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"Areopagitica" religio-philosophical work that has come down under the name of Dionysius the Areopagite (1 in.). Created no earlier than the 2nd floor. 5 in., Find the dependence of Neoplatonism, particularly cursed. Doctrine "Areopagitica of God as the supramental identity and existence and nonexistence of the hierarchical organization of the universe and the church had a great influence on the philosophical thought of Byzantium and the West. Europe (Eriugena, Nicholas of Cusa). ARES (Arey), in Greek mythology, the god of cunning, treacherous war son of Zeus and Hera. It corresponds to the Roman Mars. Ares Borghese, a marble statue of Ares in the Louvre. Roman copy of a Greek original work of sculptor Alcamo (c. 420 BC. e.). Previously owned by the family Borghese. Arecibo (Arecibo), the city and port in Puerto Rico. 93 th. inhabitants (1990). The sugar industry, the production of rum. Near the Arecibo ionospheric Radio Astronomy Observatory and the US; created in 1963 with the introduction of a unique 300-m radio telescope stationary parabolic. Studies: ionosphere, discrete radio sources, etc. . arrest (from medieval Latin. arrestum - court ruling), forced detention and imprisonment. in the Russian Federation, a form of criminal punishment. Is to keep a person in strict isolation. Arrest is applied as the most severe measure - detention. There are also short-term imprisonment by order of a judge for certain types of administrative offenses and short-term detention of persons suspected of committing a crime. Convict company in Russia with the beginning. 18 in. special form of convicts to work in fortresses, from 1825 a form of punishment for minor criminal and political crimes, replaced Siberian exile. In convict battalions combined army regime of forced labor. In 1870, converted into a Correctional convict offices (existed until 1917). Aretino (Aretino), Pietro (1492-1556) was an Italian Renaissance writer. Political pamphlets; satirical comedies ("The Comedy of manners of the court," 1534; "hypocrite", 1542); Tragedy "Horace" (1546). "Dialogues" (in Vol. H. "Reasoning", published in 1534, 1536, 1539) created Aretino European glory; historical and cultural value are his letters (c. 3300; 1 edition 1537). Arethusa (Arethusa), in Greek mythology, Nereid, Nymph sources with the same name in Elis (Peloponnese) and Sicily. Fleeing from the persecution of the river god Alpheus, the goddess turned into a source, but her pursuer became the river and its waters joined the waters of Arethusa. Aref Caves (d. C. 1195), the reclusive monk, buried in the Nearer (Anthony's) Caves of Kiev-Pechersk Lavra. Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 28 (October 11), October 24 (November 6) and in the 2nd Sunday of Lent (the Cathedral of the Kiev-Pechersk Fathers). Aref Anatoly V. (b. 1918), a Russian theater artist, People's Artist of the USSR (1967). Played an important role in the development of the Kyrgyz theatrical decorative art. AREZZO (Arezzo), a city in central Italy, on the river. Arno region. Tuscany, adm. c. prov. Arezzo. 92 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Known since 4. BC. e. Gothic church of San Domenico (13 in.) And San Francesco (with 1322 frescoes of Piero della Francesca), Gothic palazzo. Homeland F. Petrarca, J. Vasari (House-Museum). ARZHN, royal mound 8-7 centuries. BC. e. Tuva (farm Uyuk). The height of 4 m, a diameter of 120 m. 70 burial frames with skeletons of horses, weapons, etc.. Arzhanik Mamontov (1905-82), a scientist in the field of aerodynamics. Worked in TsAGI and MAI. Engaged in teaching and organizational work. Arzhanov Mikhail (1902-60), a Russian lawyer, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939). Works on the theory and history of law, constitutional law. Argento (Argento) Dario (p .1943), Italian film director and screenwriter. Participated in the creation of some films S. Leone, B. Bertolucci as co-author of the script. Put the horror in the tradition of A. Hitchcock: "Demons" (1986), "Trauma" (1993) and others. Arzamas, a city in the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod region., At p. Tesha. Railway junction. 112.