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ANTANTA (fr. Entente, letters. - Consent) ("Triple Entente"), an alliance of Britain, France and Russia; took shape in 1904-07 and joined during the 1st World War II against German coalition of more than 20 states (including the US, Japan, Italy). ANTANTA Balkan, Union of Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia; signed in Athens in 1934 in order to preserve the existing after the 1st World War, the balance of forces in the Balkans. 2nd World War put an end to the Balkan Entente. SMALL ANTANTA in 1920-38 block Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia; the main link in the system supported by the French military and political alliances in Europe in the 1920-30s. ANTANTA Mediterranean, the political wing of the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary and Italy, established in 1887; was directed against Russia and France. Lost its importance after amplification in the context. 19 in. opposition to the UK and Germany. ANTARA, National News Agency of Indonesia. Founded in 1937, Jakarta. Antarah ibn Shaddad (525-615), Arab poet. Poetry of the battles in which participated Antar ibn Shaddad, love poems. Hero of the Roma, rising to 12 in. - "Life and exploits Antar." Antariksham (Skt. Airspace), in the ancient Indian concepts of the universe - the sphere between the earth and the sky filled with clouds and the dark waters of the clouds. Antarctica, Antarctic continent in the center. 13975 thousand. Km2 (in Vol. H. 1,582 thousand. Km2 - ice shelves and islands articulation to Antarctica glaciers). The permanent population is absent. The average height of 2040 m, the highest - 5140 m (Vinson Massif in Ellsworth Mountains). East and much of the West. Antarctica - Antarctic Precambrian platform, bordered by later folded structures. Zap territory. Antarctica occupied Caledonian plate and Andean fold belt (Antarctic Peninsula and adjacent areas). St. 99% of the territory is covered with ice (average power of 1720 m, the highest - St. 4300 m, the volume of 24 million. Km3); ice-free areas are found in the form of oases (see. Antarctic oases), mountain ranges, nunataks. In eastern. Antarctica cold pole of the Earth (-89,2 ° C at the station "East"); the average temperature of the winter months -60 to -70 ° C, the summer -30 to -50 ° C; Coast winter at -8 to -35 ° C, 0-5 ° C in summer. Often very strong winds. From plants found flowering, fern (Antarctic Peninsula), lichens, fungi, bacteria, algae (oases). On the coast, home to seals, penguins. Natural resources: coal, iron ore, mica, copper, lead, zinc, graphite and others. Antarctica opened in January 1820 by the Russian expedition FFBellinsgauzena - Lazarev. In the beginning. 20 in. Antarctica visited R. Scott, E. Shackleton, Amundsen R., D. Mawson et al. 1911 expedition R. Amundsen and Robert Scott in 1912 reached the South Pole. In connection with the International Geophysical Year (1957-58) and its aftermath created polar research stations of different countries; 48 stations in 1991. * * * ANTARKTIDAIstoriya issledovaniyaNachalny stage - the opening of the islands around the Antarctic continent and the search (16 in. - Early 19th c.) Long before the discovery of the continent to build various assumptions about the existence of a hypothetical southern land, in search of which went expedition found a large islands around Antarctica. French expedition Bouvet de Lozier in 1739 ushered in the South Atlantic island called Bouvet. In 1772, French explorer Jacques I. Kerguelen discovered a large archipelago in the southern Indian Ocean, consisting of one large island (Kerguelen) and 300 melkih.V 1768-71 J. Cook led an expedition that was sent in search of the southern continent. Examining the New Zealand expedition discovered the strait between its northern and southern islands (later named after Cook) and found that New Zealand is not a projection of the southern continent, as previously thought, but an archipelago of two islands. In 1772-75 Cook in the second expedition, devoted to the search of the southern continent, the first explorers crossed the Antarctic Circle, but he did not find the mainland and said that it generally can not be found because of the ice, making the land available. During this voyage in the South Atlantic Ocean, he came to the island of St. George opened the South Sandwich Islands, in the mistaken belief that it is a projection of the continent and, therefore, calling them the Earth Sandwich (on behalf of the First Lord of the Admiralty). A group of islands off the northwest