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Peanuts, genus of annual and perennial herbs of the family of legumes, oilseeds. Ok. 30 species in the South. America. Cultivated mainly cultural view - groundnuts; in the fruits of approx. 42% edible oil and 22% protein. The largest acreage in India, China, Myanmar, Nigeria, USA. Yields of 15-40 quintals per 1 ha. Arachne (Gr. Arachne - spider), in Greek mythology, the Lydian girl, clever needlewoman, dared to call Athena to a contest in weaving and turning it over to the spider goddess. ARAHNOZY, parasitic animal diseases caused by parasitic mites (eg., Demodicosis). Arachnoiditis, an inflammation of the arachnoid brain or spinal cord. Causes: infection, trauma, intoxication. Arachnoiditis of the brain manifested by headache, vomiting, seizures, decreased vision, hearing, and so forth., Spinal arachnoiditis - pain in the extremities, sensitivity disorders, and so on. D. Arachnology (from the Greek. Arachne - Spider and ... logy) section of Zoology, studying arachnids. Araxos, an ancient region in the bass. Arghandab River, Argastan and Ghazni to the main center in the Kandahar area (modern Afghanistan). First mentioned in the Behistun nadpisi.ARAShA (Araxa), and rare earth tantaloniobievoe mine in Brazil (pcs. Of Minas Gerais). In operation since 1961. The geological reserves of approx. 462 million. Tons of ore. Ores also contain Th, U. The main ore minerals - pyrochlore. ARBA (Turk.), In a wagon Avg. Asia (2-wheeled high), the Caucasus and southern Ukraine (4-wheel long). CROSSBOW (fr. Arbalete), throwing weapons in Europe in the Middle Ages: a steel or wooden bow mounted on a wooden loom (bed); string stretched collar. In Russia, called the crossbow. ARBATOV Arbatov (b. 1923), the Russian historian and economist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1974). Major works on the problems of the world economy and international relations. Arbenz GUZMAN (Arbenz Guzman) Jacobo (1913-71), a member of the Guatemalan Revolution, 1944-54, president of Guatemala in 1951-54, Minister of Defense in 1945-50. The Arbenz government of Hussein held agrarian reform, trying to limit the influence of the American monopolies and pursue an independent foreign policy; was overthrown in a US intervention. Arber (Arber) Werner (b. 1929), the Swiss geneticist. Opened in bacteria restriction enzyme - enzymes that specifically cleave hitting in the cage foreign DNA. Nobel Prize (1978, together with D. Nathans and H. Smith). Arbuthnot (Arbuthnot) John (1667-1735), English satirist. Pamphlets against the war of the Spanish Succession (1701-14). In "Memoirs Martin Pisac" (published in 1741, together with John. Swift, A. Pop et al.) Ridiculed the pedantry, and pseudo scholasticism. ARBITER (lat. Arbiter), .. 1) mediator, a member of the arbitral tribunal, arbitration ... 2) Sports official. ARBITRATION (fr. Arbitrage), .. 1) a method of dispute resolution in which the parties refer to the arbitrators (arbitrators), elected or appointed by the parties in their agreement or in the manner prescribed by law ... 2) Under Russian law, labor arbitration - the second, after the conciliation commission, mandatory court review of collective disputes (conflicts) ... 3) The international body for the peaceful settlement of disputes between States (see. eg., Permanent Court of Arbitration). ARBITRATION COURT .. 1) in the Russian Federation body performing the resolution arising in the course of business disputes arising out of civil relations (economic disputes), or from the legal relations in the sphere of management. Law on Arbitration Court adopted on July 4, 1991. See. Also the Supreme Arbitration Court ... 2) permanent public organization of Commerce and Industry of the Russian Federation to resolve disputes that arise from contractual and civil law relations with foreign economic and scientific technical ties. Arboviruses (abbreviated from the English. Arthropod borne viruses), a group of RNA viruses carried by blood-sucking arthropods (ticks, mosquitoes) and causing arboviral disease (eg., Hemorrhagic fever, yellow fever). Arbol (from Lat. Arbor - the tree and Greek. Lithos - stone), a type of lightweight concrete. Made from a mixture of organic aggregates (crushed waste wood, cane, etc. N.) And mineral binder (usually Portland cement). Wall material of low-rise buildings. Arboretum, the same as the arboretum. ARBORITSIDY (from Lat. Arbor - the tree and caedo - killing), chemical preparations for destroying unwanted trees and shrubs, eg. bush in the pasture; are herbicides. ARBUDA, Vedic demonic deity represented in the form of a serpent; the enemy of Indra. WATERMELON, genus of annual and perennial plants of the family Cucurbitaceae, melons. 