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, food, light, building materials industry. Pedagogical Institute. Theater. House-Museum of A. Gaidar. Museum. Originated in 1578. "Arzamas" literary circle in St. Petersburg in 1815-18. Members of the group opposed the supporters of classicism, were part of the literary society "Lovers of the Russian Word", in defense of the sentimentality and romanticism. Arzew, city and port in the north-western Algeria. St. 50 thousand. Residents. Liquefied natural gas plants. Petrochemical industry. Export of oil and oil products. ARZNI, urban village in Armenia, p. Hrazdan, near the railroad Art. Abovyan. 5.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Plants: mineral water, crystal. Balneal mountain resort. ARZOUMANIAN Anoushavan Agafonovich (1904-1965), Russian economist, academician of the USSR (1962). Proceedings on the global economy, government regulation of the economy of developing countries. Aryabhata (c. 475 -?), The Indian astronomer and mathematician. Author astronomical treatise "Aryabhata", which also contains the mathematical details. "Aryabhata", India's first artificial satellite, put into orbit in 1975 Soviet launch vehicle. Mass "Aariabhaty" 358 lbs. Named in honor of Aryabhata. Ariadna, in Greek mythology, the daughter of King Minos of Crete. Athenian hero Theseus helped who killed the Minotaur, out of the maze, providing it with a ball of thread, the end of which was fixed at the entrance ("Ariadne's thread"). Ariadna Promisskaya (Phrygian) (d. Between 117-138), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of the Emperor Hadrian. Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 18 (October 1), in the Catholic November 18. "Ariana", a series of 3-stage rockets with liquid fuel to launch artificial satellites created by the European Space Agency. In operation since 1979. The launch weight of carrier rockets "Ariane 1" - 207 m, "Ariane 2" - 214 m, "Ariane 3" - 233 m, "Ariane 4" - up to 460 tonnes payload accordingly 1780, 2100, 2560 and up to 4300 kg. ARIANE Antinoysky (d. 287), the Christian martyr who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 14 (27) of December in the Catholic on July 6th. ARIANA, the ancient Greek name of the eastern part of the Iranian plateau (modern Herat). Arian Christianity during the 4-6 centuries. His pioneer - the priest Arius (d. 336) from the city of Alexandria. Arians did not take one of the basic tenets of the official Christian church the oneness of God the Father and God the Son (Jesus); according to the teachings of Arius, Christ as a creation of God the Father - being below it worthwhile. Arianism condemned as heresy by church councils 325, 381. ARIBALL (aryballos), Greek dressing jar of aromatic oils; rounded, with a narrow neck, usually painted. Arid vegetation (from Lat. Aridus - dry), vegetation areas with dry (arid) climate. Characterized by xerophytes, ephemeroids ephemera. Arid climate in the geomorphological classification of climates - a dry climate with high air temperatures and low precipitation; characteristic desert and semidesert. Arizona (Arizona), the staff at the south-western United States. 295 thousand. Km2. The population of 3.9 million. People (1993). Adm. c. - Phoenix. Meteor Crater (Barringer Crater) near Winslow, Arizona (USA). 1200 m diameter, depth 175 m, meteoritic origin: in and around Arizona crater found fragments of nickel-iron meteorite. ARIA (Aryans), the name of the peoples belonging to the Indo-European (mainly Indo-Iranian) language community. In racist literature arias (mostly Germans) were declared "superior" Aryan race. Arius (d. 336), a presbyter in Alexandria, marked the beginning of t. N. Arian controversy in Christian theology. Claimed that Jesus Christ - 2nd person of the Trinity - God the Father is not consubstantial, but created them. The doctrine of Arius - Arianism - was condemned as heretical ecumenical Nicene (325) and Constantinople (381) cathedrals. Aryan race, a term used in a racist concepts to refer to a "higher" racial type - blond Aryans (Aryan), the founders of a great civilization (see. Racism). Aryans see. Aria. Arica (Arica), the city and a seaport in northern Chile. 