coast of the Antarctic Peninsula (South Shetland Islands), opened in 1819, Englishman William Smit.Vtoroy stage - the opening of Antarctica and the first scientific study (19 in.) Opening of Antarctica as a continent implemented January 28, 1820 Russian expedition of FF Bellingshausen that two vessels ("East", under the command of the Bellingshausen and "Peace" - Mikhail Lazarev) passed along the Pacific coast, discovered the islands of Peter I, Shishkov, Mordvinova, Alexander I Land and specifying the coordinates of some previously detected Islands . Bellingshausen six times crossed the Antarctic Circle, proving the possibility of swimming in the Antarctic vodah.V 1820-21 American and British fishing vessels were approaching the Antarctic Peninsula. In 1831-33 around Antarctica sailed English navigator James. Biscoe on ships "Tula" and "Lively." French oceanographer Jacques Dumont d'Urville in 1837-40 led an expedition to the southern polar latitudes, during which were discovered Terre Adélie, Joinville Island and Louis Philippe Land. In 1838-42 Charles Wilkes led an expedition to the South Pacific, during which opened part of the coast of East Antarctica - Wilkes Land. J. Ross, went to Antarctica in 1840-43 on ships "Erebus" and "Terror", opened the sea and a huge ice barrier height approx. 50 m, which stretches from west to east over a distance of 600 km, later called his name, Victoria Land, volcanoes Erebus and Terror.Plavaniya to Antarctica after a long hiatus resumed in the late 19th century due to the growing needs of whaling. Off the coast of the mainland ice expedition visited: Scottish, opened the land of Oscar II (on a vessel "Balena", 1893), the Norwegian who discovered the shore of Larsen (Court "Jason" and "Antarctica", 1893-94) and Belgian (under the direction of Gerlache) wintered in 1897-99 in the Antarctic on the drifting ship "Belgica". In 1898-99 K. Borchgrevink spent the first winter on the mainland at Cape Adare, during which he led a systematic weather observations, and then explored the Ross Sea, climbed the barrier of the same name and on the sled moved to a record latitude - 78 ° 50.Trety stage - study of coastal and inland areas of the continent (the first half of the 20th century.) The first in this century has made the journey to Antarctica R. Scott, who in 1901-04 on the ship "Discovery" came to the shores of the continent, explored the coast of the Ross Sea, opened Peninsula Edward VII, the Ross Ice, on the western edge of which reached 82 ° 17 th. w. During this, one of the most successful for its time, the expedition collected extensive data on the geology of Antarctica, its flora, fauna and minerals. In 1902 E. Drigalski discovered and explored territory named Wilhelm II. On the basis of the collected material he developed a theory of moving ice. Scottish explorer and physician William Bruce in 1892-93 and 1902-04 led oceanographic research in the Weddell Sea, opened the Coats Land. He drafted a Transantarctic transition, which was carried out after half a century. French expedition led by Jean Charcot in 1903-05, to conduct research on the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, dug earth Lube.Angliysky traveler E. Shackleton led an expedition in 1907-09 on a sled to the South Pole, on the way to open one of the largest glaciers in the world - Beardmore Glacier. Due to lack of food and destruction mounts (dogs and ponies) Shackleton turned back before reaching the pole 178 km. The first to reach the South Pole Norwegian polar explorer and researcher R. Amundsen, who in January 1911 landed on the Ross ice barrier and December 14, 1911 with four companions reached the South Pole, opening the way for the Queen Maud Mountains. A month later (January 18, 1912) reached the pole group headed by R. Scott. On the way back in the 18 km from the base camp, Scott and his companions were killed. Their bodies, as well as records and diaries were found eight months later. Two Antarctic expedition in 1911-14 and 1929-31 realized Australian geologist and explorer D. Mawson who examined part of the coast of the mainland and who inflicted on the map more than 200 geographic objects (in Vol. H. Of Queen Mary, Princess Elizabeth Land and Land maxi- Robertson) .First plane flight over Antarctica in 1928 made the American polar explorer, Admiral R. Baird and the pilot. In November 1929 he was on the plane reached the South Pole. In 1928-47, under his leadership was carried out four major expeditions to Antarctica (in the largest, fourth expedition, was attended by over 4 thousand. People), conducted