and its deformation. Art-rock (Eng. Art rock, "art rock"), rock with elements of ancient, classical, contemporary chamber and symphonic music. Arthrology (from the Greek. Arthron - joint and ... logy), a branch of medicine that studies the joints and their disease. Arthropods same as arthropods. Arts Peter, see. Peter Arts. Artois (Artois), a historical region in northern France, the main part of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Area of approx. 4 th. Km2. The population of 1 million. People (1982). The main city - Arras. Artusi (Frauchi) Hristianovich Arthur (1891-1937), politician. Since 1919 member of the board of the Cheka, GPU; to beg. 1930s. Head of Counterintelligence, and then - in the Staff of the Red Army. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. ARTHUR (Arthur) Chester Alan (1830-86), 21 th President of the United States (1881-85), from the Republican Party. Arthurian legend, Celtic folk traditions, centered image of King Arthur of the Britons (5-6 cc.), Who fought with the Anglo-Saxon invaders. Arthur and the Knights of the "Round Table" (for which as equal Arthurian legends gathered heroes) embody moral ideals of chivalry. Arthurian legends used by many poets and novelists Zap. Europe. An attempt was made to systematize their T. Malory. Parody and satire refraction received from Mark Twain ("A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court"). Artha (Skt. Business, profit), in the Brahmanical religion and ethics is one of the four basic principles of right living, along with dharma, kama and moksha. "Arthashastra" (Skt., Letters. - The science about the benefits of practical life), the ancient Indian treatise, a collection of instructions for administration of the state, the most important source for the study of Dr. India. Is approximately 4 in. BC. e. - 2-3 centuries. n. e. Artyukhina Yuri Petrovich (b. 1930), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1974), Colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union (1974). Flight on "Soyuz-14" and orbital station "Salyut-3" (July 1974). Artyushkov Eugene (b. 1937), the Russian geophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Major works on geodynamics. AGC (Association of Architects and urbanists) (1928-31), in Moscow. The members of the AGC (NA Ladovsky, DF Friedman et al.) Called for the creation of a single spatial system of the city, to the functional zoning of the urban area, considered the building as part of urban development. AGC ideas are reflected in the modern urban planning. ARUBA (Aruba), an island in the archipelago M. Antilles in the West Indies. Possession of the Netherlands. The area of 190 km2. The population of 67 thousand. People (1991). Height up to 188 m. The main town - Oranjestad. Aruwimi River (Aruwimi), a river in the Republic of Zaire, right tributary of the river. Congo (Zaire). Ok. 1300 km, the basin area 116 thousand. Km2. High water, rapids. Navigable for 60 km from the mouth. Aruzi (arud) (Ar.), The metric system of versification, which arose in classical Arabic poetry and common (up to 20 in.) In a number of countries in the Middle and Wed. East. Ritmoobrazuyuschy element verse Aruzi - ranging alternation of long and short syllables. Arun, in Hittite mythology, the god of the sea, the oceans. Arun (Skt. Pink), the Vedic god of dawn, the charioteer of the sun. Arunachal Pradesh, a state in northeastern India. 83.7 thousand. Km2. The population of 858 thousand. People (1991). Adm. c. - Itanagar. Arunta DESERT (Arunta), the second name of the Simpson Desert in Australia. Arur in Akkadian mythology the goddess-mother, the creator of people. In the Epic of Gilgamesh "On all like" Aruru creates clay hero Enkidu. ARUTCHYAN Avetovich Michael (1897-1961), Armenian theater artist, People's Artist of Armenia (1958). One of the founders of the Armenian theater and decorative art. ARUTYUNOV Sergey (b. 1932), the Russian ethnographer, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Works on the ethnography of eastern. Asia and the Caucasus, the theoretical problems of ethnography and cultural studies. Arutiunova Nina Davidovna (b. 1923), the Russian linguist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Major works on the theory of language, the Romance languages, Russian language. State Prize (1995). HAROUTYUNYAN Alexander G. (b. 1920), Armenian composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1970). Since 1954, the artistic director of the Armenian Philharmonic. Vocal-symphonic works (in Vol. H. "Cantata of the Motherland", 1948), the opera "Sayat-Nova" (1969), Symphony (1957), works for instruments and orchestra, and others. Professor of Yerevan State Conservatory (1977). USSR State Prize (1949). HAROUTYUNYAN Yuri Vartanovich (b. 1929), the Russian sociologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Work in the field of sociology of the village, ethno, history, sociology. Arusha (Arusha), a city in Tanzania, adm. c. prov. Arusha. Ok. 100 thousand. Residents. International Airport. Food, textile, metalworking industries. HARP (from it. Harfe), polychord stringed musical instrument. Early images - in the 3rd thousand. BC. e. In its simplest form, is found in almost all nations. Modern pedal harp invented in 1801 by S. Erard (S. Erard) in France. Arfvedsonite (Arfvedson) Johan August (1792-1841), Swedish chemist and mineralogist. Major works in the field of inorganic chemistry and mineralogy. Opened (1817) Lithium and described many of its compounds. Archaisms (from the Greek. Archaios - ancient) .. 1) words and expressions, as well as syntax and grammatical forms, coming out of active use (eg., In Russian, "vain", "nauschat", "Shelom"). Used as a stylistic means ... 2) The remnants of antiquity. Archaic (from Gech. Archaikos - old, ancient), an early stage in the historical development of a phenomenon. In the early period of art history of ancient Greek architecture and fine arts (7-6 cc. BC. E.). Arkhaluk, men's and women's outer clothing swing among the peoples of the Caucasus. Archangels (Gr., Ed. H. Archangelos) (angelonachalniki), one of the categories of angels. Arkhangelsk (Novoholmogory to 1613), the city (since 1584) in the Russian Federation, the center of the Arkhangelsk region., In the mouth of the North. Dvina. Sea and river port. Railway junction. 428.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Sawmill and woodworking, pulp and paper, hydrolysis, engineering (in Vol. H. Shipbuilding) industry. Processing of seaweed. Arts and crafts: carved bone, wood and others. 3 universities, 2 theaters. Museums: Local History, Fine Arts and wooden architecture, folk art. Seating yard (17 in.). Arkhangelsk - the starting point of many polar expeditions, one of the main bases of the Northern Sea Route. Arkhangelsk region, in the northwest of the Russian Federation. 587.4 thousand. Km2. Population 1,577 thous. People (1991), urban 74%. 13 cities. 39 urban settlements (1991). Center - Arkhangelsk. Includes a Nenets. o. and North Island. Arctic approx. Washed White, Barents and Kara Seas. The surface is flat. Average January temperatures from -12 to -18 ° C, in July 8-16 ° C. 300-500 mm of precipitation per year. The main rivers - North. Dvina, Onega, Mezen, Pechora. Most of the territory - in the taiga zone, in the north-east - Tundra. Pinezhsky Reserve. Large area of logging, lumbering, lesoeksporta, pulp and paper production. Industry: Pulp & Paper (combines Kotlas, Arkhangelsk, etc.), Furniture, engineering (shipbuilding, equipment for the forest industry), food. Dairy cattle. Grow potatoes. In the north - reindeer herding, farming, trapping and sea hunting. The most important water-transport system - North. Dvina with its tributaries. Sea and river ports - Arkhangelsk, Onega, Mezen, Naryan-Mar. On the Solovetsky Islands - the same monastery, historical, architectural and natural museum-reserve (since 1974). ARCHANGEL Alexander Alexandrovich (1892-1978), a Russian aircraft, Hero of Socialist Labor (1947). Participant in the creation of most aircraft AN Tupolev Design Bureau; Designer SB bomber and others. Lenin Prize (1957), the USSR State Prize (1941, 1949, 1952). ARCHANGEL Alexander Andreyevich (1846-1924), the Russian choral conductor, Honoured Artist of the Republic (1921). Organizer mixed choir (1880). One of the first to introduce a Russian church singing female voices. Folk songs, choruses. ARCHANGEL Alexander Grigoryevich (1889-1938), Russian poet. Master parody (the book "Burlesque", 1927). ARCHANGEL Alexander (b. 1962), the Russian literary critic. Articles - Analysis of the literary process in the socio-political and cultural context (the collection "at the main entrance," 1991). The book "The Wandering Fire" (1996) about the age and personality of the Emperor Alexander I. ARKHANGELSKY Alexander S. (1854-1926), the Russian literary critic, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1904). The representative of the cultural-historical school. Work (in Vol. H. Systematic courses of lectures for universities) in the history of Russian literature of 11-19 centuries. Educational activity. ARCHANGEL Andrei Dmitrievich (1879-1940), a Russian geologist, founder of the Moscow scientific school tectonics, academician of the USSR (1929). Developed comparative lithological method (1912), established one of the leading principles (age folding) compilation of tectonic maps. Capital Summary "The geological structure of the USSR" (1932). Prize. Lenin (1928). ARCHANGEL Sergei Ivanovich (1882-1958), Russian historian, a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1946). Works on the history of the English Revolution of the 17th century. Arkhangelsk, Manor Ensemble (18-19 cc.) On the oxbow lake district. Moscow, 18-20 km west of Moscow. Belonged since 1703, Prince Golitsyn, in 1810-1917 the Princes Yusupov. A classical palace (18 in .; furniture, painting by Van Dyck, J.. Tiepolo, sculpture EM Falcone), a park with terraces, sculpture, theater (beg. 19 in., With decorations P. G. Gonzaga). Since 1918 the museum-estate. Archanthropines (from the Greek. Archaios - ancient and anthropos - people), the oldest fossil humans (Pithecanthropus, Sinanthropus and others.), Close to the level of evolution and the nature of culture. Argali, cloven-hoofed animals kind of sheep. Height from 65 to 125 cm, weighing from 25 to 230 kg. Dwells mainly in the mountains of Southwest, Wed, Central, Northeast and Northwest. and partly North. Asia. Allocate up to 10 subspecies. The ancestor of domestic sheep. On the basis of hybridization with argali novokavkazskim bred Merino breed of sheep - Kazakh arharomerinos. Arharovtsev .. 