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Aplasia (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Plasis - education), malformation, congenital absence of any body part or organ. Aplasia of one of the paired organs (eg., One kidney) may not lead to functional impairment. Avg. Hypoplasia. Aplanat (from the Greek. Aplanetos - infallible), the lens, which eliminated a number of optical aberrations; replaced by a more perfect lens - anastigmatic. Aplysia, the same as sea hares. Aplite, and uniformly fine-grained rock vein, poor colored minerals, usually of granite. Aplomb (fr. Aplomb), overconfidence in the behavior in question. Aplu (lat. Aplu, Apulu, Aplun), in Etruscan mythology, god, largely corresponds to the god Apollo. Apnea (from the Greek. Apnoia - lack of breathing), temporary cessation of breathing during depletion of blood carbon dioxide (eg., After intensive artificial respiration or random). False apnea occurs when a strong skin irritation (eg., Cold water). APO (Apo), a volcano on the island. Mindanao, the highest in the Philippines (2954 m). National Park. APO ... (from the Greek. Apo - from, from without), part of the composite words meaning: denial, loss, absence of something (eg., Apomixis), the origin of something (eg., Apomorphine) removal. Apogamy (apo ... and Greek. Gamos - marriage), development of the embryo from the cells of the embryo sac prothallia or some flowering plants and ferns. Variety apomiksisa.APOGEY (apo ... and Greek. Ge - Earth) .. 1) the farthest point from the Earth's orbit of the Moon or artificial Earth satellite ... 2) The highest level, the flowering (eg., The apogee of fame). APOKAVK Alex (? -1345), The head of government in Byzantium in 1341, during the infancy of Emperor John V. uphold the principle of centralization of the state. Based on the metropolitan merchants and artisans, struggled with the feudal aristocracy and John VI. Killed by followers of John VI. Apocalypse (Greek. Apokalypsis - Revelation) Revelation of John, one of the books of the New Testament, the oldest surviving Christian literary works (Ser. 68 - beg. 69). Church ascribes authorship of John the Theologian. Contains prophecies about the "end of the world", the struggle between Christ and Antichrist, "Judgement Day", "the millennial kingdom of God." "APOKRISIS" polemic H. Philalethes against the Union of Brest (published in Vilna, 1597). Defended the participation of the laity in the church councils, criticized the highest Ukrainian and Belarusian Orthodox clergy of the agreement with the Vatican and the Polish nobility. Apocrypha (Greek. Apokryphos - secret, hidden), works of Jewish and early Christian literature not included in the biblical canon. APOLIDY see. Stateless. Apollinaris the Younger (c. 310 - 382/392), bishop of Laodicea, a disciple of Athanasius of Alexandria. Defended the orthodox doctrine against the Arians, but in the future, putting forward the thesis of "one incarnate nature of God the Word," was the founder of the Christological heresy condemned at the Council of Rome (374-380) and at the Ecumenical Council of Constantinople (381). Apollinaire (Apollinaire) Guillaume (pres. The name of Wilhelm Apollinaris Kostrovitsky, Kostrowicki) (1880-1918), French poet. Lyrics Apollinaire ("Life devote love", 1917) combines courageous candor, sharp, sometimes sarcastic sense of the cruelty of life (cycle "Bestiary, or Cortege of Orpheus", 1911), and the joy of its acceptance, the confrontation of loss and time (the poem "Pont Mirabeau" 1912; "alcohol. 1898-1913", 1913). Collections of short stories "The heresiarch and K °" (1910). "Kalligrammy. Poems of Peace and War. 1913-1916" (1918) - a lyrical chronicle of the tragic perception of the 1st World War, to which was Apollinaire. Thinking about a tragic time and personality - Mystery-Bouffe "Color of Time" (1918, published 1920). Apollodorus of Damascus, the ancient Roman architect and engineer of the 1st floor. 2. Built a grand forum of Trajan, the Odeon, the circus and the Baths of Trajan in Rome, the bridge over the Danube. Apollodorus (last third of the 5th c. BC. E.), The ancient Greek artist from Athens. According to Pliny the Elder (Roman scholar and writer), earned him the nickname skiograf, t. E. Tenepisets, t. To. First began broadcasting shadows and midtones use. Apollodorus of Athens (c. 180 - after 119 BC), Hellenistic scholar, theologian and chronology, author of the "Chronicles" (from the fall of Troy, in 1184, to 119 BC) - the main source of our dates. Come down under his name "Mythological Library" (a popular textbook Greek mythology in modern times) - Late compilation 1 or 2 cc. Apollo, the butterfly family sailboats. Wings span of 7-9 cm, white, transparent at the tops, with black and red spots. It occurs mainly in the mountainous regions of Europe, the Caucasus and West. Siberia. In many countries protected. In the Red Book. APOLLO (Phoebus), in Greek mythology and religion, the son of Zeus, the god-healer and prophet, patron of the arts. Depicted as a beautiful young man with a bow or cithara. Among the images of Apollo Greek statues (known in Roman copies): "Apollo Sauroctonos" (c. 370 BC. E., The sculptor Praxiteles) and "Apollo Belvedere" (ser. 4 in. BC. E., Sculptor Leochares ). "Apollo", literary magazine, 1909-17, St. Petersburg. Was linked to the symbolism, later to Acmeism. Apollo, a small planet with a diameter of approx. 