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Antu (M), female line Anu, the Sumerian-Akkadian god of the sky. ANTOINE (Antoine) Andre (1858-1943), a French film director, actor and theorist. Organizer and leader of the Free Theatre (1887-94), Theatre Antoine (1897-1906), led the theater "Odeon" (1906-14) in Paris. Antoine BOURBON (Antoine de Bourbon) (1518-62), Duke of Vendôme from 1537, the King of Navarre from 1555. First, one of the leaders of the Huguenots at the end of life (in the French Wars of Religion), commander of the Catholic army. The father of the French King Henry IV. ANTUNISH (Antunes) António Lobo (b. 1943), Portuguese writer. Novels "Knowledge of Hell" (1980), "A Treatise on the Birds" (1981), "The Death of Carlos Gardel" (1990) and others. Antes (lat. Antae), longitudinal ridges building walls, enclosing input (eg., In the ancient Greek "temple in antah "). Antes, title unification of the Slavic tribes in the Byzantine and Gothic writers 6 - early. 7 centuries. Lived mainly between the Dniester and Dnieper. The main occupation - agriculture. Social order - military democracy. Fought with the Goths, Byzantines, Avars. ANTEROT (Gr. Opposite Eros), in Greek mythology, god, inspiring man hostility to those who love Him. Satellite Aphrodite. ANU (AN), in Sumerian mythology, one of the three supreme deities (along with Enki and Enlil), patron of Uruk. Anubis, the god in Egyptian mythology - the patron of the dead, as well as cemeteries, funerals and embalming. Depicted in the form of a wolf, jackal or a man with the head of a jackal. Anouilh (Anouilh), Jean (1910-87), French playwright. In the plays "Traveler Without Luggage" (1937), "savage" (set in 1938), and others. - Tragic conflict hero cruelty of the world. Lyrical and ironic comedy ("Dinner in Senlis," 1942, et al.). In the tragedy "Antigone" (set in 1943), historical dramas ("The Lark", 1953, "Beckett or honor of God", 1959) - the death of morally uncompromising hero, assert their human dignity. In numerous comedies 1950-80-ies. ("The Basement", 1961) ridiculed the petty bourgeoisie and the bourgeois. ANUKET, in the Egyptian mythology the goddess of fertility and the rapids of the Nile, was worshiped in Egypt and B. in Nubia. Depicted as a woman wearing a crown of feathers. Anunnaki in Sumerian religion gods of earth and the underworld behind an human destiny. Anuradhapura, a town in the north of Sri Lanka. Approx. 40 thousand. Residents. Processing of agricultural products, crafts (wood carving); tourism; a place of pilgrimage for Buddhists. Ancient Anuradhapura (5 in. BC. E. - Beg. 11th c. BC. E.) - The first capital of the Sinhala state. Architectural Reserve; remains of Buddhist temples and monasteries 3-1 centuries. BC. e. with stone statues of Buddha in 5., cave monastery Isurumuniya (5-8 cc., reliefs), palaces and others. Anura (from the Greek. an- - a negative prefix and uron - urine), the cessation of urine in renal failure ("true "anuria), and also due to the pressure drop in the renal vessels, blood loss, shock (extrarenal anuria), to keep urine from leaking (eg., with compression of the ureter tumor) or reflex influences on the renal vessels (eg., when the psychic trauma, acute pain). Prolonged anuria leading to uremia. Anus, the same as the anus. Anuchina Dmitrii Nikolaevich (1843-1923), a Russian anthropologist, geographer, anthropologist and archaeologist, one of the founders of anthropology in Russia, academician (1896) and honorary member (1898) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. President (since 1890) of the Society of Natural Sciences, Anthropology and Ethnography. Founded a national school of geographers. Proceedings on ethnic anthropology and anthropogenesis, ethnography, prehistoric archeology, general physical geography, regional geography and history of science. Anush (? - C. 1686), the Khan of Khiva (1663), a supporter of the establishment of trade and diplomatic relations with Russia. ANFAS (fr. En face, letters. - In the face), facing the viewer; facial appearance, the subject directly in front. Ahnfeltia, the genus of red algae. Metals in the form of branched cords 10-20 cm long. In the coastal zone, mainly the cold seas of the Northern Hemisphere. Used for the preparation of agar (in some countries are cultivated). Enfilade (fr. Enfilade), a number of adjoining buildings, doorways are located on one axis, creating a cross-cutting perspective of interiors (eg., In the palaces of the Baroque and Classical). Anthimus of Nicomedia (d. 302), bishop, martyr damaged in persecution of the Emperor Maximilian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 3 (16) September in the Catholic April 27th. Anthimus