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Hari Narayan Apte (1864-1919), Indian writer. Founder of realism in literature in Marathi. Series of novels "Modern History" (1890-95), historical novels "Tiger of Mysore" (1890-91), "Chandragupta" (1902-04). PHARMACY (from the Greek. Apotheke - warehouse), institution (hospital or unit) that is manufacturing and dispensing. The first pharmacy was opened in 754 in Baghdad; in Russia - in 1581 (Vol. n. Tsar pharmacy). Apothecaries' system, the system measures weight, eat when weighing drugs. The basic unit - apothecary pound is divided into 12 ounces, 1 ounce to 8 drachmas, one drachma 3 scruple, 1 scruple to 20 faces. 1 pound Russian chemist - 358.323 g, 1 ounce - 29.860 g, 1 Drachma - 3,732 g, 1 scruple - 1,244 g, 1 Grand Prix - 62.209 mg. System abolished in the Soviet Union on January 1, 1927. Aptekman Osip Vasilyevich (1849-1926), a revolutionary populist. Member of "going to the people," a member of the "Land and Freedom", one of the founders of "redistribution". In 1880, exiled to Yakutia. In 1893 participated in the creation of the "people's rights". In the 90-ies. close to the Social-Democratic Party of the Revolution of 1905-07. Memories: "Society" Land and Freedom "70-ies. On personal memories" (2 vols, 1924). Apterygota (pervichnobeskrylye), lower insects. Length up to 5 cm. They live in the soil, litter, rotten wood, and so on. D. Units: Protura, Diplura, Collembola, Thysanura. Now the first 3 unit referred to entognatnym insects, and the last squad and all winged insects - to ektognatnym. Apter (from the Greek. Apteros - finless) skin of birds that do not have feathers. Location and shape Apter - systematic feature. Apulia (Apuleius) (ca. 125 - c. 180 BC. E.), The Roman writer. Adventure-allegorical novel "Metamorphoses XI in the books" ("The Golden Ass"), imbued with erotic motifs, elements of satire and religious mysticism. "Apology" - speech in his own defense against accusations of sorcery. Apulia Saturnino (Apuleius Saturninus) (? -100 BC. E.) In Other. Rome popular tribune of the people 103 and 100 BC. e. Conducted through the People's Assembly Act allotment of land veterans Maria G.; optimates supporters killed. Apulia (Puglia), a region of southern Italy. 19.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 4 million. People (1991). Adm. c. - Bari. Divided into wire. Bari, Brindisi, Lecce, Taranto, Foggia. Puglia, Italy peninsula; cm. Salentina. Apure (Apure), a river in Venezuela, a left tributary of the Orinoco. 1580 km, the basin area of 147 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of approx. 2,000 m3 / s. The river is navigable for 600 km, during the rainy season - all over. Singapore, a state in southwestern Venezuela. The area of 76.5 thousand. Km2. The population of 305 thousand. People (1990). Adm. c. - San Fernando de Apure. Apurimac (Apurimac) (in the lower reaches - Ene, Tambo), a river in Peru, left component of the Ucayali (bass. Amazon). 1250 km, the basin area of approx. 125 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of approx. 2.9 thousand. M3 / s. Apukhtin Aleksei Nikolaevich (1840-93), Russian poet. The main motives lyric - sadness, frustration, dissatisfaction with life. The words of the poem "The Night of crazy," "forget so soon," "Day Is reigns" and others. Tchaikovsky wrote romances. Apphia (Appiah) Colossian (d. Between 54-68), the Christian martyr, Equal to the Apostles; wife of the Apostle Philemon (Philemon 1: 2). Suffered in Colosse in persecution of emperor Nero. Memory in the Orthodox Church on February 19 (March 4) and 22 November (December 5), in the Catholic on 22 November. APSHERONSK, city (1947) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar region, on the river. Pshekha. Railway station. 34.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Woodworking, food processing, metal processing. Zone of recreation and tourism. In the area - oil production. Absheron Peninsula, the eastern extremity of the Caucasus, Azerbaijan. Juts out into the Caspian Sea. 60 km; width up to 30 km, height up to 165 m. Oil and gas fields (see. Baku oil and gas region). On the south coast - the city of Baku. Climatic and spa resorts - Bilge, Pirshaga, Mardakan and others. AP (from Lat. Area - the area), a unit of area in the metric system, ap = 1 100 m2 = 0.01 ha. Brut (French. Art brut, letters. - Rough, raw art), the direction in iso-art mid-20th century. Akin to surrealism and primitivism, united in the mainstream work of non-professionals ("naive" creativity of children and the mentally ill) with works by professional artists who deliberately oppose their "barbaric", as it were, from the depths of the subconscious splashed images hypocritical veneer of modern civilization. Leader Jean Dubuffet was direction. Art Deco (French. Art deco, abbr. Of decorative art) style decoration arts and creativity and design, widely used in the West. Europe and the United States 1920-30. years. Combines the features of the Art Nouveau style and constructivism, the craving for external ornamental luxury with a sound rational functions and structure (standard art deco interior design has become a huge ocean liners of the period). Especially firmly rooted in fashion and jewelery. "Art Nouveau" (French. Art nouveau - new art), common in some European countries and the United States in the name of "modern" style. "ARA" (ARA, abbreviated from the English. American Relief Administration - "American Relief Administration") (1919-23; Head H. Hoover), established to help European countries affected by the 1st World War. In 1921, in connection with the activities of famine in the Volga region "APA" has been resolved in the RSFSR. ARA, the name of two genera of Long bright colored parrots. Length up to 1 m (blue macaw). 17 species in America (from Mexico to Paraguay), in wooded areas. Flocks attack fruit plantations. Easily tamed and can "talk". Arabatskaya arrows, sand spit in the eastern part of the Crimean Peninsula, which separates the hall. Siwash of Azov m. The length of 113 km, width from 270 m to 8 km. Arabesque (fr. Arabesque, letters. - Arabic), one of the basic positions of classical dance (with a raised and stretched back foot). Modified at various positions of the supporting legs, arms, head, body. Arabesque, a piece of music, mainly for piano, with a whimsical, richly ornamented melodic pattern. Authors arabesques: R. Schumann, AK Liadov, Debussy and others. Arabesques, European name ornament, formed in the art of Muslim countries. Based on the principle of infinite development and rhythmic repetition of geometric, vegetable or epigraphic motifs. Different rhythmic layering multiple homogeneous forms, giving the impression of a busy whimsical pattern. Arabica, a mountain range in the Gagra ridge. in the Caucasus, towering over the city of Gagra (Abkhazia). The height of 2661 m. Deciduous and coniferous forests. Arabinose monosaccharide (pentose); included in the replacement of plant polysaccharides and gums, mucilages. For some bacteria - the only source of carbon. Arabi Pasha, see. Orabi Pasha. Arabic studies, collection of scientific disciplines that study the history, language and culture of the Arab peoples. Arablinski (pres. Fam. Khalafov) Mamed Hussein (1881-1919), the Azerbaijani actor and director. On the scene since 1905. One of the founders of Azerbaijan professional theater. ARABS Yuri (b. 1954), the Russian writer, poet, screenwriter, essayist. Gained fame as the author of the screenplay for AN Sokurov ("Lonely Voice of Man" by A. Platonov, "Painful Indifference" by George Bernard Shaw, "Save and Protect" by Gustave Flaubert, "Days of Eclipse," "stone "," Whispering Pages "). Also wrote the screenplay for the film "Nikolai Vavilov" (1990). The story "Cruiser" (1993). Arab-Israeli War 1948-1949 (Palestinian war) between the Arab states (Egypt, Jordan, Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Yemen) and the State of Israel. Israel seized 6.7 thousand. Km2 in Palestine, which by the UN General Assembly on 29.11.1947 destined for the Arab States, and the western part of Jerusalem. The other part of Palestine allotted to the Arab state, and the eastern part of Jerusalem were annexed by Jordan. On the territory seized by Israel, were expelled St. 900 thousand. Arab residents. Armistice Agreement (1949) have not settled the Middle East conflict, resulting from the Arab-Israeli war. Arabian breed of horses, horse, bred in the 1st thousand. N. e. on the Arabian Peninsula. Animals of medium height, perfectly composed, with lightly, quickly, hardy. Used in the derivation of many European breeds. Bred everywhere except Australia. Arab conquest, military campaigns of the Arabs in the middle. 7 - beg. 9 cc., Completed the conquest of the Middle and Wed. East, North. Africa, South-West. Europe. During the Arab conquest was created Caliphate - a theocratic state. The interaction of the Arabs and conquered peoples led to the folding of the medieval Arab culture. Liberation struggle Avg. Asia, Iran, the Caucasus (2nd floor. 