3-5 species in southern Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Tablespoons watermelon edible form (in fruit sugar, vitamin C, pectin) is grown on all continents. Yields 150-300 quintals per 1 ha. WATERMELONS Erminingeldovich Alexander (1877-1968), the Russian organic chemist, founder of scientific school in phosphorous, academician of the USSR (1942), Hero of Socialist Labor (1957). Studies also tautomerism, chemical technology, history of domestic organic chemistry. USSR State Prize (1943, 1947). WATERMELONS Alexey Nikolaevich (1908-86), Russian playwright. In the plays "Tanya" (1938), "Years of Pilgrimage" (1954), "Irkutsk Story" (1959), "An old-fashioned comedy" (1975), "Cruel Intentions" (1978), "winner" (1983) raises important moral Ethic problems. USSR State Prize (1980). WATERMELONS Anton P. (1797 or 1798-1843), Decembrist, Lieutenant. A member of the Northern Society. Member of the uprising 14 December 1825. He was sentenced to penal servitude for life. From 1827 to Nerchinsk mines, from 1839 to the settlement in the Yenisei province. Arbuzov Boris Aleksandrovich (1903-91), the Russian organic chemist, academician of the USSR (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Son Arbuzov. Works on the chemistry of terpenes and diene synthesis and stereochemistry of organophosphorus compounds. Lenin Prize (1978), the USSR State Prize (1951). Arvada, an ancient city-state in the North. Phoenicia. First mentioned in Egyptian sources early. 15 in. BC. e. In the 8th century. BC. e. subordinated to Assyria, then Babylon. In the Hellenistic-Roman period had self-government. Arvajcheer, Arba Here, a city in central Mongolia, adm. c. Uverhangayskogo aimag. St. 12 thousand. Residents. Food, clothing, footwear enterprises. ARVAK (al., ISL. Wake up early), in Norse mythology horse harnessed to the chariot of the sun. Arval Brethren (lat. Arvales Fratres), College of Priests in Other. Rome, whose responsibilities include prayers to the gods to send down the harvest and prosperity of the citizens of the community. Argan (Argand) Emile (1879-1940), a Swiss geologist. Proposed a scheme for the development of the Alpine geosyncline and proved her widespread in large tectonic sheets. Arga-Sala, river, mainly in Yakutia, a left tributary of the river. Olenek. 503 km, the basin area of 47.7 thousand. Km2. Rapids. Argasids (argasids), a family of mites parasitiform squad. The length of 3-13 mm. Ok. 100 species in warmer climates. They live in burrows, nests and shelters other animals feed on their blood. Carriers of a number of diseases. Arguedas (Arguedas) Alcides (1879-1946), a Bolivian writer. Realistic novel "Creole Life" (1912) about the aristocracy. In the novel "The bronze race" (1919) condemned the discrimination of Indians. José María Arguedas (1911-1969), the Peruvian writer. Realistic works of Indian life: novels "Deep River" (1958), "The blood of all races" (1964), stories. Apres (Arghezi) Tudor (pres. The name of Jon Teodorescu, Teodorescu) (1880-1967), Romanian writer. Lyrics. Anticlerical ("Wooden icons", 1930) and anti-bourgeois ("Notes from the country Kuti", 1933) a collection of satirical prose. Argelander (Argelander) Friedrich Wilhelm August (1799-1875), German astronomer. In 1823-36 he worked in Russia, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). Proceedings on astrometry and study of variable stars. Published a catalog and atlas St. 320 thousand. Stars in the northern sky - t. N. Durchmusterung (1859-62). Argentina, Argentine Republic (Republica Argentina), the state in the southeast of South. America. 2767 thousand. Km2. The population of 33.5 million. People (1993), St. 90% - Argentines. The urban population of St. 86% (1990). Official language - Spanish. Most believers - Catholics. Argentina - a federation of 22 provinces, Federal (metropolitan) district and national territory of Tierra del Fuego. Capital - Buenos Aires. The head of state - the president. Legislative - bicameral National Congress. The eastern part of the Argentine plains in the west - the Andes, in the southwest - Patagonian plateau. The climate is tropical in the north, south subtropical, temperate in the south. The average January temperature in the north of 28 ° C, in the south of 10 ° C, July 18 and 1 ° C. Precipitation of 100-300 mm in the west to 1400-1600 mm per year in the east. The main rivers - Parana, Paraguay, Uruguay, Chubut, Rio Negro, Rio Colorado. Wet meadow steppes, savannas, subtropical forests (mostly in the mountains). National parks: Nahuel Huapi, Los Glaciares National Park, Los Alerses, Lanin and others. In ancient times, the territory was inhabited by Indians of Argentina. In the 1st floor. 16 in. it won the Spanish conquistadors; in the country approved a large feudal estates using slave labor. In 1816, during the Spanish American wars of independence of 1810-26 created an independent state United Provinces of La Plata (in 1826 transformed the Federal Republic of Argentina). In the 20th century. in Argentina, the positions of foreign capital (with Ser. 19 in. - mainly English, then the United States). Since 1930, the country was ruled mostly military, to pursue a policy in the interests of landowners, the big bourgeoisie and foreign monopolies. After the 2nd World War, a great influence in Argentina enjoyed H. D. Peron (elected president of Argentina in 1946), combining populism with the activities aimed at strengthening the position of the national capital. In 1955, Peron was overthrown by the military, but the influence of Peronism persisted among the masses (in 1974 Peron was re-elected president). Since 1976 established military rule. During this period (in 1982), Argentina does not recognize British sovereignty over the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) on-you, made an unsuccessful attempt to seize them. Argentina - industrial-agrarian country with high-value agriculture. Share in the gross domestic product (1990,%): 23.6 Industry, agriculture and fisheries 16.7. Extraction of lead and zinc, oil and natural gas, uranium and other ores. Electricity production 50.9 billion. KVtChch (1990). Food (mostly meat-packing), textile, leather and footwear industry, mechanical engineering, ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Refining and Petrochemicals. In agriculture, dominated by large estates. The main crops are wheat, corn, barley, oats, sunflower. Fruit. The main branches of livestock - cattle and sheep meat and wool. Livestock (1990, mln.) Of cattle 51, sheep 29. Fishing. Length (1988, thous. Km) of railways 34.1, 211.4 roads. Merchant fleet tonnage of 2.5 million. Gross register tons (1991). The main seaports - Buenos Aires, Rosario, La Plata. Exports of agricultural products (approx. 80% of the cost - meat, wool, leather, grain). Major trading partners: the United States, Brazil, Germany. Currency - pesos. Argentine Sea, Oceanic basin in the southwest Atlantic ok. Depth up to 6681 m. The Argentine people, the general population of Argentina (28 million. People). The total number of 28.3 million. People (1992). Speak Argentine dialect of Spanish. Believers - mostly Catholics. ARGENTINA (silverfish), the genus of marine fishes Salmoniformes squad. Length up to 60 cm. 12 species in the northern and temperate waters of the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian approx. Target species. Argenta (from Lat. Argentum - silver) (silver glitter), class mineral sulfides cubic a-modification Ag2S. Impurities Cu, Pb, Fe and others. Lead-gray to black with a metallic luster mass streaks, blotches. The hardness of 2-2.5; density 7.3 g / cm3. Usually found in low-temperature hydrothermal deposits. Silver ore. Argentometry (from Lat. Argentum - silver and ... meters), titrimetric method of quantitative analysis based on the formation of poorly water-soluble compounds of silver, for example. AgCl, AgSCN. Indicators are potassium chromate, eosin and others. Mudstone (from the Greek. Argillos - clay and lithos - stone), sedimentary rock formed by the compaction and cementation of dehydration of clays; the latter is more hardness and inability to soak in water. ARGININE, NH-C (NH2) NH (CH2) 3CH (NH2) -COOH, an aliphatic amino acid. In the organism is present in free form in the composition of proteins (many of arginine protamine). Involved in the synthesis of urea (ornithine cycle), and others. Nitrogen metabolism processes. ARGISHTI I (1st floor. 8 in. BC. E.), King of Urartu, the son Menua. Significantly strengthened the state, left a number of cuneiform inscriptions of the victory over the Assyrians and the construction of cities. Argishtikhinili, a city in Urartu. Based app. 776 BC. e. when Argishty I. In its place in the 4th century. BC. e. originated Armavir. ARGO (fr. Argot), a dialect of a particular social group (originally - the thieves' language), created with the aim of linguistic isolation. Characterized by a special (narrow professional) or originally mastered vernacular vocabulary. ARGON (lat. Argon), Ar, a chemical element of group VIII of the periodic system, atomic number 18, atomic weight 39.948, refers to the noble gases. Name from the Greek argos - inactive. The density of 1.784 g / L, boiling point = 185,86 ° C. Is used as an inert medium for welding aluminum and other metals, and in the preparation of ultra-pure substances to fill electric lamps and discharge tubes (blue-blue glow). Argonauts in Greek mythology heroes who went on the ship "Argo", led Jason to Colchis for the Golden Fleece, which was guarded by a dragon. Argonaut, a genus of cephalopods octopus squad. Females live in the shell of the Argonauts (diameter 20 cm); males are smaller, without the shell. Several species in tropical seas. Sometimes called the Argonauts boat. Argonne National Laboratory, Office of the US energy research, founded in 1942 (of Lamont, near Chicago). Research in many fields of science related to the use of nuclear energy, work on the creation of the first atomic bomb. Argos, the ancient Greek city on the peninsula Peloponnese (Greece). Founded in the beginning. 2nd millennium. BC. e. In the 5th century. BC. e. large trade and craft center. In the 3-4 centuries. n. e. destroyed by the Goths. Argotizmov (fr., Ed. H. Argotisme), words and turns of phrase borrowed from a particular slang and used as a stylistic device (usually to characterize the speech of the characters in fiction). ARGUMENT (lat. Argumentum), .. 1) judgment (or set of propositions), driven to prove the truth of the other judgments (concepts, theories) ... 2) Reason (part of the base) evidence ... 3) In mathematics, the argument of the function - independent variable, whose value depends on the value of the function. The argument of the complex number z = x + iy = r (cosj + isinj), represented by a point with coordinates x and y, - angle j of the radius vector r of the point with the abscissa. Argun, a town (since 1967) in the Russian Federation, Chechnya. Railway station. 27.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: food machinery, sugar; meat house-building factory. Argun Pavel Alexandrovich (1862-1944), the Russian revolutionary. One of the founders and leaders of the "Society of Translators and Publishers" in Moscow (1882), exiled to eastern. Siberia. After the October Revolution historian. Argunova, Russian serf architects .. 1) Fedor Semenovich (c. 1732 - c. 68). Baroque kitchen wing (1755), the pavilion "Grotto" (1755-75) in the Kuskovo ... 2) Pavel Ivanovich (c. 1768-1806). From 1793 headed the construction of a wooden Palace Theater in Ostankino (classicism), author of a number of interiors. Argunova, Russian serfs painters portrait, father and son: .. 1) Ivan Petrovich (1729-1802), author of representative ceremonial and chamber portraits ... 2) Nikolai Ivanovich (1771 - after 1829), was influenced by the classical ("P . Kovalev-Zhemtchugova ", 1802-03). Argun River in the Russian Federation and China, the rule of thumb is Cupid. 1620 km, the basin area 164 thousand. Km2. The average water flow of 340 m3 / s. ARGUS, in Greek mythology, many-eyed giant who guarded by order of the goddess Hera Zeus mistress Io. In a figurative sense - Argus. Argus, two similar kind of bird pheasant family (each 1 species). The length of 1.7-2 m, of which approx. 1.2 m falls on the middle tail feathers of the tail. In the forests of the south-east. Asia. Kept secretly. Crested argus - in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). "ARA" (ARD - Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Offentlichen Rundfunkanstalten Bundesrehublik Deutschland), State TV and Radio Germany, uniting the land station. Founded in 1950. Broadcast on 1st television program. Funding from the license fee and advertising. Ardatov city (since 1780) in the Russian Federation, Mordovia, at p. Alatyr, 11 km from the railway Art. Ardatov. 10.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Lighting Plant; woodworking, food, light industry. Founded in the late. 17 in. Ardashir I Papakan (c. 180-239 or 241), the founder and first king (224, crowned in 226/227) Sassanian dynasty in Iran. Ardabil, a city in north-western Iran. 282 thousand. Inhabitants (1986). Manufacture of carpets. Historical and architectural complex (16-17 cc.). ARDEN (Arden), John (b. 1930), English playwright. The conflict between the uncompromising conviction heroes and unprincipled prosaic environment - at the heart of historical plays "Last forgive Armstrong" (1965), "Iron Hand" (1965). Antimilitaristic play "almighty Island" (1974). The novel "When the silent weapons" (1982) - in the tradition of the picaresque ("pikaresknogo") novel. Ardennes operation, 16/12/1944 - 28/01/1945, in the 2nd World War. German troops launched an offensive to defeat the Anglo-American forces in Belgium. In the beginning. January on the Western Front for the Allies had the tense situation. At their request, the Soviet troops on January 12 (8 days ahead of time) began the Vistula-Oder operation that helped the Allied forces to restore the situation. Ardenne (Ardennes), western continuation of the Rhenish Slate Mountains, in Belgium, France and Luxembourg. Height up to 694 m. On the flat top - peat bogs, on the slopes - the forest. ARDENY, heavy draft horse breed, bred in Belgium (Ardennes region Upland.). Animals endurance and performance. In the Russian Federation on the basis of Arden launched Russian Heavy. Bred in Belgium, Austria, Hungary, Argentina. ARDZHENTAYN Islands (Argentine Islands), British Antarctic polar station; cm. Faraday. Vladislav Ardzinba (p .1945), President of the Republic of Abkhazia (1996), whose independence is not recognized by the international community. Expert on the history and culture of ancient Asia Minor, Doctor of Philology. In 1970-80-ies. on scientific work in Moscow, then in Sukhumi. In the 1990-96 chairman of the Supreme Council of Abkhazia. ARDI Alexander (1572-1632), French dramatist. Drama on the ancient story (known in the treatment of Heliodorus of Emesa) "Theagenes and Harikleya" (1623). "Ardis" (Ardis), publishing Russian books, founded in 1971 in Ann Arbor (USA, Mich.). Publishes mainly Russian writers of the 20th century. Ardon, city (1964) in the Russian Federation, North. Ossetia, at p. Ardon. Railway station. 18 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: calibration, canning, penkoobrabatyvayuschy. Ardon, on the North River. Caucasus, left tributary of the Terek. 102 km catchment area of 2.7 thousand. Km2. Used for irrigation. The valley passes Ossetian Military Road. Hardouin-Mansart (Hardouin-Mansart), Jules (1646-1708), a French architect. Built the stately ceremonial buildings in the spirit of classicism (restructuring of the royal palace at Versailles, 1678-89; Vendome Square., 1685-1701, pl. Victory, 1685-86, Cathedral Invalides, 1671-1708, in Paris; B. Trianon at Versailles 1687). AREA (from Lat. Area - the area of space), the area of distribution at the surface of any events, of various species (genera, families and so on. D.) Of animals and plants, minerals, and so on. N. On maps area is transmitted by limiting its lines of different color and pattern, color, shading, etc.. receptions. AREALOGIYA, the same as horology. Areal linguistics, a branch of linguistics that studies the methods of linguistic geography spatial distribution of languages, and the dissemination of linguistic phenomena. AREGALA (Ariogala) (until 1917 the official name Eyragola), city (1956) in Lithuania, p. Dubysa, 46 km from the railway Art. Kedainiai. 4.