Apollonovich Nicholas (b. 1935), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1984). Proceedings on heat transfer and mass transfer. USSR State Prize (1980). Anfinogentova Anna Antonovna (b. 1938), economist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), corresponding member of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1991. Proceedings of the theoretical problems of construction of the interbranch balance models and their use in management. Anfinsen (Anfinsen) Christian Boehmer (b. 1916), American chemist and biochemist. Seminal work on deciphering the primary structure of the enzyme ribonuclease. Investigated the dependence of enzyme activity on their structure, laid the foundations of evolutionary biochemistry. Nobel Prize (1972). ANFIYA Rome (d. 120), the Christian martyr, the victim in Rome in persecution of the Emperor Hadrian, the mother of the Holy Martyr Eleutherius Illyrian. Memory in the Orthodox Church 15 (28) of December. ANGEL (Angel), a waterfall in the upper river. Churun in Venezuela. The drop height 1054 m (the highest in the world). Anchises (Anchises), in Greek mythology, and Virgil King Dardania grandson of the Trojan king Elah, beloved of Aphrodite, who bore him a son, Aeneas. Divulged mortal goddess of love, for which he was punished by Zeus blindness (or become relaxed). During the fall of Troy, Aeneas's father ordered the burning of the city on their shoulders. Anchises died on the island. Sicily during the wanderings of Aeneas. Angra Mainyu, in Zoroastrianism main evil god, the personification of the evil inclination, an antagonist of Ahura Mazda. ANHUR see. Anhur. ANTSENGRUBER (Anzengruber) Ludwig (1839-89), Austrian writer. In the socio-critical drama "The priest of Kirhfelda" (1870), "The Fourth Commandment" (1878) and others. First in Austrian literature has shown the life of the village. Antsiranana (Antseranana), formerly Diego Suarez (Diego-Suarez), a city and seaport in Madagascar, adm. c. prov. Antsiranana. 53 thousand. Inhabitants (1986). Trading agricultural center. Textile, Flavoring enterprise. Ship repair. Branch of the University. ANTSILUSY, the genus of freshwater gastropods Basommatophora squad. Sink kolpachkovidnaya diameter of 5 mm, the height of 4 mm. Several species inhabit fast streams and rivers. Antsilusy gave the name Ancylus Lake. - The sea that existed on the site of the modern Baltic m. Approx. 7,5-6 thousand. Years ago. Antsirabe (Antsirabe), a city in Madagascar. 150 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Textile, Flavoring and others. Company. Jewelry production. An agricultural center. Antsiferov Vladimir Nikitivich (b. 1933), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Works on the theory and technology of sintered materials, foams based on metals, metal composite materials, etc.. USSR State Prize (1982). ANCHAR, genus of trees and shrubs in the family mulberry. 5-6 species in tropical Asia and Africa. One of the Asian species, ie. N. forbid-tree contains a poisonous milky sap that was used to poison arrows. Ancharov Mikhail Leonidovich (1923-90), the Russian writer. Printed began in 1964 (the story "Vienna Woods"). In prose, partly close to science fiction, refers to philosophical and ethical issues. Novels: "The theory of improbability" (1965), "This blue April" (1967), "Boxwood Forest" (1979). Books: "The road through the chaos" (1983), "Notes of a traveling enthusiast" (1988), "Like a bird Garuda" (1989) and others. Anchishkin Alexander (1933-87), Russian economist, academician of the USSR (1984). Major works on the theory of expanded reproduction, macrosimulations and forecasting of economic development. USSR State Prize (1989, posthumously). Anchovies, fish family unit Clupeiformes. Schooling fish. Length up to 20 cm, weighing up to 15 genera in '19, St.. 100 species in marine and fresh waters of temperate and tropical latitudes, in Vol. H. In the Black, Azov and the Sea of Japan. Target species. Anshakov Gennady (b. 1937), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), Hero of Socialist Labor (1983). Created a management system space complex sensing, theory and methods of construction of adaptive automatic control systems of spacecraft. Lenin Prize (1988), the USSR State Prize (1977). Polished sections (Ger. Anschliff), opaque thin section, a piece of ore, rock or fossil with buffed and polished cut surface intended for examination under a microscope in reflected light. Anschluss (German. Anschlu - accession), the policy of forcible annexation of Austria by Germany, which was conducted by Germany after the 1st World War. Ended with the annexation of Austria by Germany on March 11-12, 1938. Austria's independence restored in April 1945, after her release during the 2nd World War, and legalized the State Treaty (1955), prohibiting the Anschluss. ANSHYUTS Henry (1785-1865), an Austrian actor. One of the founders of stage realism in the Austrian theater. He worked in Germany since 1821 in the "Burgtheater" (Vienna). An Lushan (? -757), A Chinese warlord. Raised (755) anti-government rebellion and proclaimed himself emperor (756). Killed his son. Antung, the name of Dandong in China until 1965. "Agnelli - Nasi" (Agnelli - Nasi), the Italian industrial group. Was formed in the beginning. 