9 - 10 cc.), And Spain (Reconquista 8 - 15 cc.) Led to their liberation from Arab rule. In the future, a large part of the Middle and Wed. East and North. African Arab states were formed. Arabic numerals, see. Figures. Arabic belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family. Modern colloquial Arabic is divided into 5 groups of dialects: Eastern (Mesopotamia), gum, tsentralnoarabskaya, the Egyptian-Sudanese, North African (Maghreb). Unified literary language. The number of Arabic-speaking 190 million. People (1990). Writing on the basis of the Arabic alphabet. The official and working language of the UN General Assembly and other UN bodies. The official language of all Arab countries, the Somali Democratic Republic, the Republic of Djibouti. Arab-American oil company (ARAMCO, English. Arabian-American Oil Company - ARAMCO), founded in 1933, the largest US oil companies to exploit the oil fields of Saudi Arabia. Since 1973, the Saudi government gradually redeeming its shares in 1980 became the sole owner of ARAMCO. Management of its businesses and exploitation is carried out under special arrangements with the government, the American oil companies "Exxon", "Chevron", "Texaco", "Mobil", who receive part of its crude oil. Oil approx. 200 million. T Recycling - 23 million. T (con. 1980.). Arabic script, type the letter circulated in the West. Asia and North. Africa. There was up to 4 in. in Arabia, based on the Aramaic script. Consists of 28 letters used to denote consonants and long vowels. To denote short vowels may apply subscript and superscript characters. Is read from right to left. ARABS (self - al-Arab), a group of people (Algerians, Egyptians, Moroccans, and others.), The main population of the Arab countries Zap. Asia and North. Africa. The total number of communication. 199 million. People (1992). Arabic language. Most - Muslims. Arawak, a group of Native American peoples (La Guajira, campaigns, Baniwa language, actually Arawaks et al.) In the South. America and the West Indies. 400 thous. People (1992). Arawak languages. Believers adhere to traditional beliefs, part - Catholics. Arawakan languages, family South Indian languages. America. There is no uniform classification. The best-known languages: curl (actually Arawak), La Guajira, a Caribbean island, maypure, Achawa language, ipurina, Taino, pyro, mojo, Pares. Arabian Basin, Oceanic basin in the northwest Indian ok. The predominant depth of 4000 m, the highest - 5803 m. The Arabian desert, the north-eastern part of the Sahara, between the Nile Valley and the Red m., In Egypt. In the south (22 ° N. M.) Is transformed into the Nubian Desert. The terrain is dominated by a plateau (average height of 500 m). The climate is hot, rain may not fall for several years. In the valleys of grass and shrub vegetation. Oil, phosphorite. Arabian Peninsula, on the south-west of Asia, the largest in the world. (St. 2.7 million. Km2). Washed in the west of the Red m., In the south of Aden Hall. and the Arabian m., in the east of Oman and the Persian Room. Indian ok. Dominated by plains and plateaus in the west, south and east - mountains (altitude up to 3600 m). The climate is tropical and dry. Rainfall of 50-100 mm per year (in the mountains to 500 mm). Most of the busy semi-deserts and deserts (Rub 'al Khali, ad-Dahna Desert, Nefud, Tihama et al.). Large deposits of oil (see. Gulf oil and gas basin). In the Arabian Peninsula are located Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Kuwait, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Oman, part of Iraq and Jordan. Arabian Sea, Indian c., Between the p-ovami Arabia on the west and the east of the Indian subcontinent. 4832 thousand. Km2. Depth up to 5803 m. The large gulfs of Aden, Gulf of Oman, Kutch, Cambay. Large Islands: Socotra, Laccadives. River flows. Indus. The main ports: Bombay, Karachi, Aden. Central Indian Ridge, an underwater mid-ocean ridge in the northwest Indian ok. Length of 3700 km, width up to 650 km; minimum depth of 1271 m above the ridge. ARAGATS (Alagez), the highest mountain in the Armenian highlands in the territory of Armenia. The height of 4090 m. An extinct volcano. On the slope - Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory. ARAGVI river in Georgia, left tributary of the Kura River. 