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Plant concrete structures. Known since the 13th century. Areca, palm genus. Ok. 50 species in the tropics of Asia and to the new. Guinea. Seeds of cultivated widely arekovoy palm (catechu) contain alkaloids arecoline et al., Used in veterinary medicine (as anthelmintic); part of the betel. Arequipa (Arequipa), a city in southern Peru. 634 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Wool, leather and food industry. University. Founded in 1540. The architectural monument of 16-18 centuries. Arekovoy, the same as the palm trees. AREN (Ahren) Uno (1897-1977), a Swedish architect, town planner. In 1921-23 he worked with EG Asplund, who had a strong influence on him. Developed the basic principles of urban planning and construction in Sweden. In the 1930s. was designing furniture and interiors. ARENA (Lat. Arena, letters. - Sand) .. 1) the sand playground in the ancient Roman amphitheater where gladiator fights took place, equestrian events, and so on. F ... 2) circular area (13 m in diameter) with a barrier performances of artists in the circus ... 3) Venue sporting events ... 4) In the figurative sense - field, field of activity. Arengo, the genus of palm trees. Ok. 15 species in tropical Asia and Australia. What matters most is sugar palm. RENT (Pol. Arenda), urgent and gratuitous use of property. Under the lease (property lease) the lessor (landlord) is obliged to provide the tenant (the lessee) property for temporary possession and use or use for a fee for independent entrepreneurial activity or for other purposes. In the Russian Federation rent allowed in all sectors of the economy and can be applied in respect of the property of all forms and types of property. Rent can be transferred land and other natural resources, property companies, associations, property complexes, other property necessary for self-tenant implementation of economic or other activities. Lease of equipment, see. Leasing. Arendal (Arendal), a city in southern Norway, adm. c. Aust-Agder county. 20 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Port on the hall. Bohus. Shipbuilding, non-ferrous metals (aluminum smelting in the suburbs Eydehamn). TENANT, the party of the lease, the lessor's property taking urgent and onerous economic use. Tenants can be public, cooperative and other public enterprise (organization), in Vol. H. The organization of tenants groups of units, as well as citizens or groups of citizens. Organization of tenants are on a strictly voluntary basis and enjoy legal personality. Leased enterprise, the enterprise carries on business on the basis of taken them to rent the property complex. The property is owned by rental companies, shares in the manner prescribed by its charter, to the contributions of all its employees. LANDLORD, the party of the lease in charge, possession, use and disposal of (operational management), or which owns the leased property. Landlords can be public authorities, public, cooperative and other public enterprise (organization) and citizens. Arendt (Arendt), Hannah (1906-75), a German and an American philosopher and political scientist, author of the well-known work, "The Origins of Totalitarianism." Since 1933 in exile in Paris, from 1941 in New York. Arendt (Arendt) Erich (1903-84), German poet. In 1933-50 in exile, a member of the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39 on the Republican side. Civil and philosophical lyrics (collections "From the fiftieth anniversary", 1968; "Memory and image", 1976). Ahrensburg, the official name of Kuressaare in Estonia until 1917. ARENSKY Anton Stepanovich (1861-1906), Russian composer, pianist, conductor. Opera "Dream on the Volga" (1888), "Raphael" (1894), "Nal and Damayanti" (1903), the ballet "Night in Egypt" ("Egyptian Nights", 1900), a work for piano, songs, etc.. Tutorials harmony, analysis of musical forms. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory (since 1889). ARENA, aromatic hydrocarbons containing one or more benzene rings (in Vol. H. Fused). Examples - benzene, toluene, naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene. Hydrometer (from the Greek. Araios - loose ... and meter), a device for measuring the density of liquids and solids. The action of the hydrometer is based on Archimedes' law. AREOPAG (Gr. Areios pagos, letters. - Hill of Ares) .. 1) in Other. Athens authority exercising state control, judicial and other functions; composed of life members - representatives of the aristocracy ... 2) In a figurative sense - a collection of eminent persons to address any issues.
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