seismological, geological and other studies have confirmed the presence in Antarctica large coal deposits. Byrd flew over the continent about 180 thousand. Km. The first flight of the Transantarctic made in 1935 the American mining engineer and pilot L. Ellsworth, opened a number of geographic features on the mainland, including mountains, he named in honor of his ottsa.V 1933-37 L. Christensen, following along the coast on the ship "Torshavn" opened the Prince Harald Coast, Leopold and Astrid Coast. D. Rimilla in 1934-37 for the first time crossed the Antarctic Peninsula. In the 40-50-ies. in Antarctica began to establish scientific bases and stations for conducting regular surveys of coastal rayonov.Chetverty stage - international systematic studies (the second half of the 20th century.) In preparation for the International Geophysical Year on the coast, the ice sheet and the islands were founded about 60 bases and stations belonging to 11 countries (in Vol. h. Soviet - Mirny Observatory Oasis Station, Pioneer, Vostok 1, Komsomolskaya and East, American - Amundsen-Scott South Pole, Byrd, Hulett, Wilkes and McMurdo). Since the late 50s. in the seas around the continent, conducted oceanographic work, there are regular geophysical studies on stationary continental stations; Efforts are also expeditions into the continent. Soviet scientists carried out a tractor-sled trip to the geomagnetic pole (1957), the Pole of Inaccessibility (1958), the South Pole (1959). American researchers have been ATV from the station to the Little America Byrd Station and then to the station Sentinel (1957), in 1958 - 59 from the station through Ellsworth Dufek Massif to Byrd Station; British and New Zealand scientists on tractors in 1957-58 crossed Antarctica via the South Pole from the sea Weddell to the Ross Sea. In the interior regions of Antarctica working as Australian, Belgian and French scientists. In 1959, an international treaty on Antarctica, to promote cooperation in the study of ice kontinenta.Literatura: Treshnikov AF History of discovery and research in Antarctica. M., G. 1963.Ladlem Captain Scott. L. 1972.Malyavko GI, VP Franchuk, Kulichenko VG Geologists. Geographers. Kiev, 1985.E. G. Mirlin Antarctica south polar region of the globe, including Antarctica and the surrounding areas of the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific approx. Weddell Sea with, Ross, Amundsen, Bellingshausen et al., as well as the underlying sub-Antarctic waters of the island: South. George, South. Sandwich, South. Orkney, South. Shetland and others. The boundary of the Antarctic passes within 48-60 ° S. w. Area of approx. 52.5 million. Km2. Antarctica - the most severe part of the Earth with low air temperatures, strong winds, snow storms and fog. Continent and nearby islands have glaciation. In the sub-Antarctic average temperature of the warmest month of 10 ° C, the coldest of 0 to -10 ° C. On the islands - tundra vegetation, a lot of birds. As a part of marine life - whales, pinnipeds. In 1959, an international treaty on the Antarctic, which defines the current legal status of Antarctica, the use of Antarctica for peaceful purposes only and freedom of scientific research. Antarctic platform, ancient, mainly Precambrian platform, which occupies most of Antarctica. The eastern part of the Antarctic platform consists of verhnearheyskogo basement (gneisses, schists, migmatites, granites with intrusions of gabbro-anorthosite, charnockites and nepheline syenite) and sedimentary cover (sedimentary-volcanic formations of the Upper Proterozoic - Lower Paleozoic clastic sediments with sills traps middle - upper Paleozoic). The outskirts of the Antarctic platform (western part) - drevnekaledonskaya cooker with cover and terrigenous coal-bearing deposits Gondwana type (middle - upper Paleozoic). Antarctic oases, ice-free areas of Antarctica, having the character of polar deserts. Divided into typical or prishelfovye, coastal and mountain. Area from a few tens to hundreds of km2 (Bunger Hills 952 km2). In the Antarctic oases located most polar research stations. Antarctic High, the constant region of high atmospheric pressure over Antarctica. ANTARCTIC PENINSULA (until 1961 at the Soviet and British maps the name of Graham Land on US - Palmer Peninsula, on the Chilean - Earth O'Higgins, on the Argentine - Earth San Martin), the area of Antarctica, extended by about 1,200 km to the north South direction. America. Glacial plateau reaches a height of 1500-2000 m; near the coast, in places, ice-free mountains. On the Antarctic Peninsula are several Antarctic research stations. Antarctic belt, southern natural zone of the Earth. Includes Antarctica and adjacent islands. Antacids (from anti ... and armor. Acidus - sour), drugs that neutralize the hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice (eg., Gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer). ANTWERP (Anvar) (Flam. Antwerpen, French. Anvers), a city in Belgium, the administrative center of the province. Antwerp. One of the largest ports in the world (annual turnover of approx. 