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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE (ammonia), NH4Cl, colorless crystals. Nitrogen fertilizer (25% N) for neutral and alkaline soils for crops, weakly responsive to excess chlorine (sugar beet, rice, corn). Also used in the manufacture of dry cell, when soldering and tinning, in medicine, as a smoke generator. Ammos Alexander (1823-66), Russian poet. The poem "Elegy" ("Has-Bulat the Bold! ...", 1858) was a folk song. AMMOPHOS, double complex fertilizer for different soils under different crops. