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Amphibians, the same as amphibians. AMPHIBIA (from the Greek. Amphibios - leading a double life), 1) car capable of moving by land and water, with a waterproof body, propeller or a water jet propulsion, water wheel. 2) The aircraft with wheeled chassis adapted to take off from the ground and the water and landing on them. 3) Snowmobiling, whose body skiing replaced for better about amphibole (from the Greek. Amphibolia - ambiguity), a figure of speech - syntax, allowing for different interpretations (eg., "In Seneca strict stoicism / long been shattered body", A. H . MIKE) .I on land and water. Amphibole, massive or schistose mafic metamorphic rock consisting mainly of hornblende and plagioclase average. The density of 2900-3150 kg / m3. Black variety - ornamental and facing stones. Amphibole (from the Greek. Amphibolia - ambiguity), a figure of speech - syntax, allowing for different interpretations (eg., "In Seneca strict stoicism / long been ruined body," AN MIKE). Amphibole group of rock-forming minerals subclass chain (belt) silicates with the general formula (A, B) 7-8 [Z4O11] 2 (OH, F) 2, where A - K, Na, Ca; B - Al, Fe3 +, Fe2 +, Mg, etc .; Z - Si, Al. The basis of the structure - ie. N. amphibole tape [Si4O11]. Distinguish monoclinic and rhombic amphiboles more rare. Green, brown, black needle, fibrous crystals. The hardness of 5-6.5; the density of 2.8-3.6 g / cm3. Part of the igneous and metamorphic rocks. Total in the crust and 10% (by weight). In the industry to use chemical and heat resistant fine fiber amfibolasbesty. Amphibrach (Gr. Amphibrachys, letters. - On both sides short), a poetic meter, formed by 3-feet complex with a strong place on the 2nd syllable (Scheme And - And, eg., "Not the wind rages over Bohr"). The most common sizes of Russian syllabic-tonic amphibrach - 4-stop (from the beginning. 19 in.) And a 3-stop (with Ser. 19 in.). Amphidiploids (from the Greek. Amphi - on both sides, diploos - double and eidos - view) (allotetraploid), a hybrid organism obtained by crossing two different species (or genera) of plants or animals; in its cells combine full diploid set of chromosomes of both species (or genera). Special case allopolyploids. Example amphidiploids - rye-wheat hybrid (triticale). AMFIKARPIYA (from the Greek. Amphi - on both sides and karpos - fruit), education on the plant above ground and underground fruits, for example. at oxalis. Underground fruits develop from the ovary, penetrating into the soil after fertilization. Amphictyon (Amphiktionia), in Dr. Greece religio-political alliance of tribes and cities with common sanctuary, the Treasury, the rules of warfare. The most famous Delphic Amphictyonic League (center - Delphi), which included 12 communities Avg. Greece and Thessaly. Amfilohije (in the world Sergius Paul I.) (1818-1893), Bishop of Uglich (1888), Vicar of the Diocese of Yaroslavl; archaeographer, philologist, paleography; Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy. Described the many Greek and Slavic manuscripts, was the "Dictionary of Pantekta Antiochus the 11th century." (1889), "Description of manuscripts library Resurrection New Jerusalem" and "kondakar 12-13 centuries.". Amphimixis (from the Greek. Amphi - on both sides and mixis - mixing), a common type of sexual reproduction in animals and plants, at which the fusion of the nuclei of male and female gametes. Avg. Apomixis. Amphiprostyle (Gr. Amphiprostylos), type the ancient Greek temple of a rectangular having a portico on the end facades. Amphisbaena, scaly suborder. Close to the lizards. Length 70 cm, 3 family, approx. 140 species, mainly in tropical America, Africa and the West. Asia. Wormlike body. Are burrowing lifestyle. Can move forward in burrows tail (hence the name of 2nd - Amphisbaenia). Amphitheatre (from the Greek. Amphitheatron), 1) for the construction of the ancient sights: oval arena around which benches were placed seats for spectators (the Colosseum in Rome). 