66 km, the basin area 2740 km2. The average water flow of 55 m3 / s. Formed by the confluence of the White and Black Aragvi. Passes through the valley of the Aragvi Georgian Military Road. At the mouth of Mtskheta. Arago (Arago) Dominique François (1786-1853), a French scientist and politician, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1829). Member of the Provisional Government in 1848. The polarization of the light, opened the magnetizing effect of an electric current, and so on. N. magnetism rotation established communication auroras with magnetic storms. Works on astronomy, history of science. Aragon (Aragon), an autonomous region in the north-east of Spain, in the bass. p. Ebro. The area of 47.7 thousand. Km2. The population of 1.2 million. People (1989). Adm. c. - Zaragoza. Divided into wire. Zaragoza, Teruel, Huesca. In the 9th century. during the Reconquista formed county of Aragon. Since 1035 Aragon - kingdom united in 1137 on the basis of a personal union with the county of Barcelona. In 1164 the Count of Barcelona became kings of Aragon, including all the land of Catalonia. In the 13-15 centuries. Aragon conquered the Balearic Islands, Valencia, Sicily, Sardinia, Naples. Dynastic union of Aragon and Castile in 1479 ushered in one state - Spain. Aragon (Aragon) Louis (1897-1982), French writer. One of the founders of surrealism (poetry, novel, "Paris peasant", 1926). In the 30-ies. shared the position of socialist realism; changes in the USSR comprehended as a genuine incarnation of the socialist idea. One of the organizers of the Resistance Movement (tragic lyricism in the collection of poems "The knife in the heart", 1941). Historical novel "Holy Week" (1958) about the way the artist to the people. In a series of novels "The Real World" (1934-51; in Vol. H. Tendentious novel "Communists", ie. 1-6, 1949-51; Aragon - a member of the French Communist Party from 1927 to 1954 - member of the Central Committee of the PCF) - ideological evolution intellectual circles, who saw in the working class upward force of the nation. Esseistskie, art book "Henri Matisse. Novel" (1971), "Theatre-novel" (1974). Collections of poetry (in Vol. H. "Eyes and Memory", 1954; the poem "The unfinished novel," 1956), a lyrical cycle of poems dedicated to E. Triolet, the wife of the poet. International Lenin Prize (1957). Aragon, class mineral carbonates, Ca [CO3]. Colorless, white, gray, purple to black. The hardness of 3.5-4.0; density approx. 3.0 g / cm3. Needle crystals, aggregates branched, sinter (iron flower), and others. Varieties: Conch - the main component part (along with chitin) pearls and nacreous layer of mollusk shells; pea stone - cemented oolites aragonite. On the origin of hydrothermal and supergene. Aragua (Aragua), a state in northern Venezuela. Area 7 thousand. Km2. The population of 1.2 million. People (1990). Adm. c. - Maracay. Aragua (Araguaia), a river in Brazil, left tributary of the river. Tocantins (bass. Amazon). 2630 km, the basin area of approx. 370 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of approx. 8,500 m3 / s. The river is navigable for 1,300 km. ARAD (Arad), a city in western Romania, adm. c. Arad County. 191 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Engineering, chemical, wood, textile, food, footwear industry. Araz (pres. Name and fam. Movses Melikovich Harutyunyan) (1878-1964), Armenian writer. Member of the revolutionary movement. Novels and short stories ("Comrade Mukuch" 1924, et al.) Of socialist construction; novels autobiographical "Talking Horizon" (1940) and the historical "Israel Ori" (1959). Arai (Araia, Araja) Francesco (1709- c. 1770), Italian composer. In 1735-62 (with breaks) was led by the Italian troupe in St. Petersburg. Opera "The Power of Love and Hate" (1736), "Cephalus and Procris" (1755, the first opera in the Russian libretto - AP Sumarokova; full of Russian artists) and others. Arakawa (Arakawa) Shusash (p .1936), Japanese conceptual artist. One of the organizers of the "Neo-Dada" in Tokyo ("Boxes", 1960, a series of "Charts", 1961). Since 1961 lives and works in New York. Aracaju, city and port in northeastern Brazil, adm. c. pcs. Sergipe. 288 thousand. Inhabitants (1980). International Airport. Sugar, textile and leather industry. University. Arakan (Rakhine), a region in the southwest of Myanmar (Burma); on the territory of Arakan in the first centuries BC. e. - In 1785 there were state of the same name. Arakan Mountains (Rakhine), south-west Manyamy. Length approx. 800 km, height up to 3053 m (Mt. Victoria). Parallel meridional ridges with sharp peaks and steep slopes. Evergreen (in the west) and deciduous (east) of the forest. Sedrak Arakelyan Arakelovich (1884-1942), an Armenian painter, Honored Artist of Armenia (1935). Lyrical landscapes and zhanrovopeyzazhnye picture. ARAKI Sadao (1877-1966), Japanese politician. In 1931-34 the Minister of War, in 1938-39, Minister of Education. Ideologist expansionism and militarization of the country. In 1948 sentenced by the International Military Tribunal in Tokyo to life imprisonment. Released in 1955. Arakishvili (Arakhchi) Ignatievich Demetrius (1873-1953), Georgian composer, musicologist, People's Artist of Georgia (1929), Academy of Sciences of Georgia (1950). One of the founders of the Georgian school of composition and musical folklore. USSR State Prize (1950). Araks River in Transcaucasia (upper in Turkey, in the lower reaches of Azerbaijan, to a considerable extent on Araks border between Armenia and Azerbaijan with Turkey and Iran), right tributary of the Kura River. 