195 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food and chemical industries. Avtovelosborka. Fishing. Sea Resort. Arylation cm. Alkylation. Aril, fleshy growths on the seed of some plants; prisemyannika species. Arin-Berd (Arinberd), see. Erebuni. Arinkin Mikhail Antonov (1876-1948), a Russian physician, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), Lieutenant-General of Medical Service. Developed (1927) method for in vivo studies of the bone marrow (sternal puncture), investigated the reticuloendothelial system. USSR State Prize (1947). Ariovistus (Ariovistus) (1 in. BC. E.), The leader of the Germanic tribe of the Suevi. Attempts to gain a foothold in the territory of Ariovistus Gaul led to a clash with the Gauls and the war with Rome. Ok. 58 BC. e. defeated by Caesar. Arioso (ital. Arioso, letters. - Like Aria) .. 1) in the opera music of the 19th century. small aria with singsong melody or song-declamatory character ... 2) melodic nature of performance. ARION (7-6 cc. BC BC.), Greek poet, whose name is linked to the legend of the miraculous salvation (dolphin, enchanted singing Arion, carried him to the shore), inspired many poets ("Arion" Pushkin) . Ariosto (Ariosto) Ludovico (1474-1533), Italian poet. Heroic knight poem "Orlando Furioso" (1516), continue to "Lover Roland" M. Boyard, imbued with subtle irony, embodies the humanistic ideas of the Renaissance. Lyrics in Latin (1494-1504) and Italian (1517-25) languages; comedy ("Warlock", 1520; "Summary", 1528). ARIS Egyptian (d. 308), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Maximinus. Memory in the Orthodox Church on December 19 (January 1). ARISIMA Takeo (1878-1923), a Japanese writer. Was influenced Tolstoyism. At the heart of the novel "The Story of One Woman" (1913-19) - the tragic conflict between the individual and society. Stories. Aristarchus (d. C. 67), the apostle from 70, a companion of the Apostle Paul (Acts 19:29, etc.), Bishop of Apamea (Syria); killed in Rome in persecution of the Emperor Nero. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 15 (28) April and 27 September (October 10), in the Catholic 4th August. Aristarchus of Samos (con. 4 in. - 1st floor. 3 in. BC. E.), The ancient Greek astronomer. First suggested the idea of heliocentrism: claimed that the Earth moves around a stationary Sun at the center of the sphere of fixed stars. Arista, in Greek mythology, ancient deities, protect the field from the drought and hail, the patron of the herds, the savior of stray travelers. Aristej taught people breeding bees olivkovodstvu, the cultivation of grapes. According to the later myths, considered the son of Apollo and the nymph Cyrene, was immortality. Aristeas son and Autonoe was Actaeon. ARISTIDE (c. 540 - c. 467 BC. E.), The Athenian general, a political opponent of Themistocles, one of the organizers of the Delian League. Aristides of Thebes (ser. 4 in. BC. E.), The ancient Greek painter, son of Aristide Elder, a disciple of Nicomachus. Wrote of the painting: "The battle with the Persians" - for elateyskogo Mnasona tyrant, and for each of the one hundred pieces received 100 minutes, "Ruined city and dying mother and child", taken away by Alexander the Great in Pella, "Asking," "Sick," "tragic actor with a boy "," Theseus and Ariadne ", bought for Attalus of Pergamum and then taken away to Rome, and others. It seems that the master was able to transmit especially in painting different mental state of the person. Aristene Alex (12 in.), The Byzantine canonist, the author of the interpretation of canon law, which became widespread in the Orthodox world. Aristippus (2nd floor. 5 in. - Beg. 4 in. BC. E.), Greek philosopher of Cyrene in North. Africa, a disciple of Socrates, founder Cyrenaic school, one of the founders of hedonism. ARISTOV Averky Borisovich (1903-73), politician. In 1952-53, 1955-60 Secretary of the CPSU. From 1961-73 the Soviet Ambassador to Poland, Austria. Member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1952-71. Member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Communist Party in 1952-53, 1957-61. ARISTOV (arrest) Viktor Fedorovich (1943-94), the Russian theater and film director, screenwriter and actor. Starred in KG Muratovoj: "Getting to Know the Big Wide World", "Among Grey Stones", "Change of Fate", "asthenic syndrome". Put the movies: "Gunpowder" (1985), "It's hard the first hundred years" (1988), "Satan" (1990), "Rains in the Ocean" (1994, completed YB Mamin). ARISTOV Fedor Fedorovich (1888-1932), Russian historian. Explore the history, culture and ethnography of Carpathian Ruthenia (particularly Rusyn movement for national-cultural unity with Russia), the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, Turkey and other countries. The book "Carpatho-Russian writers" (1914) and others. Aristovskaya Vyacheslav Mikhailovich (1882-1950), a Russian microbiologist, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1950). Proceedings of immunology and medical microbiology. Developed a method for the cultivation of the causative spirochete relapsing fever. Proposed a device for culturing anaerobes (Aristovskaya machine). Aristobulus (1 in.), Apostle of the 70 (Romans 16:10), Bishop Vritaniysky (UK). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 16 (29) March and 31 October (13 November). ARISTOVSCHINA, consent to the old rituals in the 2nd floor. 19 in. fedoseevtsev from the appearance in their composition Novozhenov. Require compliance with asceticism. Followers aristovschiny in small quantities available in the north-western regions of the Russian Federation and the Baltic States. Aristocrat (from the Greek. Aristos - the best and racy ...) .. 1) the form of government in which power is vested in the representatives of nobility ... 2) In slave and feudal state - the most privileged class; retains certain advantages in the bourgeois state. Aristoxenus of Tarentum (4 in. BC. E.), Greek philosopher, a student of Aristotle, a representative of the Peripatetic school. Pioneer of the genre of biographies of philosophers (Proceedings of the Pythagoreans); his musicological synthesis influenced the European music theory for centuries. Aristonicus (d. 129 or 128 BC. E.), The illegitimate son of the king of Pergamon Eumenes II, the leader of the anti-Roman rebellion of free slaves and mercenaries in the 133 (or 132) - 129 in Pergamum (broke out after the death of the king of Pergamum Attalus III, bequeathed his kingdom to Rome). After the defeat at Stratonice captured and executed. Aristotelian philosophical currents and schools are influenced by the teachings of Aristotle. On Aristotelianism in antiquity see. Peripatetic school. In the Middle Ages, often in combination with Neo-Platonism, became widespread in the Greek patristic (John of Damascus) and the Byzantine philosophy in Arabic (Kindi, Farabi and Ibn Rushd especially) and Jewish (M. Maimonides) philosophy; with con. 12 in. Aristotelianism pushes in the West. Platonism and Europe in the 13th century. becomes the philosophical basis of scholasticism (Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas and Thomism, Averroism); in the 14-16 centuries. defines the philosophy of Padua School. Scholastic Aristotelianism that prevailed in Western universities until the 17-18 centuries., Was criticized heavily since the Renaissance. Aristotle (384-322 BC. E.), Greek philosopher. He studied under Plato in Athens; in 335 founded the Lyceum or Peripatetic school. Tutor of Alexander the Great. Works of Aristotle cover all sectors of the then knowledge. Founder of formal logic. creator of syllogistic. "First Philosophy" (later called metaphysics) contains the doctrine of the basic principles of being: Opportunities and implementation (see. The act and potency), form and matter, acting reason and purpose (see. Entelechy). Vacillated between materialism and idealism; ideas (shape, Eidos) - the internal driving force of things, inseparable from them. Source movement and changing life - eternal and immovable "mind", Nous (prime mover). Stage nature: the inorganic world, plants, animals, people. "Um," the mind distinguishes man from animal. A central tenet of ethics - intelligent behavior, moderation (metriopatiya). The man - a social creature. The best form of government - monarchy, aristocracy, "politics" (moderate democracy), the worst - tyranny, oligarchy, ochlocracy. The essence of art - imitation (mimesis), the purpose of the tragedy - the "purification" of the spirit (catharsis). Major works: a logical set of "Organon" ("Categories", "On the interpretation", "Analysts" 1st and 2nd, "Topeka"), "Metaphysics", "Physics", "On the Origin of Animals", "On soul "," Ethics "," Politics "," Rhetoric "," Poetics ". See. Aristotelianism. Aristophanes (c. 445 - c. 385 BC. E.), The ancient Greek poet and playwright, "the father of comedy." Aristophanes views on topical problems of the era, pronounced in his work, meet the interests of the peasantry of the time; he distrusted the demagogue, was fond of urban poor ("Riders"), and individualistic philosophy of the Sophists ("Clouds"), rightly seeing in both symptoms of the crisis of Athenian democracy. In the comedies of Aristophanes - response to current events, demonstrations against the military policy ("Lysistrata"), the reproach of real people (Socrates - in the "cloud"), fantastic situation ("The Acharnians," "The Birds"). Aristophanes (c. 445 - c . 