1 km, open Reynmutom K. (Germany, 1932), revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit with a period of 1.81 years. Distance from Sun Apollo varies between 0.65 and 2.33. e. Near-Earth 0.1 a. e. "Apollo", a series of US 3-seater spacecraft; their program development and operations. The main purpose - to deliver astronauts to the moon; committed and unmanned flights and cosmonauts around the Earth; modification of the "Apollo" is used to deliver crews to the space station "Skylab" and docking with the Soviet spacecraft "Soyuz-19" program APAS. The maximum starting weight of approx. 47 tons, the volume of residential compartments 12.7 m3. In 1968-75 launched 15 spacecraft with a crew (of 38 astronauts), including 6 "Apollo" lunar expedition successfully carried out (in 1969-72 on "Apollo 11", -12, -14, -17). Landed on the moon 12 astronauts, the first in the "Apollo 11" N. Armstrong, Aldrin E. (1969). Maximum stay 75 hours on the Moon ("Apollo 17", 1972). Apollo Belvedere statue, located in the hall of the Belvedere in the Vatican. Roman copy of a Greek bronze original work of sculptor Leochares (c. 330-320 BC. E.). Has long been considered the apex of Greek art. Apollo Antinoysky (d. 286), the Christian martyr, the reader, who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 14 (27) of December in the Catholic on July 6th. Apollonius the Athenian (beg. 1 in. BC. E.), The ancient Greek sculptor, son of Nestor. The signature of this master remained at t. N. "Belvedere torso" in Rome and the bronze statue pugilist (National Museum, Athens). Apollonius of Tralles (2-1 cc. BC. E.), The ancient Greek sculptor, son of Artemidorus, brother Taurisci. According to Pliny the Elder, together with his brother created the sculptural group "Execution Dirks' (see. Farnese Bull) in Rhodes. Apollo Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. Apollonius of Perga (c. 260 - 170 BC. E.), The ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer, a pupil of Euclid. In the main work "conic sections" (8 books) gave a full account of their theory. To explain the apparent motion of the planets constructed a theory of epicycles. Apollonius of Perga ideas had a great influence on the development of natural science of modern times. Apollos (APPEL) (1 in.), Apostle of the 70; Jew from Alexandria, a companion of the Apostle Paul (Acts 18: 24-28; 1 Corinthians 3: 4-6). Some researchers have attributed to him the authorship of Hebrews. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) in January, March 30 (April 12), 10 (23) September 8 (21) of December. Apologists (from the Greek. Apologeomai - defending) .. 1) the collective name of the early Christian writers, mostly 2-3 cc., Defended the principles of Christianity against criticism of non-Christian philosophers. Among the apologists - Justin Martyr, Origen, Tertullian ... 2) In a figurative sense - an ardent supporter of any ideas, trends, social order. APOLOGIA (Gr. Apologia), excessive, excessive praise someone or something, protection (usually biased). Apomixis (apo ... and Greek. Mixis - mixing), various methods of asexual reproduction of animals and plants; in a more narrow sense - the formation of the embryo without fertilization. Eg., Parthenogenesis and apogamy - a form of apomixis. Avg. Amphimixis. Aponeurosis, connective plate, through which the muscles are fixed. The man called aponeurosis also penetrated the fascia tendon strands soles and palms. APOP, in Egyptian mythology, a huge snake, which Ra fights every night during his voyage on groundwater; collective image of the enemies of the sun. Apoplexy, a sudden onset of bleeding in an organ. See. Eg., Stroke. Aporia (Gr. Aporia, letters. - Hopelessness), difficult or intractable problem associated with the emergence of contradictions, with the presence of an argument against the obvious, the usual. See. Zeno of Elea. APORT, rannezimnie apple varieties in the southern regions of Horticulture: blood red Oporto, Oporto, Alexander, or Alma-Ata (old Russian variety), Oporto Kuban et al. The fruit is very large, with a nice vinnosladkie acid. Productivity of 200-400 kg per tree. Posteriori (from Lat. Aposteriori - from the following) that comes from experience; the concept of the theory of knowledge, opposite a priori. The apostles, the Christian liturgical book containing the New Testament (Acts and the Epistles of the Apostles) and the Apocalypse. 