1072 km, the basin area 102 thousand. Km2. The average water flow of 285 m3 / s. Used for irrigation. On Arax - Azerbaijani-Iranian hydropower complex. Arakcheev Alexey Andreevich (1769-1834), Russian statesman and military leader, Earl (1799), General of Artillery (1807). From 1808-10 war minister, reorganized the artillery; 1810 Chairman of the Department of Military Affairs of the State Council. In 1815-25 the most confidant of Emperor Alexander I, exercised its internal politics; organizer and superior military poseleniy.ARAKChEEV Alexey [September 23 (October 4) in 1769, Tver Province. Novgorod province - 21 April (3 May) 1834, p. Georgian Tikhvin county Novgorod province], Russian statesman and military leader, Earl (1799) .Nachalo kareryIz impoverished noble family. Since childhood, accustomed to strict discipline, hard work, thrift, strict observance of religious rites. In 1783, adopted in Gentry artillery and engineering (later 2nd Cadet) Corps, where he showed the ability of the military and the mathematical sciences and at the end of which (1787) with the rank of army lieutenant left there a teacher of arithmetic, geometry and gunnery. Also was in charge of cabinet library. In 1788-90 during the Russian-Swedish war recruits trained gunnery. In 1790, on the recommendation of the Director body entered a tutor in the family of President of the Military Collegium of NI Saltykov, not without the help of which in 1792 adopted the Gatchina troops heir to the throne of Grand Duke Paul Petrovich (the future Emperor Paul I). Prevailing there, "Prussian" principles of military education Arakcheev brought to life with petty pedantry and boundless cruelty. In a short time he led Gatchina artillery in perfect order, was appointed inspector not only artillery, but the infantry began to manage the business part and actually Gatchina troops. In July 1796 was promoted to the rank polkovnika.Vozvyshenie and opal under Paul IVhozhdenie in terms of "small yard" was a watershed milestone in the life of Arakcheev. Executive and his immense personal commitment, he gained unlimited confidence of Paul and his enthronement was promoted to major-general, appointed commandant of St. Petersburg. Arakcheev was granted a rich patrimony in the Novgorod province - the only gift they received during the entire service. In April 1797 Arakcheev was appointed commander of the Life Guards regiment, and put in charge of the suite of the Emperor with the definition of Quartermaster-General and the entire Russian army chief of staff. In January 1798 he was also appointed inspector of the entire Russian artillery. Arakcheev much to strengthen the combat capability and restore order in the army, in the army, especially in the Guards, accompanied by cultivating cane drill. At court, however, he kept aloof, and his career (as later under Alexander I) associated exclusively with the patronage of the emperor. But even he could not avoid disgrace. In 1798 Arakcheev was removed from service in 1799 and actually exiled to his estate of Novgorod. Paul I, a few days before his death, suspecting a conspiracy intended to return to St. Petersburg Arakcheeva that, according to some historians, could have prevented a coup March 11, 1801, but the head of the conspirators PA Palen prevent it. Only two years after accession to the throne of the new emperor Alexander I Arakcheev was reinstated as an inspector of all the artillery, which began with his new vozvyshenie.Novoe elevation. Reforms in the Army in the summer 1807 he was promoted to general of artillery, and in December of the same year he was ordered to be under the emperor with the right to declare the imperial decree on the artillery. In 1808 Arakcheev was appointed Minister military ground forces with his subordinate military camp office of the emperor and Courier housing. At the same time he becomes a senator. As a sign of his special merits Rostov Musketeer Regiment was renamed the Grenadier Regiment of Count Arakcheev. In winter 1809, he played an important role in fighting intensified in the Finnish campaign, insisting that the transition of Russian troops on the ice the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish beregam.Arakcheev began general reorganization of the Russian army (recruitment and training of combatant, the establishment of