20 in. The core of the group - concern "Fiat", which produces 90% of the cars in the country. Also controls the company of other industries. ANHUI (Anhui), a province in eastern. China, bass. Yangtze. Approx. 140 thousand. Km2. The population of 56 million. People (1990). Adm. c. - Hefei. Anhui clique (anfuistskaya clicks) in 1916-20 in the North. China is one of the groups Beiyang Army. Title received from the Province. Anhui, natives of which were the ringleaders of clicks - Duan Qirui and others. In 1918, Anhui clique was created political club Anfu (hence its other name). Supported by Japan. Anqing (Huaynin), the city and port in China, in the province. Anhui, at p. Yangtze. 240 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Food, textile, petrochemical industry. A major center of production of tea. Anshan, a city in northeast China, in prov. Liaoning. 1.2 million. Inhabitants (1989). Centre of iron ore mining and steel industry. Heavy machinery. Oil refining, chemical, cement enterprises. ANYALSKY Union, 1788-89 plot of the Swedish and Finnish officers [named after the village. Anjala (Anjala, Finland), which were made up of program documents] against the Swedish king Gustav III; part of the conspirators sought to secede from Finland, Sweden. In the beginning. 1789 participants Anyalskogo Union were repressed. Anyang (Chzhande), a city in central China, in the province. Henan. 389 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Textile and food industry. Near Anyang - remains of settlements from the Neolithic to Shang-Yin (up to 11 in. BC. E.), In Vol. H. The last capital of the kingdom of Yin (the palace, temples, residential and artisan quarters, tombs). Anuy river in northeastern Russia, a right tributary of the Kolyma River. The length of 8 km (basin area 107 thousand. Km2); formed by the confluence of the Big Anyuya (693 km catchment area of 57 thousand. km2) and Small Anyuya (750 km catchment area of 50 thousand. km2). The average consumption of 650 m / s. Used for shipping, timber rafting, fishing. Pansies, herbaceous 1-2-year-old plant family violet. Mainly in Eurasia. Varieties with large flowers of various shapes and colors are used in ornamental horticulture. AO, in Chinese mythology turtle carrying the sea three sacred mountains where live the immortals; serves as a symbol of wisdom and learning. JSC BIN, in Chinese mythology hero, the son of Ao Kuang, the king of dragons; Marine warrior wielding a spear. Aomori city in Japan, on about. Honshu, adm. c. Aomori Prefecture. 288 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Woodworking, fishing industry. Railway ferry on about. Hokkaido. Macau (Macau) (Macau), the territory in East. Asia, off the coast of China Yuzh. m., In the estuary. Pearl. Includes the Macau Peninsula and adjacent islands. An area of 18 km2. The population of 378 thousand. People (1993), mainly Chinese (68%), Portuguese (28%). Believers - Buddhists (45%), Catholics (7%). Official language - Portuguese. Adm. c. and port - Macau (342 thousand inhabitants. 1991). Since 1680 possession since 1951 "overseas province of Portugal. According to a joint statement (1987), the PRC government and Portugal, the territory will go to Macau to Chinese sovereignty in 1999. The basis of the economy - tourism, and manufacturing for export garments and other textile products, electronic components, toys and others. International trade and intermediary financial transactions. Fishing. Beach Resort. Gambling houses. Foreign trade ties mainly from Hong Kong and China. Currency - Pataca. aorist (Gr. aoristos), species-tense form of the verb. In a number of Indo-European languages (Greek, Slavonic, Old Russian, and others.) denotes the action, referred to the past, for example. Old Slavic polozhih - "I put." aorta (Gr. aorte), the main artery of the circulatory system, leaving the left ventricle of the heart, arterial blood supplies all tissues and organs of the body. In humans, mammals and birds aorta- major vessels of the systemic circulation. aortic inflammation of the walls of the aorta; chronic aortitis - mainly in syphilis. Aosta (Aosta), a city in Italy, in the Alps, adm. c. prov. and region. Valle d'Aosta. Approx. 