1st book printed by Ivan Fedorov (1564). Apostle Daniel P. (1654-1734), the last elected hetman of Left-Bank Ukraine (since 1727). Member of the Great Northern War and the Persian campaign of 1722-23. Apostolic Brethren (Apostolic brothers), peasant and plebeian sect 2nd floor. 13 - early. 14th centuries. in the North. Italy. Opposed the feudal oppression and the Catholic Church, called for poverty, abandonment of property. Sect founded Segarelli (c. 1260), from 1300 led Dolcino. Apostolov, city (1956) in Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk region. Railway junction. 18.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plants: canning, maslodelatelny, concrete products, steel structures for greenhouses. Founded in the 18th century. Apostles (from the Greek. Apostolos - Ambassador), in early Christian literature wandering preachers of Christianity. In the New Testament the twelve apostles - immediate followers ("disciples") of Christ. Apostrophe (from the Greek. Apostrophos - facing sideways or backwards), superscript comma is used to denote missing vowel (eg., Eng. Do not instead of do not, French. L'homme). In the Russian language is used in the writing of some foreign-language proper names. Apothecia (from the Greek. Apothekion - pantry), open the fruiting body of a number of marsupials fungi and lichens. Apotrope (al., Gr. Averts disaster), magic item, which in ancient times attributed properties to protect people, animals, houses from evil forces. Apotrope often were frightening images of deities and animals: Gorgon, dwarf Bes, a lion, a griffin and so on. Apophatic theology (from the Greek. Apophatikos - negative), seeks to express the essence of absolute underworld god by sequentially dropping ("denial") all the relevant disparate definitions as to its nature. Developed by Gregory of Nyssa and "Areopagitica" in the Middle Ages - Nicholas of Cusa. Often supplemented by positive theology, but was considered a more perfect way of knowing God. APOFEGMATY (from the Greek. Apophthegma - saying), antique collections of witty sayings and moralizing or edifying short stories ("Apophthegmata Laconica" Plutarch). Apothem (from the Greek. Apotithemi - save) .. 1) the segment (and its length) and the perpendicular dropped from the center of a regular polygon to any of the parties ... 2) A regular pyramid apothem - the height of the side face. APOTHEOSIS (from the Greek. Apotheosis - deification) .. 1) the deification of Greek statesmen, in the future Roman emperors ... 2) The glorification, exaltation of a person, event, events ... 3) The final scene of the play solemn mass, or festive concert program. Apoenzyme, protein part of enzymes to exhibit catalytic activity which requires the presence and non-protein components - coenzyme. Apoenzyme determines the specificity (selectivity) of the enzyme and the ability to regulate its activity. Apophysis (from the Greek. Apophysis - process, escape), in geology - an offshoot of the vein-like magma body with which communication can be directly traced. APOFONIYA, the same as Ablaut. Apochromatic (apo ... and Greek. Chroma - color), a lens in which the selection of varieties of optical glass corrected for spherical aberration and chromatic aberration is small. Apoapsis (apo ... and center) point of the orbit of a celestial body, furthest from the center of the body, around which there is an appeal. Appalachia (Appalachian Mountains), mountain range in eastern North. America, in the United States and Canada. Length of 2600 km. North. Appalachian Mountains (north of pp. Mohawk and Hudson) - undulating plateau with separate arrays up to 1916 m (Washington, DC); traces of ancient glaciation. South. Appalachian Mountains in the axial zone consist of parallel ridges and massifs separated by broad valleys; to the axial zone adjacent to the east Piedmont Plateau in the west - Appalachian Plateau. Height up to 2037 m (Mitchell). Deposits of coal, oil and gas, iron ore, titanium. Broadleaf, coniferous and mixed forests. Appalachian Coal Basin, the eastern United States, along the Appalachians, in Predappalachskom foredeep. Wide development with 1840. Approx. 180 thousand. Km2. Permian coal-bearing deposits and carbon fiber. Total reserves to a depth of 900 m 1.6 trillion. M. Coal tar is mainly. Calorific value of 28,9-35,4 MJ / kg. Open pit and underground mining methods. Appalachian Plateau, bordered by the western edge of the mountain range of the Appalachians (USA). Length approx. 1500 km. Composed mainly of limestone; developed karst. Height from 500 m to the west up to 1500 m to the east, where the Appalachian Plateau acquires the character of the mountains (Allegan). Deciduous forests. APPARATUS (from Lat. Apparatus - equipment) .. 