conscription depot, the introduction of the divisional organization, office duty General, and so on. d.), but the most productive was his conversion to artillery. The information in a company and batteries, artillery stood as an independent branch of service, the size and caliber of the guns carriages reduced. Was improved manufacturing technology of weapons, ammunition, more effective activity arsenals. In addition, the Committee was founded by artillery, began to appear "Artillery Journal" .Vydvizhenie to the forefront of political life MMSperanskii and preparation of plans for government reform behind Arakcheeva forced him to resign. In 1810 he was appointed Chairman of the Military Department of the newly established Council of State, and his minister of war took MB Barclay de Tolli.Ohranitel - statist But autumn 1812 Arakcheev was again close to the Emperor, which was associated with acute discontent king setbacks in the war Napoleon and the fall of the imperial prestige in society. Arakcheev was charged to form militias and artillery regiments, he again received the right to declare the nominal decree. In the postwar period, when in the internal politics of Alexander I strengthened protective and reactionary tendencies, Arakcheev was actually the second person after the emperor to rule the country, concentrated in the hands of immense power. From 1815 he was able to subdue the State Council, the Committee of Ministers, His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery. As the only speaker to the king on all current issues, nevertheless Arakcheev was only a conscientious executor of the will of the king and his most secret plans, whether the establishment of military settlements (from 1819 Arakcheev - Chief of Staff of the military settlements, and in 1821-26 - superior Separate corps military settlements) or participate in the development of plans emancipation of the serfs. In 1818 Arakcheev was a secret project repurchase treasury estates "to voluntarily set prices" to "assist the government in the destruction of the people of serfdom in Russia." The project did not receive any traffic, but anticipated the ideas implemented subsequently the 1861 reform g.Smert Alexander I broke Arakcheeva career. December 20, 1825, he was released to his neblagovolivshim Nicholas I from the affairs of the Committee of Ministers and expelled from the Council of State, and in 1826 removed from the heads of the military settlements. Arakcheev went abroad and there willfully released edition of confidential letters to him Alexander I, caused a scandal in the Russian society and government. Upon his return to Russia Arakcheev lived on his estate Georgian practicing his personality surrounding blagoustroystvom.Na Arakcheeva produced a feeling of revulsion sharp temper, outrage, servile obsequiousness before the throne in conjunction with an arrogant contempt for all downstream. Large military administrator, he did not participate in any battle. When poverty education Arakcheev was endowed with common practical mind, finding the right decisions in difficult situations, different honesty, fighting bribery, above all put the interests of the treasury, although often not guided by national interests and ambitions of the courtier. His inordinate vanity finds satisfaction in undivided affection for him autocrat, as the slightest elevation of any other stately figure perceived them with vindictive jealousy. In the eyes of contemporaries and descendants Arakcheev personified the darkest side of Alexander tsarstvovaniya.Literatura: Ratcha VF information about Count Arakcheev. SPb., 1864.Kizevetter AA Emperor Alexander I and Arakcheev // Kiesewetter AA Historical Essays. M., K. 1912.Yachmenihin AA Arakcheev // Questions of history. 1991. № 12.Tomsinov VA temporary worker (AA Arakcheev). M., 1996.A. Tartakovskii Aral, a genus of plants of the family Araliaceae. Trees, shrubs, tall perennial grasses. Ok. 35 species in tropical and subtropical regions of the Northern Hemisphere; Russia's 3-5 species in the Far East. Manchurian Aralia - medicinal plant (root preparations have a tonic effect). Many - ornamental plants. The Aral Sea is also known as a houseplant kind Fats. Aral-Paygambar, Reserve in Uzbekistan, Surkhondaryo. Island on the Amu Darya (20 km below the Termez). Founded in 1960. The area of 3094 hectares. Riparian forests of poplar (Tauranga) and Loja; tamarisk, saxaul. Bukhara deer, jungle cat, wild boar, jackal; Tajik pheasant; viper and others. Aralsor .. 1) undrained bitter-salty lake. Kazakhstan, on the Caspian Lowland. 101 km2. Extraction of salt ... 