385 BC. e., Athens), ancient Greek playwright, in ancient times was named "the father of comedy." Of the 40 written by Aristophanes comedies reached 11 plays entirely and dozens otryvkov.Rannie works Born in Attica to a wealthy family. Philip, the father of Aristophanes, owned a piece of land on the island of Aegina, which gave rise to contemporaries believe that Aristophanes not Athenian family, although he was an Athenian citizen. His first play could not stand under his own name, because he was unknown and was not able to pay for the choir. Under an assumed name was presented the first comedy of Aristophanes "Feasting" (427), according to the surviving fragments - satire on sophistical education and "fashionable" philosophy. In 426 at the Great Dionysia set comedy "Babylonians" dedicated to the relationship of the Athenians and their allies. For this play Aristophanes was drawn chief Athenian Demos, bribe-taker and demagogue Cleon, ridiculed in the comedy, to court for insulting the people and their representatives to the Allies. Details of the court is unknown, apparently, Aristophanes quite lightly from obvineniy.Temy heroes plays Plays of Aristophanes differ boldness of imagination, frivolous humor, ruthlessness exposures, freedom of political criticism. The objects of his satire was his contemporary Athenian society, fashionable philosophy and literature, as well as the aggressive policy of Athens, the hardships of the Peloponnesian War, which accounted for most of the life of Aristophanes. His hints and specific attacks, the nuances of performance, sometimes eludes us, contemporaries were clear, they found a ready response. Aristophanes' comedy is always relevant and have an almost journalistic effect. Topic "War and Peace" - the main political parties in the discussions in Athens at the time - devoted to the play of Aristophanes' The Acharnians "(425; delivered on behalf of the poet and actor Callistratus) and" Peace "(421). The plot of the comedy "Lysistrata" (411), delivered after the disastrous defeat of Athens for the Sicilian expedition in 413, is exceptional in the world literature. Women of Greece, seeking to end the war, under the leadership of Athenian Lysistrata (Gk. Ruining the army) seize the Acropolis in Athens and take an oath before the termination of the war to deny men in love. War of the Athenians with the Spartans, thus turning into a war between women and men, ending Union and universal peace. Comedy full of humor, slapstick, coarse jokes, obscene, but picturesque scenes. In his comedies of Aristophanes ridiculed as upstarts, screamers and ignoramuses from the lower classes and the aristocracy and the "golden" youth. Almost in every comedy Aristophanes ridicules leader Cleon of Athens, in which the "Riders" (424; first comedy of Aristophanes under his own name) displays a shouter and ignorant, flattering and cunning slave elderly and blunt Demos (the people). The protagonists comedy "Wasp" (422; delivered on behalf Filonida) received the names describing their attitude to Cleon: Filokleon (Kleonolyub) and Bdilekleon (Kleononenavistnik). The subject of ridicule - passion of the Athenians to the litigious and, specifically, the legislation to raise the fee to the judges, advanced in the assembly Cleon. Choir "Wasps" - old-judge seeking booty and presented in the form of wasps with stingers, which attack the enemy ships, "the enemy of democracy" and "supporter of tyranny" Bdilekleona.Prichiny evils of society Aristophanes sees in war and representatives of the new philosophy and literature , shatters the traditional foundations of society. The image of a charlatan, lzhemudretsa and mentor in vices in the "cloud" (423) he takes Socrates. Clouds - choir of 24 girls - a symbol of ambiguity and vagueness of the language of the new representatives of the Great Dionysia filosofii.Na 411 Aristophanes puts "Thesmophoriazusae" which pokes fun at Euripides and his younger contemporary playwright Agathon. Political attacks in the comedy is