90 million. M) on the river. Scheldt, near the northern m. 468 thousand. Residents (1991, with suburbs 920 million. Inhabitants). Close trade, financial and main industrial center of the country. Engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, oil refining, etc.. Industry; the world center of diamond cutting and diamond trade. Museum of Fine Arts, Art History. Rubens House. Games VII Olympiad (1920). To the 2nd floor. 16 in. first by value in Europe a center of trade and credit. Late-Gothic cathedral (14th - beg. 17th c.), The castle walls (rebuilt in the 16th century.). Antaeus, a giant in Greek mythology, the ruler of Libya, the son of the god Poseidon and the earth goddess Gaia. Was invincible until contact with the mother earth. Hercules strangled, remove it from the ground. Anteclise extensive (hundreds of kilometers in diameter) shallow anticlinal uplift of the Earth's crust within the platform. Antel (Antelami) Benedetto (c. 1150 - c. 1230) was an Italian sculptor and architect. The representative of the Romanesque style. Construction (since 1196) and the sculptural decoration of the Baptistery of Parma. "Antenne 2" (Antenne-2), the state television program in France. Founded in 1963, Paris. Funding from the license fee, advertising and state subsidies. Broadcasting around the clock. Artistic, social and political programs and news. ANTENNA (from Lat. Antenna - mast, yard), radio - a device designed (usually in combination with a radio transmitter or radio) for radiation and (or) reception of radio waves. One of the main characteristics of the antenna - radiation pattern (NAM), which determines the character of the spatial distribution of power of the electromagnetic field emitted by the (host) antenna. Distinguish antenna omnidirectional (broadly directional) and direction (eg., With a high gain antenna NAM called beam). With the antenna can receive very weak radio signals, perform the transmit and receive signals to locate sources of radio waves, and so on. D. Types of antennas: vibratory (wire), slit, horn, mirror, lens, antenna arrays and others. Antennas (antennae, antennae) mnogochlenistye movable head appendages in arthropods (excluding arachnids). Most - senses. Antheridia (from the Greek. Antheros - blooming), the male organ of sexual reproduction in fungi, algae, mosses and ferns. In antheridia develop sperm. Antefix (lat. Antefixum), architectural decoration of marble or terracotta (in the form of palmettes or shield with relief) at the edges of the roof along the longitudinal sides of an ancient temple. ASTI, in Egyptian mythology, the patron god of the 12th nome, deity of the desert and the caravan routes. ANTI ... (Gr. Anti- - against), a prefix meaning contrast against something (eg., An anti-fascist). Antianginal drugs, drugs used to treat angina (angina pectoris - hence the name). ANTIBES (Antibes), a climatic health resort in France (within the Côte d'Azur), east of Cannes. St. 60 thousand. Residents. Floriculture, art pottery. Museum Picasso. Founded in the 4th century. BC. e. as a Greek colony Antipolis. ANTIBIOTICS (from anti ... and Greek. Bios - life), organic substances formed by microorganisms and have the ability to kill germs (or inhibit their growth). Antibacterial antibiotics are also known as substances extractable from plant and animal cells. Antibiotics are used as drugs to inhibit bacteria, microscopic fungi, some viruses and protozoa that infect humans, animals and plants. Also obtained antitumor antibiotics (rubomycin et al.). The first effective antibiotic (penicillin) discovered by A. Fleming in 1929. Widely part of medical practice since the 40s. 20 in. As a result, long-term use of antibiotics may cause them resistant forms of pathogenic microorganisms. Antibiotics are also used in agriculture, food and microbiological industry, and biochemical studies. In the microbiological industry, and is obtained by chemical synthesis. Antimatter, matter, built of antiparticles. The nuclei of atoms of antimatter consist of antiprotons and antineutrons and atomic shells are constructed of