1) nickname Russian police; named NP Arkharova, Moscow oberpolitsmeystera con. 18 ... 2) In a figurative sense - desperate vagrants. Arhat, the Hinayana Buddhism being who has attained the "liberation" (nirvana) from the chain of rebirths (samsara). Archaeanactids dynasty Bosporan kingdom in 480-438 BC. e. Archegonia (from the Greek. Arche - the beginning and gone - the birth of) a female organ of sexual reproduction in mossy, fern, Lycopsida, class of the Horsetail and gymnosperms. Typically, flask-shaped form; in the extended part - the egg. Archaea (from the Greek. Archaios - old), the lower of the two major divisions of the Precambrian. The upper limit of approx. 2.6 billion. Years ago. In most regions of the world is represented by The highly rocks. Archaeo ... (from the Greek. Archaios - ancient), part of the composite words meaning: ancient, dating back to ancient times. Archaeological Commission, an institution for the collection and publication of historical documents. In 1834-1917 under the Ministry of Education. In 1922-91 in the USSR Academy of Sciences, between December 1991 in the RAS (since 1956 at the Department of History). Publishes "Arheografichesky Yearbook" (1958). Archeograf (from archaeo ... and ... graphy), special historical disciplines engaged in gathering, description and publication of manuscripts, printed and other monuments. Arheologizmom direction in iso-art of the last quarter of the 20th century. In Germany, denoted by the term forensic Spurensicherung (preservation of traces). Master (eg., The French A. and P. Poirier, Charles Simonds American or German L. Baumgarten) constructed in the form of projects and layouts ethnographic studies or semi-fantastic "model stories" with signs of ancient or modern (but reversed in ruins) of civilizations. INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY (IA) Academy of Sciences, founded in 1937 on the basis of the State Academy of the History of Material Culture (1919-37) as the Institute of History of Material Culture; renamed the Institute of Archaeology in 1959 (Moscow). ARCHEOLOGICAL dating, and dating of archaeological sites. Chronology of them can be absolute, expressed in years, centuries, millennia, and the relative as defined in relation to other monuments (before, after). Archaeological dating of archaeological methods produced (stratigraphic, typological) and the methods of the natural sciences (radiocarbon dating method, and others.). Archaeological culture concept that refers to the community of archaeological sites belonging to the same time a certain area, and differing local circumstances. Reflects (not always) ethnic community. Archaeological reconnaissance, search for archaeological sites for their registration (preparation of archaeological maps) and subsequent excavations. Archaeological excavations, the study of archaeological sites by special permit in compliance with the methodology (primarily stratigraphic method), which provides a complete study of the monument and the cultural layer. ARCHAEOLOGY (from archaeo ... and ... logy), the science that studies the history of society by remnants of life and activities of people - real (archaeological) sites. Explores some ancient objects (tools, vessels, weapons, jewelry) and whole complexes (settlements, treasures, burial grounds), opened archaeological site, on the basis of which recovers the history of epochs that have little or no written sources are illuminated. Archaeology was formed as a science to the beginning. 20 in. (before Archaeologists studying antiquity, art history had thrust). Sections are allocated to periods of archeology (Stone Age, Bronze Age, and so on. D.), Sometimes - by country, cultural and historic areas, along ethnic lines (Slavic-Russian archeology, etc.). When processing materials used typological, trasseologicheskie, cartographic et al. Methods. Archaeopteryx, the oldest bird extinct subclass yascherohvostyh. Archaeopteryx lived in the Jurassic period. The size of a magpie. Body shape, the structure of the limbs and the presence of feathers similar to modern birds may fly, but in many ways more similar to reptiles. Archeocyathids type of extinct marine invertebrates. Lived in the Early Cambrian; were widespread. Were porous limestone skeleton, usually in the form of a cup or curved horns; length 10.5 cm (some up to 1 m). St. 1000 species; some - colonial, formed reefs. Lower Cambrian fossils. ARHERM (ser. 6 in. BC. E.), The ancient Greek sculptor of. Chios. He is credited with the statue of a flying Nicky (t. N. Nick Arherma), found on the island. Delos. ARCHETYPE (from the Greek. Arche - the beginning and typos - way) .. 