2) undrained bitter-salty lake in Kazakhstan, Ural and Emba interfluve. Area of 72 km2. Aral, city (1938) in Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Orda region. Railway station (Aral Sea). 31.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Combine "Aralsulfat" garment factory, etc.. ARAL SEA (Aral), undrained Salt Lake-Sea in Uzbekistan (Karakalpakstan) and Kazakhstan. By 1990 the area was 36.5 thousand. Km2 (in Vol. H. T. N. Big Sea - 33.5 thousand. Km2). The predominant depth of 10 - 15 m, the highest - 54.5 m. St.. 300 islands (the largest - Barsakelmes and Renaissance). From the beginning. 60s. 20 in. Aral sea level drops sharply due to the intense wall of water flowing rivers for agricultural needs: water and the Syr Darya, in some years, the Amu Darya do not reach the sea. Aral Sea - ecological disaster zone. Desertification occurs adjacent areas, changes in the socio-economic structure of the Aral Sea region. ARAM (Pastushkova crane), the only species of the same name of the family unit Gruiformes. Length up to 65 cm. Flies hard, well-run. In America (from southern USA to Argentina) and in the Antilles. Aram (Arameans), Semitic tribes, natives of Arabia. In the 14-11 centuries. BC. e. settled on the Near East. Aramaic, a group of Semitic languages (dialects). The earliest period presented staroarameyskimi inscriptions 9-7 centuries. BC. e. Later branch into western and eastern dialect groups. Aramaic script, type Abjad that emerged in the beginning. 1st millennium. BC. e. on the basis of the Phoenician letters in Aramean. The most ancient monuments belong to the 9-7 centuries. BC. e. To go back Syrian Aramaic script, Jewish square, Arabic, Pahlavi, Uighur, Mongolian letter. Aramilev, city (1966) in the Russian Federation, Sverdlovsk region., At p. Iset. Railway station. 13.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Cloth factory, plastic factory. ARAMCO, see. Arab-American Oil Company. ARANAUSKAS Leonas S. (b. 1921), a Russian architect. One of the authors of building area New Cheremushek (1950-60-ies.), The exhibition building at Krasnaya Presnya (1973), the sports complex "Olympic" (1980) - in Moscow. Lenin Prize (1982). "Aranda" ("Aranda"), a research vessel of the Institute of Marine Research (Finland). Built in 1953; displacement of 1100 tons. Biological and ichthyological research in the Baltic m. and the North. Atlantic. ARRANGEMENT (from the French. Arranger, letters. - Put in order) .. 1) the arrangement of a musical work to be performed at al., Or other instrument. Voice, etc. Composition of instruments or voices ... 2) facilitating the presentation of a piece of music for performance on the same instrument ... 3) Pop music - harmonization and instrumentation new or well-known melodies ... 4) In the method of securing jazz ensemble and the overall design and orkestrovoyinterpretatsii Glan carrier style qualities. Aranjuez (Aranjuez), a city in Spain, at p. Tahoe, a suburb of Madrid. St. 35 thousand. Residents. Metalworking, photochemical and pharmaceutical companies. Tourism center. The former residence of the Spanish kings. Architectural monument of 18-19 centuries. ARANHUESSKOE SPEECH 1808 (March 17-18 in g. Aranjuez, where the imperial court; spread to Madrid), an uprising, which led to the resignation of Prime Minister M. Godoy and the abdication of Charles IV in favor of his son Ferdinand. Aran (Arany) Janos (1817-82), Hungarian poet. Member of the Revolution of 1848-49. Poem trilogy "Toldi" (1846-79), patriotic poems and ballads ("Welsh bards", 1857), an epic and satirical poems, lyrical and philosophical poetry. Aranyaka (Skt. Forest books), in ancient India books of instruction for forest hermits. ARANYANI (Skt. Timber), an ancient Indian goddess of forests and trees. ARAPOV Pimen Nikolaevich (1796-1861), Russian playwright, theater historian. Compiled by "Annals of the Russian Theatre" (1861) - a chronicle of theatrical life from 1673 to 1825 (information about the repertoire, troupes, theater life and so forth.). Articles about the theater. Vaudeville. Ararat (in Armenian. - Masis), the highest volcanic massif of the Armenian highlands in eastern Turkey, near the border with Armenia and Iran. Consists of two fused bases of the cones of extinct volcanoes Great Ararat (5165 m) and Lesser Ararat (height 3925). Ok. 30 glaciers. According to one version, on Ararat stopped, according to the biblical legend, Noah kocheg during the Flood. ARARAT, city (1962) in Armenia, the Ararat plain. Railway station. 20.