1) the apparatus, technical device, the device ... 2) The set of institutions, organizations, serving any area of governance, the economy and so on. F ... 3) The set of workers -or institutions and organizations; set of staff operating any elective body ... 4) Notes pointers and others. auxiliary materials for scientific work, publications and so on. n. (critical apparatus, finding aid) ... 5) The aggregate of human, animal or plant performing any particular function of the body (digestive apparatus, breathing apparatus). The instrumental function of the optical device, describes the distribution of light in the image to produce the apparatus point light source. Hardware feature allows you to evaluate the resolution of the instrument and the brightness distribution in the object. Carded, spun system for the manufacture of thick fluffy yarn from short fibers, fiber waste, as well as mixtures thereof. In spinning wool carded also called a cloth. Ramp (from the French. Appareil - entry) .. 1) gentle slope in the coolness of the trenches and shelters for the entry (exit) of military equipment ... 2) Shallow mound (platform) for loading technique (horse composition) in the train or on the crossing means ... 3) The device is in the nose landing ship for the gathering of troops and military equipment to the beach. Appassionata (ital. Appassionato), passionate, inspired; indicate the nature of musical performance. One of the piano sonatas of Beethoven is known as the "Appassionata". Appel (Appel) Charles (b. 1921), a Dutch artist. Member of the group "Cobra". In 1940-50-ies. has developed its own version of abstract expressionism, tending to the monumental, epic style of expression with elements of symbolic and mythological symbols. Appell (Appell) Paul Emile (1855-1930), French mathematician, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1911), a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925). Proceedings on mechanics, geometry, theory of functions. APPENDIX (from Lat. Appendix - an appendage), appendix cecum. Appendicularia class marine chordates subtype tunicates. Body (typically less than 1 cm) transparent consist of the trunk and tail (which extends chord). From dedicatedly periodically replace transparent "house". Ok. 100 species are widely distributed. Appendicitis, an inflammation of the appendix. Symptoms of acute appendicitis: abdominal pain, especially in the right iliac region, nausea, vomiting, and others. Complications: perforation of the appendix and peritonitis. Surgical treatment. Apperception (from Lat. Ad - and to perceptio - perception), the concept of philosophy and psychology of modern times, a clear and conscious perception of any impressions, sensations, and so on. N .; Leibniz introduced in contrast to the unconscious perception. Kant along with this "empirical apperception introduces the concept of" transcendental "apperception - the original constant" unity consciousness "as a condition of all experience and knowledge to synthesize diverse perceptions. In founded by Wundt psychology apperception - the perception that requires effort of will. In the current psychology synonym perception. aPPETITE (from Lat. appetitus - desire), the feeling associated with the need for food; the physiological mechanism that regulates the intake of nutrients. with long-term absence of food appetite goes into the sensation of hunger. Appiah (? -70-ies . 2 in.), the historian Dr. Roman, Greek. The author of "Roman History" from the foundation of Rome to beg. 2 in. (in Greek) of the 24 books of the entire book reached 6-9 and 11-17, completely lost 18 -24. Appian Way (lat. via Appia), the first Roman paved road, paved with Appiah Claudia censor in 312 BC. e. between Rome and Capua (350 km) in 224 BC. e. brought to Brundisium. preserved almost all. Applicate (from Lat. Applicata, letters. - Annex), one of the Cartesian coordinates of a point in space. Fingering (from Lat. Applico - I press, I'm attaching) method, location and order of alternation of fingers when playing a musical instrument; designation of this method in the notes. Selecting fingering associated with the interpretation of the works. APPLICATION (from the Latin. Applicatio - attachment), the creation of artistic images gluing, nashivaniem on cloth or paper multi-colored pieces of any material; the image pattern created in this manner. Sizing (from French. Appreter - finally finish) impregnating the textile material or coat them with various finishing agents - coupling agents (starch, glue, synthetic resins and others.) Imparting rigidity materials, wrinkle resistance, dimensional stability, fire resistance and others. Property. Approximation (from