1) Late in philosophy (Philo et al.), The prototype of the idea. In the "analytical psychology" of CG Jung original, innate mental structure, images (motifs) that constitute the content of t. N. the collective unconscious and underlying human symbols of dreams, myths, fairy tales and other creatures of fantasy, in Vol. h. art ... 2) The most ancient, unknown to us the text that goes back other texts written monument ... 3) hypothetically reconstructed or actually attested linguistic form, the original for its later extensions, eg. Indo-European * m + ater - for the common Slavic m + ati (Russian "mother"), the Latin m + ater and so on. d. ARCHI ... (Gr. archi- - senior chief), a prefix meaning: .. 1) seniority, rule, .. 2) the highest degree of something. ARCHIVE (lat. Archivum, from the Greek. Archeion - public places) .. 1) the establishment or part of storing documents ... 2) The set of documents generated by the activities of institutions, enterprises and individuals. Archivist, curator of archival documents, archive staff. Archives Commission (provincial scientific archival commission) in 1884-1918 in 41 provinces of Russia. Organized local archives, published "Proceedings", "collection". Eliminated archival reform. Archival science, complex discipline that studies the history and organization theory and practice of archives in the field of accounting, description, preservation of documents, scientific organization of labor and the economy, archives. Archivolt (ital. Archivolto), framing arched openings, releasing arc arch out of the plane of the wall. Archidamus II (? -427 Or 426 BC. E.), King of Sparta from 469 (or 476). Suppressed the revolt of helots 464-458 or 455. At the beginning of the Peloponnesian War, the head of devastating campaigns of the Spartans in Attica. ARCHBISHOP (from archi ... and Bishop), a senior bishop. Bishops (from archi ... and Greek. Hiereus - priest), the common name of higher Orthodox clergy (bishops, archbishops, Metropolitan). Bishops' schools, primary schools for the clergy in Russia since 1721. After 1737 transformed the seminary. ARHIKARP, female sexual organ many marsupials mushrooms. Usually consists of two cells: the lower round-inflated - askogona and upper cylindrical - trichogins. Avg. Antheridia. Archilochus, the ancient Greek lyric poet (2nd floor. 7 in. BC. E.). Belonged to the Homeric tradition, but in opposition to the ideal of the epic new way of individualized cheloveka.ARHILOH (7th c. BC. E.), Greek poet, considered the founder of the ancient iambic poetry, characterized by simplicity were the language and style, expressiveness and satirical invective orientation .The life Archilochus determined based on the reference in one of the fragments of the solar eclipse 648 BC. e.Urozhenets Paros; Archilochus Telesikl father came from an aristocratic family, his mother - a slave Enipeas. In his youth, Archilochus, choosing the lot, usually falls to the illegitimate sons of aristocrats, became a mercenary ("the island of the spear involved my bread, drink, leaning on his spear"). He took part in the wars on the island of Thasos, where the inhabitants of Paros founded a colony, fought in Thrace, on the island of Euboea; fell in battle with the natives of the island Naskos. According to legend, the Delphic oracle refused to answer questions naskostsa Kalonda, Archilochus immediately because of his hands the great poet died. Paros Archilochus revered as a hero, Parian Demey historian wrote his biography (extract from it remained on the pedestal of the statue of the poet, set in 100 BC. E. His fellow countryman Sosfeem) .Okolo 120 surviving fragments of Archilochus works are extremely diverse. In addition iambic Archilochus wrote elegies, tetrameters, epody, epigrams. Papyrus discoveries of recent decades have significantly expanded the idea of his work; the largest of the fragments - t. n. "Cologne epodov" - was found on papyrus 1-2 centuries. Cologne papyrus in the meeting; (published in 1974). In epodov mentioned Neobula to which, according to ancient legend, wooed Archilochus. However, the father Neobuly Likamb broke his promise to give his daughter in marriage to the poet Archilochus for that subject them to ridicule both in stinging stihah.Proizvedeniya Archilochus were widely known in the classical period. His hymn in honor of Hercules was performed at the Olympic Games. Aristophanes comedy "World" quotes Archilochus along with Homer. Famous poems of Archilochus warrior threw a shield (which is considered a disgrace), but save lives, use