positrons. Accumulations of antimatter in the universe not yet been found. Accelerators of charged particles produced core antideuterium and antihelium. Antivitamin, substances that prevent the use of vitamins living cell as a result of their destruction, binding to inactive forms, replacement compounds similar to vitamins in chemical structure, but has the opposite biological effects. Antigens (from ... and ... anti-gene), substances that are perceived by the body as foreign and induce a specific immune response. Able to interact with immune cells and antibodies. Injection of antigens in the body can cause the formation of immune occurrence state of immunological tolerance or allergy. Antigens have properties proteins, polysaccharides and other. Macromolecule. The term "antigen" is used in relation to the whole organs (transplantation), plant and animal cells, bacteria, viruses, etc., Containing antigens. Particular species or group affiliation antigens used in the diagnosis of infectious diseases through blood transfusions, organ transplants and tissue identification of biological materials in forensic medicine, and so on. D. The antigens are used in the creation of vaccines and serums. Antihero, deliberately reduced, degeroizirovanny character mainly Western European and American literature 2nd floor. 20 in., The "mass" man, "everyone" has become almost impersonal point of application of the forces of irrational and absurd modern civilization (see. "The new novel," "Absurd drama"). In larger and more conventional sense - the type of literary character, devoid of genuine heroic traits, but is central to the work of the speaker and to a certain extent "trusted" person of the author ("Stranger" Camus, young Odoevtsev in the novel "Pushkin House" A. G. bits). The anti-union of states and peoples, formed during the 2nd World War II against the aggressive bloc of Germany, Italy, Japan and their satellites. Anti-Hitler coalition included the Soviet Union, the United States, Britain, France and China, as well as Yugoslavia, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and others. Countries participating in the hostilities or to assist allies. By the end of the war, the anti-Hitler coalition includes more than 50 states. Combat anti-Hitler coalition ally was the resistance movement. Antigonus of Karista in Euboea (2nd floor. 3 in. BC. E.), Greek sculptor, author of a treatise on toreutics and compiler of biographies of artists and sculptors, a disciple of the philosopher Menedemos. He worked for the king of Pergamum Attalus I over sculptural groups defeated the Gauls in Pergamum and "Sacrament Attala" in Athens. Perhaps the author of the statue of the Dying Gaul; created a statue of Eumenes II. ANTIGONE, in Greek mythology, daughter of the king of Thebes, Oedipus. To bury the body of her brother Polynices, violating the ban uncle - king Creon; for it was put in prison, where committed suicide. Antigonid dynasty kings of Macedonia in 306-168 BC. e. Founded Antigonus I Monophthalmus - commander of Alexander the Great. Antigorite, see. Art. Serpentine. Antigua (Antigua Guatemala) (Antigua Guatemala), in Guatemala City, the administrative center of the department of Sacatepequez. Approx. 30 thousand. Residents. City Museum. University. Founded in 1542. In the 16-18 centuries. the capital of Guatemala. Architectural monument of 17-18 centuries. Antigua and Barbuda (Antigua and Barbuda), a state in the West Indies, on the islands of Antigua, Barbuda and Redonda, in the group of M. Antilles. 442.6 km2. The population of 66.0 thousand. People (1993), mainly antiguantsy. The official language - English. Believers - Protestants. Administrative divisions: 6 communities and 2 regions. The urban population of 32% (1990). Capital - St. Johns. Part of the Commonwealth. Head of State - Queen of Great Britain, represented by Governor General. Legislative - bicameral parliament. The surface is hilly, up to 402 m in height. The climate is tropical trade wind. Average temperatures from 15 to 33 ° C. Precipitation approx. 1300 mm. In ancient times, the island was inhabited by Indians. In 1493, discovered by Columbus; originally Spanish, with 1632 British colony. In 1834, the abolition of slavery. Since 1967, "associated with the UK government." Since November 1981 an independent state. The basis of the economy - service of foreign tourists (approx. 