40 thousand. Residents. Transport hub on the outskirts of passes B. and M. Saint-Bernard. Electrometallurgy. Apadana, the main hall in the royal palaces of the Achaemenid Iran, multi-column, a flat wooden ceiling. Appanage (fr. Apanage), part of the royal domain, is available in France (until 1832) and some other European monarchies sovereigns his younger sons, brothers (usually for life). Apanasenko Rodionovich Joseph (1890-1943), military commander, General of the Army (1941). In the Civil War Cavalry Division commander in the 1st Cavalry Army. In 1938-43 commander of the Central Asian BO and the Far Eastern Front. Since June 1943 the Deputy Commander of the Voronezh Front. Died of his wounds. APART (fr. Aparte, from a part - aside), stage monologues or replica pronounced "aside" to the public, and, according to the author, "inaudible" partners on stage. Apartment (from the French. Appartement - flat), large luxurious room. APARTHEID (apartheid) (in lang. Afrikaans apartheid - separation), the most extreme form of racial discrimination. Means loss of certain groups based on their race, political, socio-economic and civil rights, until the territorial isolation. Some acts of apartheid may constitute genocide. Modern international law considers apartheid crime against humanity. In 1973 adopted the International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid for him. OASIS (Skt. Water), the Vedic deity of waters; friendly towards people of the healing waters. Apathy, class mineral phosphates, Ca5 [PO4] 3. (F, Cl, OH) 2. The content of P2O5 - 41-42%. Impurities CO2-, Mn, rare earth elements, U, Sr, and others. The white, blue, yellow, violet, and other crystals and granular aggregates. Hardness 5; density approx. 3.2 g / cm3. The origin of magmatic, hydrothermal, pneumatolytic. Raw materials for fertilizers, phosphoric acid and its salts; used in metallurgy, ceramic and glass industries. Synthetic apatite doped with rare earth elements used in optics. Apatite ore. Greatest industrial importance are magmatic deposits associated with arrays of nepheline syenite. P2O5 content in these apatite ores 16-19%. The main reserves of apatite ores - in the Russian Federation (Kovdorskoye and Khibiny deposit); abroad significant reserves of apatite in Brazil, Vietnam, South Africa, Finland, Uganda, Canada. APATITOZ, pneumoconiosis due to the influence of apatite dust. Apatite, city (1966) in the Russian Federation, the Murmansk region., Near the lake. Imandra. Railway junction. 88 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Apatite-nepheline ore-dressing plant and others. Kirov Plant. Kola Scientific Centre, Russian Academy of Sciences. Originated in 1935 as a settlement in connection with the development of the Khibiny deposits. APATHY (from the Greek. Apatheia - dispassion) .. 1) indifferent, indifferent attitude to the environment; a condition in which reduced or completely lost the internal motivations, interests, emotional reactions ... 2) One of the basic concepts of ethics stoicism, complete freedom from the passions of the soul and affects. Nominated Stilponom (Megarian school) developed a Stoic Zeno of Kition, Epictetus. Apatosaurus (brontosaurus), a genus of extinct giant reptiles squad Saurischia dinosaurs. Lived in the Jurassic period in the North. America and possibly in Europe. Length 25 m. 5 species. Herbivorous. Stateless Persons (apolidy) (from the Greek. Apatris and apolis - devoid of the fatherland, devoid of homeland), persons without citizenship (nationality). Apache (self - dine), a group of Athabaskan peoples (Navajo, Mescalero, hikarilla et al.) In the US (Ariz., New Mexico, Oklahoma). 20 thous. People (without the Navajo, 1992). Languages are a branch of the Southern Athabaskan languages. Believers - Christians. Apache (fr. Apache - the name of an Indian tribe Apaches) .. 1) lumpen element in France; hooligan, a thief. The word came to be used in France since its participation in the colonization of North. America ... 2) turndown collar open nezastegivayuschiysya, under which it is impossible to put on a tie; shirt with this type of collar. Upwelling (from the English. Up - top and well - pour), upwelling from the depths of the reservoir to the surface. Called steadily blowing winds, which are driven surface water towards the open sea and return to the surface waters rise underlying layers. Updike (Updike), John (b. 1932), American writer. Socio-psychological and ironic prose (short stories, Stand. "The Farm", 1965; tetralogy "Rabbit, Run", 1960, "Rabbit healed", 1971, "Rabbit is Rich", 1981, "Rabbit calmed down", 1990) about the attempts of redemption soulless modern life and finding the "average American" moral supports vitality and goodwill. Mythological novel "Centaur" (1963) about the immortality of good and tragedy of its destinies; "novel of ideas" about religious faith "version of Roger" (1986). APE (Ape) (until 1917 the official name Oppekaln), city (1928) in Latvia, 57 km from the railway Art. Valga. 