the meter and epic formula "Iliad"; this gives a fragment of Archilochus frankly parody. Images of this fragment were used in Horace's ode facing Pompey Waru, free translation into Russian which was made Pushkinym.V poems of Archilochus poetic personality for the first time in the Greek lyric poetry expressed clearly and unique. Archilochus - a poet-warrior who lives in the era of breaking up the old aristocratic system of values; in his poems heroic epic high gives way to hard and sharp descriptions of everyday military campaigns, minor clashes and defeats. Vicissitudes Archilochus contrasts courage, fortitude, and a deep sense of rhythm, which is the basis of human zhizni.Izdaniya: Hellenic poets in translation VV Veresaeva. M., 1963Drevnegrecheskaya melik. M. 1988.I. B. Kuvshinskaya ARCHIMANDRITE (Gr. Archimandrites), Senior monasticism San 2 nd degree of the priesthood (the bishop), usually it have priors Orthodox monasteries. Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC. E.), The ancient Greek scientist. Originally from Syracuse (Sicily). Developed anticipated the integral calculus methods for finding the areas of surfaces and volumes of various shapes and bodies. In the seminal work on statics and hydrostatics (Archimedes) gave examples of the application of mathematics in the natural sciences and engineering. Author of many inventions (Archimedes screw, the definition of alloys weighing in water systems for lifting heavy loads, military catapults et al.). Organizer engineering defense against rimlyan.ARHIMED Syracuse (c. 287 BC. E., Syracuse, Sicily - 212 BC. E., Ibid), the ancient Greek mathematician and engineer, founder of theoretical mechanics and hydrostatics. Developed methods for finding the surface area and volume of various shapes and bodies, which anticipated the methods of differential and integral calculus. Archimedes belongs to a number of technical inventions, won him extraordinary popularity among sovremennikov.Zhizn Archimedes received an excellent education from his father, astronomer and mathematician Phidias, relative tyrant of Syracuse Hieron II, patron, Archimedes. In his youth, spent several years in the largest cultural center at the time of Alexandria, where he met with Erastosfenom. Then the rest of his life he lived in Syracuse. During the 2nd Punic War, Archimedes organized engineering defense of the city. He invented military projectiles and others. Machines (Plutarch tells about them in the life of the Roman general Marcellus) for two years held off the siege of Syracuse by the Romans. Archimedes also attributed to the burning of the Roman fleet directed at him through the concave mirrors sunlight, but it is unlikely to significantly. The genius of Archimedes caused such admiration of the Romans that Marcellus ordered to keep him alive, but the capture of Syracuse, he was killed by a soldier did not recognize him. Archimedes as a mathematician reached us 13 treatises of Archimedes. In the most famous of them - "The ball and cylinder" (in two volumes) Archimedes states that the surface area of a sphere is 4 times larger than that of most of its sections; formulates the volume ratio of a sphere and a cylinder circumscribed about it as 2: 3 - opening, which he so valued that in his will asked to put on his grave monument with the image of a cylinder with an inscribed sphere and the inscription calculation (monument to a half century saw Cicero). In the same treatise formulated Archimedean axiom (sometimes called the axiom of Eudoxus), which plays an important role in modern mathematics. In his treatise "On the conoid and spheroids" Archimedes sees the ball, ellipsoid, paraboloid and hyperboloid of revolution and their segments and determine their volume. In the essay "On spirals" explores the properties of the curve, which received its name (see. Archimedean spiral) and tangent to it. In his treatise "Measuring range" Archimedes proposes a method of determining the number? That was used until the late 17th c., And indicating the exact boundaries of two surprising number? 3 10 / 71ARHIMEDA LAW: on any body immersed in a fluid, the urging force directed upward and equal to the weight of the liquid it displaces. Archimedes' principle holds for gases. Archimedes screw, water-lifting machine shaft with helical surface mounted in the inclined pipe whose lower end is submerged in water. During the rotation (eg., By wind or other engine) helical surface of the shaft moves the water through the pipe at a height of 4 m. Archimedean spiral, flat curve described by a point M, moving uniformly in a straight line OA, while this line rotates uniformly in plane around one of its points O. equation in polar coordinates r = af, where a - constant. ARCHIPELAGO (ital. Arcipelago), a group of islands located close to each other and usually have the same origin (continental, volcanic, coral) and similar geological structure.
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