45% of GDP), the cultivation of sugar cane, cotton. Export of raw sugar, molasses, molasses, raw cotton. Major trading partners: US, UK, Germany. Currency - Eastern Caribbean dollar. ANTIDARVINIZM (from anti ... and Darwinism), a set of different concepts, deny or audit Darwinian doctrine of natural selection. These are, eg., Various forms neolamarkizma, autogenesis, ektogenez, orthogenesis and some others. Antidepressants, different chemical structure and mechanism of action of psychotropic drugs that improve mood, relieve anxiety and stress, increase mental alertness; used to treat mental depression. Antiknock agents are added in small amounts (less than 1%) for motor fuels to enhance the octane rating and thus reduce knock in internal combustion engines. The most important antiknock - tetraethyl lead. Antidiuretic hormone, in biology - the same as vasopressin. ANTIDOTES (from the Greek. Antidoton, letters. - Let against) (antidote), drugs intended for disposal caught in the body of poisons. Antikaina (Antikainen) Toivo (1898-1941), one of the founders (1918) of the Communist Party of Finland. In 1934, the court sentenced the Finnish to transportation for life, was released in 1940 with the assistance of the Soviet government. Died in the Great Patriotic War. ANTIQUE (lat. Antiquarius - a lover, a connoisseur of antiquities), trader old valuable objects: paintings, books, etc .; connoisseur, collector of such items. Antiques, antique trade valuable items: paintings, books, et al., As well as the collection of such items. Antiquarian books, conditional term for publication period from the beginning of printing to 1850. anticline (from anti ... and Greek. Klino - cant), the fold of rock layers which is convex upward. At the core of the anticline are more ancient rocks, and the wings are folded younger. Anticlinoria, large (many hundreds of kilometers length) and complex bending of folded strata of rocks, having the general anticlinal form. Anticoagulants (from anti ... and armor. Coagulans - causing clotting), in medicine - drugs that reduce blood clotting. Anticodon, in biology - land transfer RNA, consisting of three nucleotides. Specifically binds to the codon (triplet nucleotides) messenger RNA, which ensures correct alignment of each amino acid in the polypeptide chain during protein biosynthesis (translation). Anti-Comintern Pact, an agreement concluded 11.25.1936 in Berlin between Germany and Japan and to issue (under the guise of fighting against the Comintern) block of these states in order to gain world domination. In November 1937 to the "Anti-Comintern Pact" Italy joined, and later a number of others. States; in 1939-40 turned into open military alliance (see. Tripartite Pact). Anticosti (Anticosti), an island in the room. St. Lawrence River (Canada). 7.9 thousand. Km2. The population of approx. 1 thousand. Man. Height up to 192 m. Coniferous forests, swamps. The main town - Port-Menier. Antilymphocytic serum, animal serum, the immunized animal lymphocytes al., Or human species (donor). Contains antibodies against donor lymphocytes. Suppresses the function of lymphoid tissue and immune responses. Antilog (from anti ... and logarithm) of a number and the number N, which is equal to the logarithm of a, m. E. Log N = a. ANTELOPE group cloven-hoofed animals bovids family. Horn in most species only in males. They live mainly in Africa (wildebeest, kongoni, horse antelope, oryx, and others.) And Asia (nilgai, chetyrehrogaya antelope, gazelle, antelope, gazelle). Many antelope - the object of hunting (meat, leather). The number of some species declining, some are protected. A number of preserved mainly in national parks. ANTILLES (App. Antillas), an archipelago in the West Indies: Big Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico) and the Lesser Antilles (Virgin, Windward, Leeward, Trinidad, Tobago and Barbados). Approx. 220 thousand. Km2. The population of approx. 30 million. H. The height of up to 3175 m. Active volcanoes. Deciduous and evergreen tropical forests. On the Antilles: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Haiti, Grenada, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Cuba, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Lucia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Trinidad and Tobago, Jamaica, as well as possession of the United States , Great Britain, France, the Netherlands, part of the territory of Venezuela. The Antilles Current, a warm Atlantic for approx. to the north-east of B. Antilles, north-western continuation of the North. Equatorial Current. Antimetabolites, natural or synthetic substances similar in chemical structure to normal metabolic products (metabolites) and preventing their transformation in the body. Are used as drugs (eg., For metabolic disorders), as