Lat. Approximo - closer), the substitution of certain mathematical objects (eg., Numbers or functions) other, more simple and in some sense close to the source (eg., Curves close to them broken). APRAKSIN Peter Matveyevich (1659-1728), Count, an associate of Peter I. Brother F. Apraksin and queen Martha, wife of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. In 1702-04 won a series of victories over the Swedish troops. In 1708 concluded an agreement on the adoption of the Kalmyks in Russian citizenship. From 1722 the president of the College of Justice. APRAKSIN Spiridonov (1702-58), the Russian Field Marshal (1756). At the beginning of the Seven Years War 1756-63 Chief of the Russian army. For the indecisive action in 1757 removed from office. APRAKSIN Fedor Matveevich (1661-1728), Earl (1709), an associate of Peter I, General-Admiral (1708). Brother P. Apraksin and queen Martha, wife of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. The commander of the Russian fleet in the Northern War and the Persian campaign. From 1717 the president of the Admiralty Board, from 1726 a member of the Supreme Privy Council. Aprelevka, city (1961) in the Russian Federation, Moscow region. Railway station. 21.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plant records. NGO "Device", a chemical plant and others. APRIL (lat. Aprilis), the fourth month of the calendar year (30 days). The crisis in April 1917, the political crisis in Russia after the February Revolution. Arose in connection with the publication of April 20 (May 3) the obligation of the Provisional Government to continue the war. Mass demonstrations arose spontaneously April 20 (15 thousand. People), April 21 (May 4) - at the call of the Bolsheviks, demanding peace and the transfer of power to the Soviets (100 thousand. People). Leaders of the Council supported the Provisional Government, consisting of the leaders of the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks. April Uprising in 1876, the largest presentation of the Bulgarian people against the Turkish yoke. Prepared by the Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee. Received the greatest scope in southern Bulgaria. Killed during the suppression of approx. 30 thousand. Man. April Uprising in 1945, the general armed uprising in the North. Italy against the Nazi occupiers and their Italian henchmen; completed the liberation of Italy from the Nazis. April 25 - Italian national holiday. Apresian Yuri Derenikovich (b. 1930), the Russian linguist, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Works in the field of semantics, syntax, lexicography, structural and mathematical linguistics, machine translation, and others. Aprilia Vasil (1789-1847), Bulgarian educator, organizer of the 1st in Bulgaria (in Gabrovo) secular school (1835). Defended the idea of rapprochement with the Russian Bulgarian culture. Priori (from Lat. Apriori - from the foregoing), the concept of logic and the theory of knowledge, which characterizes the knowledge, previous experience and independent of it; introduced in medieval scholasticism, as opposed to a posteriori. In the philosophy of Kant's a priori knowledge (space and time as forms of contemplation, category) - a condition of empirical knowledge, giving it a modern, universal and necessary character. Approbation in agriculture - a survey of high-quality crops and planting of crops for authentication varieties suitable for their crop seed purposes, verification of the fulfillment of the rules of seed. APPROVAL (lat. Approbatio), endorsement, approval, based on the inspection, examination, testing. APROSH (fr. Approche), a space between the letters (characters) and words in typesetting. Apsara in Indian mythology divine dancer, living in heaven and pleasure dance of the gods; beloved Gandharva. Apse, apse (from the Greek. Hapsis, b. P. Hapsidos - a set), the projection of the building, half-round, faceted or rectangular in plan, covered with a semi-dome or cloistered polusvodom. Apse appeared in the Roman basilicas. In Christian churches apse - the altar ledge. Apsyrtus, in Greek mythology, son of the king of Colchis Tthis and brother of Medea. Was seized by Jason and Medea during their escape from Colchis and killed. Body parts scattered Apsyrtus Medea by sea to EET stopped prosecution of the ship and stopped to bury his son. APSISHU Jēkabs (pres. Name and fam. Janis Jaunzemins, Jaunzemis) (1858-1929), Latvian writer. Cycle realistic stories about village life, in Vol. H. "From folk art gallery" (1889-91). Apsu, see. Abzu. APT K. Solomon (b. 1921), the Russian literary critic, translator. In the spotlight - German literature of the 20th century. (Mann, F. Kafka, G. Hesse, M. Frisch). The book "over the pages of Thomas Mann" (1980).
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