2) The seats in the auditorium (in the theater and the circus for the ground floor) or in the audience, staggered. Amphitheatre Alexander V. (1862-1938), Russian writer, journalist. Satires (in Vol. H. "Lord Obmanovy", 1902, about the royal family). Literary works in the life of Russian society (novels "eighties", vols. 1-2, 1907; "Devyatidesyatniki", vols. 1-2, 1910-11). Literary critiques, plays. Since 1921 in exile. Amphodontosis, the same as periodontal disease. AMPHORA (lat. Amphora, from the Greek. Amphoreus), ancient clay (less metallic) vessel for liquid and solids, with a rounded or elongated torso, two vertical handles and a narrow neck. Amphoteric (from the Greek. Amphoteros - both), the ability of certain chemical compounds, eg. hydroxides, amino acids, depending on the conditions of exercise or basic or acidic properties. Eg., In the presence of acids Al (OH) 3 acts as a base [Al (OH) 3 + 3NSl "AlCl3 + 3H2O], in the presence of alkali - both acid [Al (OH) 3 + NaOH" NaAlO2 + 2H2O]. Amhara (self - Amara), the people of Ethiopia. The total number of 2 million. People (1992), in Vol. H. In Ethiopia 20.8 million. Man Eritrea 180 thousand. Man, Yemen, 15 thousand. Man. Amharic language. By religion mainly Christians monofisitov. Amharic, the language of the people of Amhara. The official language of Ethiopia. Refers to the Semitic languages. Writing on the basis of the Ethiopian alphabet. AMEL (Amiel) Henry Frederick (1821-81), a Swiss poet, essayist, translator. Known for his "Diary" (1847, published in 1881, posthumously), marked by a deep psychological insight. Amiens (Amiens), a city in France, p. Somme, the administrative center of the department of the Somme and the main city of the historical region of Picardy. 136 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Machinery, light industry, chemical industry. The largest Gothic cathedral in France (Notre Dame, 13-15 cc.). Battle of Amiens, 8-13.8.1918, during the 1st World War. 4th British Army and the 1st French Army broke through the front 2nd German army east of Amiens, initiating the military defeat of Germany. Amiens PEACE TREATY 1802, concluded on March 27 in Amiens between France and its allies, on the one hand, and Britain - on the other; The disintegration of the 2nd anti-French coalition, has provided only a short respite. In May 1803 the war between Britain and France broke out again. AME BUT Vaca-Hiko (al., Jpn. Heavenly boy), the messenger of the heavenly deity Amaterasu on earth. Falling in love with the daughter of the goddess of the earth, did not return to heaven and the heaven was killed by an arrow. AME BUT MINAKANUSI in Shinto deity, divide heaven and earth. AME BUT TOKOTATI in Shinto deity appeared in the first days of the mythical creation as a cane. Ame-no-Uzume-no-Mikoto, in Japanese mythology dancing goddess, the ancestress of priestesses who performed sacred rituals. AH Brand aircraft developed under the leadership of Antonov Design Bureau and its name. Among them, "Ruslan", "Dream". An Jung-geun (1879-1910), leader of the Korean national liberation movement. Since 1905 participated in the guerrilla struggle against the Japanese colonialists. Later on the path of individual terror. Japanese General resident killed in Korea H. Ito. Executed. Anabazina, alkaloid plants barnyard grass leafless family Chenopodiaceae; is also found in tobacco. On chemical structure and physiological effect similar to nicotine. Anabasis, the same as barnyard grass. Anabaptists (from the Greek. Anabaptizo - again dip, ie. E. Baptize second) (rebaptized), members of radical sectarian movement of the Reformation in the 16th., Mainly in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands. Required secondary baptism (in the age of reason), denied the church hierarchy, condemned wealth, calls for the introduction of community of property. Participated in the Peasants' War of 1524-26, formed the Münster Rebellion 1534-35; crushed. Individual elements of the doctrine of the Anabaptists went into dogma some Protestant sects. Anabara river in Yakutia. 