pesticides and others. Antimirov hypothetical space object (such as a star or a galaxy), composed of antimatter. Antimonide, antimony chemical compounds with metals. Some antimonides (AlSb, GaSb, InSb) - semiconductor materials. Stibnite (antimony shine), class mineral sulphides, Sb2S3. Impurities Bi, As, Ag, Au. Lead-gray needles. The hardness of 2-2.5; the density of 4.5-4.6 g / cm3. The origin of the low-temperature hydrothermal. Summary antimony ore. Antimutagens (from anti ... and mutagens), chemical and physical factors, which reduce the incidence of genetic changes in the body - mutations, for example. sulfhydryl compound. Antineutrinos antiparticle neutrino differs from it by the sign of the lepton charge and helicity. Antineutrons, the antiparticle of the neutron, differs from it marks the baryon charge and magnetic moment. Antin (? - 130), a Greek boy, a favorite of the Roman emperor Hadrian, deified after death. Antinomy (Gr. Antinomia - a contradiction-in-law), the contradiction between the two judgments, equally logically provable. Distinguish antinomy is a logical reflection of the contradictions of reality itself, and the antinomy of judgment - a paradox due to the historical level of knowledge. Antiozonants, type of polymer stabilizers. Antioxidants (antioxidants), natural or synthetic substances that retard or prevent the oxidation of organic compounds. Antioxidants are used, eg., For stabilization of fuels, polymers, prevent spoilage. Antiochus III the Great (242-187 BC. E.), King of the Seleucid state with 223. In the 212-205 conquered the Parthians and Bactria in 203 won from Egypt to Palestine. Defeated by Rome in the Syrian war 192-188, lost territory in Asia Minor. Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 130 - c. 68 BC), the ancient Greek Platonic philosopher, Plato's Academy returned from skepticism to dogmatism Ancient Academy (call to "Follow the old!") By taking the many elements of the doctrine of the Stoics. Antiochus of Palestine, Sawwanah (d. C. 635), a Christian monk of St. Sava Monastery in Palestine, the author of the works "Pandects" - short presentation of the teaching of Scripture and the Fathers of the Church. Memory in the Orthodox church on Saturday cheese. Syrian Antioch (d. 440), a Christian monk of desert, an ascetic struggle in Syria at the top of the mountain. Memory in the Orthodox Church on February 23 (March 8). Anti-pope, the pope is not recognized by the Catholic Church. In some periods of the Middle Ages on the papal throne were multiple Popes (puppets of various churches and secular circles); subsequently admitted to the church by Pope only one of them, the others were declared antipopes. In the list compiled by the Catholic Church Dads - St. 30 antipopes (3-15 cc.). Antitrade, westerly flow of air in the upper troposphere over tropical latitudes trade winds. The lower limit of antitrade - an average altitude of 4 km; it rises from the subtropics to the equator and from winter to summer. ANTIPATARII detachment marine coelenterates Class coral polyps. Small (0.5 to 3 mm) polyps dendritic colony forming attachments. Approx. 150 species, mostly in tropical seas at depths of 10-1000 m. The skeleton of black coral jewelry goes on. Antipathy (Gr. Antipatheia), resentment, dislike to someone or something; Wed. Sympathy. Antipater (397-319 BC. E.), Macedonian general under Philip II and Alexander the Great. Antipin Peter Fedorovich (1890-1960), the Russian metallurgist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Works on the metallurgy of aluminum and electrochemistry melts. Flame retardants (and the anti ... Gk. Pyr - fire), the substance (ammonium phosphate, borax, an antimony compound, a solid chlorinated hydrocarbons and others.) Reducing the flammability of wood, textiles, plastics and others. Organic materials. Are used, eg., In the form of solutions, which are impregnated with the material. ANTIPIROGENY substances (water, sodium silicate solution, oxidation inhibitors, and others.) That prevent spontaneous combustion of coal, ores and so on. N. ANTIPOV Yuri (b. 1915), Distinguished Test Pilot of the USSR (1959), Colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union (1957). Testing of piston and jet fighters MiG, La, Su, Yak. Antipodes Islands (Antipodes Islands), a group of rocky uninhabited islands in the Pacific approx. 