1.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Wood, metal and food industries. APEYRON (Gr. Apeiron - infinite, limitless), a term of Greek philosophy; the early philosophers - Elements property, Plato and the Pythagoreans - synonym matter. Analysis of the concept given by Aristotle in "Physics". APEX (from Lat. Apex - the tip) of the solar motion, the point of the celestial sphere (in the constellation of Hercules), which moves the sun relative to the stars; The opposite point of the celestial sphere is called antiapeksom. APEX, in botany - the same as the growth cone. Apeldoorn (Apeldoorn), a city in the Netherlands. 148 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Engineering, chemical, paper, textile industry. Near Apeldoorn - Royal Summer Palace. Apella (Apella), the national assembly in Sparta; supreme authority, but his decision to recognize Gerousia king or harmful canceled. Meets monthly in the open; voted cry. Apelles, Greek painter 2nd floor. 4. BC. e. Wrote in tempera on wooden boards; skillfully mastered chiaroscuro ("Venus Anadyomene"). Works have not survived. The expression "feature Apelles" means a high degree of perfection achieved by hard work. Apella (Apelles) (1 in.), Apostle of the 70, Bishop Heraclium (Thrace). Mentioned in Romans 16:10). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) in January and 31 October (13 November). PELLYATSIYA (from Lat. Appellatio - treatment) .. 1) the appeal for support (eg., An appeal to public opinion) ... 2) The appeal any decision to a higher authority ... 3) In the right - the appeal court sentences and decisions which have not entered into force. The Court of Appeal re-examines available in the case and the evidence again and either approves the appealed decision or makes a new one. See. Also Cassation. ORANGE, evergreen tree genus citrus family Rutaceae and fruit plants. Only in a culture in tropical and subtropical zones. In fruit sugar, citric acid, vitamins C, group B, P, in a peel essential oil. Productivity of 100-150 kg per tree. Peninsula, in the south of Europe. Juts out into the Mediterranean m. 1100 km. Area 149 thousand. Km2. Along the Apennine Peninsula extends the Apennines. Off the coast of the Tyrrhenian m. - An area of volcanism (Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei). The Apennine peninsula state located in Italy (approx. 1/2 of the territory), Vatican City, San Marino. Apennines (Appennino), mountain system in Italy, the Apennine Peninsula. Length approx. 1200 km. The average altitude 1200-1800 m, maximum - 2914 m (g roots). Mediterranean shrubs, beech and pine forests; on top - meadows. APERITIF (fr. Aperitif), appetite for drink, usually alcoholic. APERTURE (from Lat. Apertura - hole) .. 1) in optics - the effective aperture of the optical device, determines the size of the lens or aperture. Angular aperture - the angle between the extreme rays of a conical light beam entering the system. Numerical aperture - A number = nsin • (a / 2) (n - refractive index of the medium); determines the illumination of the image that is proportional to A2, and the resolution of the device is proportional to A ... 2) antenna technology aperture (opening) - emitting or receiving radiation surface of complex antennas. Aperture diaphragm, see. Aperture in optics. APIA (Apia), the capital and main port of the state Zap. Samoa, on about. Upolu. 32.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). International Airport. Export of copra, bananas, cocoa beans. Apical (from Lat. Apex - tip), in biology - Apex, located on top of or belonging to it, facing upward, for example. apical shoot of plants. Avg. Basal. "Apimondia" International Federation of beekeeping associations. Established in 1949. The center - Rome. Members - 62 countries (1988). APIS, in Egyptian mythology the sacred bull, is revered as the god Ptah earthly incarnation. APITHERAPY (lat. Apis - bee and therapy), the use of bee venom and its preparations for medical purposes. Apicius (Apitz) Bruno (1900-79), German writer. In 1933-45 Nazi concentration camps. The novel "Naked Among Wolves" (1958) about the resistance of prisoners of Buchenwald. The novel "The Rainbow" (1976) about the fate of the German workers early. 20 in.

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