939 km, the basin area of 100 thousand. Km2. Average water consumption 610 m3 / s. Flows in m. Laptev. In the mouth is rich in fish (whitefish, cisco). Anabar Bay, in the western part of the m. Laptev. Length 67 km, width 76 km depth from 3 to 12 m. In the south goes to Anabarskiy lip. Anabar Massif, the projection of the Precambrian basement in the north of the Siberian platform, composed mainly of Archean (St. 3.5 billion. Years) gneisses, schists, marbles less. Manifestations of iron, mica, titanium. Anabarskiy Plata, on the north-east of the Central Siberian Plateau. Height up to 905 meters. In the valleys of larch forests, mountain tundra above. Anabas (slides), a genus of fishes Perciformes squad. The length of 10-25 cm. 10 species in fresh water South. Asia and the Philippine Islands. Able to breathe atmospheric air and move around using the fins on the land. Cryostasis (from the Greek. Anabiosis - revival), the state of the body in which life processes are slowed sharply that promotes survival in unfavorable conditions of temperature, humidity and others. Cryostasis distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. Some organisms included in the normal cycle of development (seeds, spores, cysts). Anabolism (from the Greek. Anabole - lifting) (assimilation), a set of chemical processes in living organisms, focusing on education and updating the structural parts of cells and tissues. Catabolism is the opposite side of the metabolism and is the synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the accumulation of energy. The most important process of anabolism having planetary significance - photosynthesis. COLOURED anaglyph method (from the Greek. Anaglyphos - relief), obtaining stereoscopic (volume) image using two complementary colors painted images that make up the stereo pair, considered by differently colored filters (colored glasses). It is used mainly for creating volume of illustrations in textbooks, for three-dimensional image of the relief on the geographical and geological maps, and others. Anagram (from the Greek. Anagrammatismos - Rearrange the letters), word or phrase formed by permutation of the letters al. Words or phrases. Used when creating aliases (eg., "Chariton Makentin" from "Antiochus Cantemir"), found in riddles, charades. Anadromous fish migration (from the Greek. Ana - up, dromos - run and armor. Migratio - transition, relocation), the movement of migratory fish mainly in the Northern Hemisphere (salmon, sturgeon, and others.) From the sea to rivers for spawning; Wed. Catadromous migration. Anadyr lowlands in the north-east of the Russian Federation, Chukotka. Height of 100 m. Everywhere permafrost. Thermokarst lakes. Scrub and tundra travyanokochkarnaya. Anadyr Bay, in the north-western part of the Bering Sea. The length of 278 km, the width of up to 400 km, depth up to 105 m. It falls p. Anadyr. Port - Anadyr. Anadyr plateau in the north-east of the Russian Federation, Chukotka. Length approx. 400 km. The height of 1221 m. The mountain tundra. Anadyr, city (1965), the Russian Federation, the center of the Chukotka authors. env., a port on the banks of the Anadyr room. 16.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food enterprises. Museum. In the area of coal, gold; reindeer herding, fishing. Anadyr River in the north-east of the Russian Federation. 1150 km, the basin area of 191 thousand. Km2. Flows into Anadyr room. Average water consumption in 1680 m3 / s. In the lower reaches of the fishery. Navigable from s. Markov (570 km). ANAZAT, unprivileged class (peasants and townspeople) in the early feudal Armenia. Anacardiaceae, the same as sumach. Anacardium, the same as the cashew. Anaconda, a genus of the family of snakes boas. Length 11.4 m (typically 5-6 m). 4 species in tropical South. America, on the banks of rivers, lakes and swamps. Good swim and dive. They feed on a variety of vertebrates, assault and domestic animals; for man is not dangerous. Yaytsezhivorodyaschi. Anacreon (Anacreon) (c. 570-478 BC. E.), Ancient Greek lyric poet; dominated by motives of measured consciously cultivated sensual pleasures pleasures of life; emotional background - the burden of old age and death premonition. Imitation of Anacreon spawned anacreontic poetry of late antiquity, the Renaissance and the Enlightenment. In Russia Anacreontic wrote poems Lomonosov, Derzhavin, KN Batyushkov Pushkin. Anacreontic poetry, see. Art. Anacreon. ANAKRUSA (from the Greek. Anakrusis, letters. - Repulsion), metrically weak spot (see. The strong position and weak point) at the beginning of the verse before the first Iktomi; usually constant volume (1 syllable iambic and amphibrach 2 syllables in anapaest), but also possible change anakrusy ("mermaid swam the river blue / OzarYaema full moon ..." Lermontov). On anakrusu often falls hypermetrical stress. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae M. Asia (c. 500-428 BC. E.), Greek philosopher. Advanced the doctrine of indestructible elements - "seeds" of things (later called homoeomeries). The driving principle of world order - the mind (nous), which organizes the elements. Anaximander (c. 610 - after 547 BC. E.), Greek philosopher, a representative of the Milesian school, author of the first philosophical writings in Greek "On Nature". Pupil of Thales. Created a geocentric model of the cosmos, the first geographical map. Expressed the idea of the origin of man "from an animal of another species" (fish). Anaximenes (6 in. BC. E.), Greek philosopher, a representative of the Milesian school. Pupil Anaximander. First elements of all thought the air of condensation and rarefaction of which all things arise. Analgesics (from the Greek. Analgesia - absence of pain, immunity), drugs, eliminate or reduce pain; narcotic analgesics - omnopon, promedol t. n., non-narcotic analgesics - aminopyrine, analgin and others. analgesia, anesthesia; cm. Anesthesia, Anesthesia. Analeptic TOOLS (from the Greek. Analepsis - recovery), drugs that stimulate the respiratory and vasomotor centers of the medulla oblongata (kordiamin, korazol et al.). ANALYSIS (from the Greek. Analysis - decomposition), 1) the dismemberment (mental or real) of the object to the elements; Analysis is inextricably linked to the synthesis of (compound elements into a single unit). 2) A synonym for scientific research in general. 3) In formal logic - specification of the logical form (structure) reasoning. Sound analysis, decomposition of complex sound into a series of simple waves. There are 2 types of sound analysis: frequency - the frequencies of its harmonic components, and time, based on the study of signal change over time. ANALYZER in optics, a device for determining the nature of polarized light (polarization prism, polaroid et al.). Analyzer in biology - the complex system of sensory nerve formations, perceiving and analyzing stimuli acting on animals and humans. Provide adaptive reactions of the organism to changes in the external and internal environment. Each analyzer consists of a peripheral or perceiver department - receptor (all senses - eyes, ears, etc.), And conductor of the higher nerve centers in the cerebral cortex. The term introduced by Pavlov in 1909. analytic geometry section geometry, in which the properties of geometric figures (points, lines, surfaces) are set by means of algebra by the method of coordinate t. E., By studying the properties of equations, graphs which these images are . In analytic geometry studied line (surface) of the 1st and 2nd order. Line (surface) of the 1st order - direct (the plane); among lines (surfaces) 2nd order - ellipses, hyperbolas, parabolas (ellipsoids, hyperboloids, paraboloids). Analytic geometry was first outlined in the 1st floor. 17 in. Descartes. "Analytical psychology" (complex psychology), the direction of depth psychology, founded by CG Jung in 1913. Based on the understanding of the psyche as an autonomous self-regulating system based on mutual compensation of consciousness and unconsciousness, the integration of which - the way to achieve the integrity of the person, its individuation . Had an impact on psychopathology and psychotherapy, as well as philosophical anthropology, cultural history, ethnology, mythology and others. The International Society of Analytical Psychology (1958) and the yearbook "Eranos" (1933 - Zurich), "Journal of Analytical Psychology" (1955 - in London). Analytical philosophy, the direction of the west, mainly Anglo-American, the philosophy of the 20th century .; brings philosophy to the analysis mainly linguistic resources of knowledge; a kind of neo. Main course: 1) philosophy of logical analysis, using the tools of modern mathematical logic - logical empiricism (Carnap, K. Hempel, F. Frank) and logical pragmatism (Quine, N. Goodman); 2) linguistic philosophy. Analytic function, a function that can be represented in a certain region of a power series. Most of the functions encountered in mathematics and its applications - analytic functions. The theory of analytic functions - the most important part of the theory of functions of a complex variable. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, examines the principles and methods of determining the chemical composition of the substance. Includes qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis. Analytical chemistry came along with inorganic chemistry before others Chemical Sciences (until the end. 18 in. Chemistry was defined as the science that studies the chemical composition of substances). In the 2nd floor. 17 in. Boyle introduced the concept of analyzing the composition of bodies, laid the foundations of analytical chemistry as a science. For analytical chemistry is characterized by the use of not only traditional chemical (gravimetric analysis, titrimetric analysis), but also the physical and chemical (eg., Electrochemical analysis methods, photometric analysis) and physical (spectral analysis, akrevatsionny analysis and others.) Methods, as well as biological methods based on the study of the reaction of microorganisms to changes in their environment. Analytical accounts, invoices, which are recorded in detail objects of accounting; cm. The analytical account. Analytical language, the type of language in which grammatical meanings are expressed in the form of words is not (as in synthetic languages), but mainly auxiliary words, word order, intonation, and so on. N. By analytic languages are the languages English, French, Bulgarian and others. ANALYTICAL aCCOUNTING The system of accounting records, which gives detailed information on the movement of economic resources; constructed separately for each synthetic account. Unlike synthetic accounting is conducted not only in cost but also in real terms. Analytical enunciation, saying the truth or falsity of which can be established only on the basis of an analysis of its grammatical or logical structure. Examples of real analytic statements - logical laws. Similar bodies in biology - are similar in different taxonomic groups of organisms on the function performed, but have different origins and unequal internal structure (eg., A wing of a bird and butterfly limb digging mole crickets and mole). Analogy, in linguistics - assimilation, due to the influence of some elements of language, forming a more productive and more common model for others related. Elements of the language. Eg., Russian genitive singular "son" instead of the old genitive "son" has evolved under the influence of forms of type "table", "slave." Similarly, at the right - the resolution of any court cases that are not directly regulated by law, through the application of legal rules governing the nature of similar relations (analogy of the law) or on the basis of general principles of law (analogy of law). As a rule, permitted in exceptional cases in the resolution of civil, administrative and labor cases. Analogue (Gr. Analogia - matching similarity), the similarity of objects (phenomena, processes) in any properties. Reasoning by analogy - the knowledge gained from a consideration of any object is transferred to the less-studied, similar in essential properties, as the object; such reasoning - one of the sources of scientific hypotheses. The analogy of being, the analogy of being (Lat. Analogia entis), - one of the basic principles of Catholic scholasticism; substantiates the possibility of knowing the existence of God from being created by Him in the world. Analog computers (AVM), a computing device for playback (simulation) certain relationships between the continuously variable physical quantities (the machine variables) - analogues of the original variables problem to be solved. The most common electronic AVM in which the machine variables are electrical voltages and currents, and the desired relations are modeled physical processes in electric circuits. ANAL (from the Greek. Analogeion - bookend), in Orthodox churches stand high, which lay at a service to read religious books, icons and put a cross. Anus (anus, rectum), the opening end of the alimentary canal, which serves to remove from the body undigested food residue. Analcime, mineral subclass framework silicates (group zeolites), Na [AlSi2O6] .2H2O. White, gray, pink crystals. The hardness of 5.5-6.0; the density of 2.2-2.3 g / cm3. Hydrothermal in origin, less magma. HISTORY (from the Greek. Anamnesis - recollection), a set