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Cement plant, bottling plant of mineral waters. Ararat valley, in the middle reaches of the river. Aras, between the mountains of Ararat in the south and in the north of Aragats (most of the Ararat plain in Armenia, smaller - in Turkey). The height of 850-1000 m. Irrigated agriculture. Ararktsian Babken G. (b. 1944), chairman of the Armenian Armed Forces in December 1991. From 1966 to the teaching and research work. Since 1986 Head of the Department of Yerevan State University. August 1990 1st deputy chairman of Armenian Armed Forces. Since July 1995 Chairman of the National Assembly of Armenia. APAT of Sicyon (271-213 BC. E.) In Other. Greece head of the Achaean League (245 strategist with more than 17 times). When it achieved independence from the Union of Macedonia. Arata, Mongolia and resettlement areas of the Mongols in China migrant pastoralists, in the broadest sense - workers in general, people. In the Russian Federation arats peasants called Tuva. Araucanian Language refers to the Andean languages (see. Ando-equatorial languages). Araucana (self - Mapuche), Indian people in Chile (800 thousand. Man, 1992) and in the west of Argentina (70 thous. People). Araucanian language. Retain traditional beliefs, some - Catholics. Araucaria, the genus of coniferous trees of the family Araucariaceae. Ok. 20 species, mainly in Australia and South. America. Decorative. The seeds are edible, the wood used in construction, for furniture production. Several species are cultivated as ornamental on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. Arafat (Arafat) Yasser (b. 1929), the Palestinian statesman, head of the administration of the Palestinian Authority since 1994, Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO since 1969). After the capture of Israel across the Palestinian territory in 1948, Arafat had emigrated. In 1956 he graduated from Cairo University and also received military training for participation in subversive activities against the Israelis in Palestine. In the same year took part in the composition of the Egyptian army in the Suez conflict (see. The Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt). In 1957 he founded the subversive group Al-Fatah, which in 1959 became part of the PLO. Working for a construction company in Kuwait, Arafat repeatedly carried out guerrilla raids on the territory of Palestine. In 1964, Al-Fatah merged with the PLO and Arafat became one of the most influential politicians in the Palestinian liberation movement, and since 1969 the chairman of the executive committee of the PLO. In 1970 he became the supreme commander of the armed forces of the Palestinian movement soprotivleniya.V 1960s. Arafat came to understand the need to create an independent Arab Palestinian state. Later, he turned his efforts to achieve recognition of the PLO as the authorized representative of the interests of the Palestinian people. Since 1974, the PLO became a member of the Arab League. From the extreme, intransigent positions in the confrontation with Israel, Arafat goes to more moderate views on the Middle East problem. In 1988, he recognized the right of Israel to exist, which previously categorically rejects Palestinian political leaders. The move opened the possibility of reaching a peace agreement between Palestinian Arabs and Israelis. In 1989, Arafat was proclaimed president of the state Palestina.Vo time of the Gulf War in 1990-91, Arafat supported Saddam Hussein's aggression, which negatively affected the international reputation of the Palestinian leader, especially among oil-producing Arab states. However, under the mediation of the United States, Arafat went to negotiate with Israel, which resulted in the signing in Washington in September 1993, the contract for which the Gaza Strip and Jericho, Palestinian self-rule was introduced. In May 1994, Israeli troops in these areas have been replaced by the Palestinian police, and in July, Arafat triumphantly returned to Palestine as head of administration of Palestinian self-rule. In the same year, Arafat, along with Israeli leaders Yitzhak Rabin and Shimon Peres was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. In January 1996, Arafat was elected executive head of the Palestine National Council, gaining more than 88% of the vote. Arafura Sea (Eng. Arafura Sea), in the Indian c., Between Australia, New msg. Guinea and the islands of Tanimbar and Kai. 1017 t. Km2, mainly to the depth of 200 m, 3680 m maximum. Close Gulf of Carpentaria. Arachidonic acid, CH3 (CH2) 4 - (CH-CHCH2) 4 (CH2) 2COOH, colorless liquid, mp = 49,5 ° C. Refers to the essential fatty acids.
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Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.
Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.