not, in general, it is a parody of the tragedy of Euripides "Helen" and "Andromeda". The choir is made up of women who had gathered to condemn discrediting their Euripides. Disguised as a woman one last must protect him, but deception was revealed, and the hero escape from the altar, trying to find a way out and recalls for this plot moves Euripides tragedy. In 405 at the county was set comedy "The Frogs", which not only won the first prize, but even was presented twice, which is extremely rare. The theme of this comedy written after the death of a Sophocles and Euripides 406 - the fate of tragic poetry. God Dionysus Theatre goes to the underworld to withdraw Euripides, so how on earth extinct tragic poets. However, after the match with Aeschylus Euripides, in which playwrights explain the merits of their products, and even weigh phrases Dionysus takes the earth Aeschylus, whose characters are noble, and the tragedy of raising prowess and lofty civic feelings. Comic effect on travel Dionysus and Hades competition is enhanced by the fact that the chorus in a comedy presented as a utopia lyagushek.K genre include Aristophanes' comedy "The Birds" (414), "Women in the People's Assembly" (392), "Wealth" ("Plutus ") (388). In "The Birds", written in the form of fairy tales, along with people and poultry are (chorus) that between heaven and earth create his kingdom, the city Tuchekukuevsk; domination gods overthrown, the world is ruled birds. In "Women in the People's Assembly" Athenians, led Praksagory (it reminds Lysistrata) start to run the state, which leads him to prosperity, men sit back, life is full of feasts and pleasures. Plays "Riches" and "Women in the People's Assembly" are very different from written during the Peloponnesian War. Satire they softened, attacks on individual politicians not; reduced role of the chorus, many parties are replaced by musical interludes. Recent Aristophanes' comedy Eolosikon "and" Coca "were presented after the death of his son, playwright Arar 387. Compositions: Comedy. M., 1955. T. 1-2.Literatura: Head VV Aristophanes. M., 1955.Sobolevsky SI Aristophanes and his time. M., 1957.V. E. Suslenko Ariste (Ariste) Paul (1905-90), Estonian linguist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Estonia (1954). Works in the field of Finno-Ugric, Finnic languages, the Estonian language, general linguistics. Cardiac arrhythmia, a violation of the frequency or consistency heart rate: rapid (tachycardia) or slow (bradycardia) rhythm, premature contractions (beats), disorganization of the rhythmic activity (atrial fibrillation), and so on. D. May be due to diseases of the heart muscle, neurosis, alcohol and nicotine intoxication, and so on. d. See. also heart block. Arithmetic (from the Greek. Arithmos number), part of mathematics; studying elementary properties of numbers, primarily natural (positive integers) and fractional, and operations on them. The development of arithmetic resulted in the isolation of her algebra and number theory. Arithmetic progression, a sequence of numbers, each of which should be obtained from the previous addition of a constant number and called the difference arithmetic progression; eg., 2, 5, 8, 11, ...; 3. a = Arithmetic mean magnitude (a), obtained by dividing the sum of several (n) values (a1, a2, ..., an) to the number of terms: a = (a1 + a2 + ... + an) / n . Arithmetic means of the computer, which directly perform arithmetic and logical operations on numbers. Adding machine (from the Greek. Arithmos - number and meter ...), mechanical desktop computer manual to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. The prototype of adding machines, widely spread in the 1st floor. 20 in., Served as a calculating machine, invented in 1890 by Russian mechanic VT Odhner. Now superseded by electronic calculators. ARIEL, satellite of Uranus, discovered William Lassell (1851), the distance from Uranus 191,000 km diameter approx. 