of information about the development of the disease, living conditions, medical history, etc.., Collected for the purpose of their use for the diagnosis, prognosis, treatment, prevention. Anamniotes, lower protoaquatic animals: cyclostomes, fish and amphibians. In contrast to amniotes, in the process of embryogenesis Anamniotes not arise blastoderm - amnion and special embryonic body - allantois. Associated with their existence in the aqueous medium. Anamorphic (from the Greek. Anamorphoo - convert), a change in aspect ratio is usually on the width or height when photographing and filming and projection. By using an anamorphic attachment (eg., Cylindrical lenses, mirrors), installed in front of the lens of the shooting or the projector or through mutual inclination of the axis of the lens and the object plane (image). It is used primarily in widescreen movies (when recording the image is compressed and stretched when projecting respectively). Anamorphosis (Gr. Ana - on, above and morfe - form), the effect of imposing a fine on another motive, their visual merge, eg., Aqua and stone figure of the human body and the tree trunk. Characterized by both nature and art (he was especially popular in mannerism and surrealism). PINEAPPLE, genus of herbs of bromeliad family. 5 species in tropical America. Juicy, large (sometimes up to 15 kg), sour-sweet, fragrant stems are edible. Cultivated since ancient times, mainly in the tropics. Some of the leaves of pineapple fiber is obtained. Anand (Anand) Viswanathan (b. 1969), India's first International Grandmaster Chess (1988). World Junior Champion (1987). Contender for the world championship; member of the world championship match with Kasparov, GK (1995, New York, 7.5: 10.5). Winner of several major international tournaments and matches. Mulk Raj Anand (b. 1905), the Indian writer and public figure. Writes in English. Novels "Cooley" (1936), "The Sword and the Sickle" (1942), an autobiographical trilogy "Seven Years" (1951), "Face of Dawn" (1964), "Confessions of love" (1976) directed against the remnants of colonialism. International Prize of the World Peace Council (1952). Ananda, faithful companion and disciple of the Buddha, the legendary author of Buddhist canonical sutras. Anandavardhana Indian literary theorist (approx. 9 in.). Wrote in Sanskrit. Aesthetic treatise "Dhvanyaloka." Nina Ananiashvili Gedevanovna (b. 1963), the Russian ballet dancer, People's Artist of the Russian Federation. Since 1981, the Bolshoi Theater. Performed the lead role in "The Nutcracker", "Sleeping Beauty" Tchaikovsky's "Romeo and Juliet" by Prokofiev, "Don Quixote" A. Minkus and others. She has toured abroad. First Prize and Gold Medal at the Fifth International Ballet Competition in Moscow (1985). In 1986 received the highest award of the Grand Prix with A. Liepa at the International Ballet Competition in Jackson (USA). ANANIA (1 in.), Apostle of the 70, Bishop of Damascus, baptized the Apostle Paul (Acts 9: 10-18); martyr suffered Eleutheropolis. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 1 (14) October, at the Catholic on 25 January. ANANIA Babylonian (Chaldean name Shadrach) (d. 529 or 522 BC. E.), One of the three Jewish youths of noble birth, taken during the Babylonian captivity to the court of King Nebuchadnezzar; for refusing to worship the idol thrown together with Azariah and Misail into a fiery furnace, but miraculously escaped unscathed (the book of Daniel 1-3). Memory in the Orthodox Church 17 (30) of December. ANANIA Ktezifontsky, Seleucia (Persian) (d. 344), the martyr, presbyter damaged in persecution of Shapur II. Memory in the Orthodox Church 17 (30) April. Anania Shirakatsi, Armenian philosopher, mathematician, cosmographer (7 in.). Pure views Anania Shirakatsi played a major role in the history of the Armenian culture. Ananke, Jupiter's moon, opened S. Nicholson (USA, 1951). Distance from Jupiter approx. 21 million. Km, diameter approx. 20 km. Ananke (Ananke), in Greek mythology, the goddess - the embodiment of the unbreakable law of nature. Ananke force obey even the gods. Ananta (Skt. Infinite), in Hindu mythology snakes floating in the waters of the cosmic ocean; on the rings of the snake Vishnu reclines. Another name - Sesa.

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