61 km2. The name is due to the location, almost opposite Greenwich (49 ° 41'S. M., 178 ° 43 'in. D.). Antipodes (from anti ... and Greek. Pus, b. P. Podos - leg), the inhabitants of diametrically opposite points on the surface of the globe. In a figurative sense - people with opposing views, tastes and personality traits. Optical Antipodes, the same as enantiomers (see. Art. Enantiomers). By the optical antipodes are also included enantiomorphous forms of some crystals, for example. quartz (see. enantiomorphism). Antiproton, the antiparticle of the proton, differs from it marks an electric charge, baryon charge and magnetic moment. ANTIRADY, type of polymer stabilizers. Antinovel see. "The new novel." Antirrhinum (snapdragon), a genus of perennial herbs of the family figwort. St. 40 species in the Northern Hemisphere. In the culture of 1 species as an ornamental plant; object of genetic research. Anti-seismic CONSTRUCTION, construction of buildings and structures, taking into account the possible impact on them of seismic (inertial) forces. Carried out in areas prone to earthquakes of magnitude 7-9. Earthquake Engineering provided by special design measures that increase the strength and solidity of the supporting structures (eg., The use of multi-storey buildings frame structures of steel and reinforced concrete, monolithic concrete walls), and others. Of great importance in anti-seismic construction is of high quality construction materials and works. Anti-Semitism, a form of ethnic and religious prejudice and intolerance, hostility toward Jews (the term "anti-Semitism" appeared in 1870-80-ies.). In the course of the history of anti-Semitism takes different forms - from false accusations and all kinds of discrimination to mass deportations, bloody pogroms and genocide. Extreme form of acquired politics of German fascism. See. Also the Holocaust. Antiseptics (from anti ... and Greek. Septikos - purulent), the method of preventing infection of wounds and treatment of infected wounds effects on pathogenic microbes chemical (antiseptics) or biological methods. George offered. Lister in 1867. antiseptics, .. 1) substances with antimicrobial activity and is mainly used for disinfection, lubricate the skin and mucous membranes, irrigation of wounds and cavities (eg., Boric acid, brilliant green) ... 2 ) Chemical substances used for the prevention of microorganisms from destruction by wood, plastics, textile, leather, food, et al. (eg., phenols and derivatives thereof, creosote, benzoic acid and the like. d.). These funds impregnated or coated material to be protected or enter them into its structure. "Anti-Soviet Trotskyite military organization" CASE ("It's war"), fabricated in the 2nd floor. 1930s. case against a number of major generals in the organization of the "military-fascist conspiracy" to overthrow the preparation of Soviet power through armed revolt and defeat of the USSR in a future war, espionage and sabotage activities, the creation of terrorist groups for the preparation of terrorist acts against the leaders of the party and government. In the case were brought 8 people - Tukhachevsky, AI Cork, IE Yakir, IP Uborevich, VK Putna, RP Eideman, VM Primakov, B . M. Feldman. Case has been reviewed June 11, 1937 in Moscow educated for this Special Bench of the Supreme Court of the USSR in a closed court session. All of the defendants were sentenced to death. Sentence was carried out. Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR in 1957 verdict against all convicted canceled and the case has stopped due to lack of their actions constitute a crime. Antistatic agents, reducing static electrization of fibers, plastics, rubbers, etc., Eg., Surfactants, metal powders, carbon black. Action is based mainly on increasing the electrical conductivity of the material causes the leakage of charge. Antistatic materials introduced into the composition during processing, or they are applied as solutions or emulsions to the surface of products. Antisthenes of Athens (c. 450 - c. 360 BC. E.), Greek philosopher, founder of the Cynic school, a disciple of Socrates and Gorgias. Led an ascetic life and preached renunciation of any needs (autarky). ANTITAVR (Anti-Taurus), the name of the 2 ranges (Tahtalı, height up to 3054 m, and Binboga) in the central part of the Taurus in Turkey. Length approx. 200 km. Subtropical forests and shrubs; in the north - dry steppe. ANTITHESIS (from the Greek. Antithesis - antithesis), stylistic figure, comparison or contrast between contrasting concepts provisions (such as "I am the king, - I am a slave - I worm - I am God!" G.Derzhavin).
FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ
НИЦШЕ / NIETZSCHE / ЕССЕ HOMO / ВОЛЯ К ВЛАСТИ / К ГЕНЕАЛОГИИ МОРАЛИ / СУМЕРКИ ИДОЛОВ /
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