1130 km. Period (the terrestrial day) 2 days 12 hours 29 minutes. ARIA (ital. Aria), finished by the construction of the episode (number) in opera, operetta, oratorio or cantata, performed singer-soloist accompanied by an orchestra. For arias characterized melodiousness, the breadth of melodic breath. There are arias and as an independent concert of vocal or instrumental piece. ARC (pers.), Fortress, stronghold in medieval cities Avg. Asia (Bukhara, Khiva). ARC ... (from the Latin. Arkus - arc), part of the composite words meaning: the arc. See. Eg., Inverse trigonometric functions. ARCA (from Lat. Arkus - arc), curved ceiling of the opening in the wall or space between two supports (pillars, columns, pillars). Arch Triumphal, triumphal arch, permanent or temporary monumental framing directions (usually arch), the grand building in honor of military victories and other significant events (the Arch of Titus in Rome, 81; Triumphal Arch in Moscow in 1827 -34, rebuilt in 1968 on the Square. victory). Arcade (Arcas), in Greek mythology, the son of Zeus and Callisto. Tried to kill his mother on the hunt, Artemis been transformed into a bear. Matricide prevented Zeus and Callisto Arcade turning into constellations Minor and Ursa Major. See. Also Arktos. ARCADE (fr. Arcade), the same number of arches supported by columns or pillars. Arkadak, city (1963) in the Russian Federation, Saratov region. Railway station. 14.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food enterprises. ARCADIA, an area in the central part of the Peloponnese (Greece). In ancient literature, and later (mainly pastoralists 16-18 cc.) Depicts paradise country with patriarchal simplicity of manners. In a figurative sense - a happy country. Arcade (Couderc) Arkady (b. 1907), Ukrainian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1977). On the scene since 1925. From 1935 to the troupe of the Kiev IN, 1954 in Lviv Russian theater Carpathian IN. USSR State Prize (1952). Arcade Vladimir Konstantinovich (1884-1953), Russian physicist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927). Fundamental works on magnetodynamics. First observed (1913), ferromagnetic resonance. Arkalyk, city (1965) in Kazakhstan, the center of Turgay region. Railway station. 64.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Meat ceramics factory and others. Bauxite mining. Pedagogical Institute. LASSO (Turk. - Rope), a long rope with a noose at the end of the mobile for catching animals. Arch, Hutsul folk dance men. 2/4 time signature. ARKANSAS (Arkansas), a river in the US, right tributary of the Mississippi. 2410 km, the basin area 416 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of approx. 1300 m3 / s. Navigable for 1,000 km from the mouth. In the bass. Arkansas - large reservoirs. Arkansas, a state in the southern United States. 138 thousand. Km2. The population of 2.4 million. People (1993). Adm. c. - Little Rock. Arcana Arkady M. (b. 1933), the Russian writer. Satirical and humorous stories. Plays (with GI Gorin): "Wedding in the whole of Europe" (1966), "Banquet" (1968), "Little comedy big house" (1973). Books: "Solo for the duet" (1975, together with Gorin), and others. ARKATAG (Przewalski's Ridge), in the mountains of Kunlun (China). Length approx. 650 km. Height up to 7723 m (Mt. Ulugh Muztagh). Glaciers. Gravelly desert. Arcature (Ger. Arkatur), a range of decorative false arches on the facade of the building or on the walls of the interior. Arcachon (Arcachon), a climatic health resort in France, on the shores of Biscay Hall. Atlantic c., To the south-west of Bordeaux. Europe's largest center for catching oysters. ARKBALLISTA (toksoballista), throwing machines used by European armies in the Middle Ages, like a big crossbow; longbow to the frame with two wheels; string stretched collar; metal arrows, as well as stone and lead ball projectiles. Flying buttresses (fr. Arcboutant), outdoor stone poluarka transmitting the thrust of the main nave vault external reference poles - buttresses. Flying buttresses appeared in Gothic architecture. Illustrations cm. At art. Buttress. Arquebus (fr. Arquebuse), musket, rifle matchlock dulnozaryadnoe; one of the original models of handguns from the 1st third of the 15th century. Muzzle-loading stone and then lead bullets. Powder charge was ignited by hand through the bare hole in the trunk. In the 16th century. replaced by a musket. ARKELAY Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. Arcesilaus (c. 315 - c. 240 BC. E.), Greek philosopher, head of Plato's Academy after Crates, founder of t. N. Central Academy. Proclaiming the purpose of philosophy is not the possession of truth, and the absence of errors, adhered to the principle of "refraining from judgment" (era).
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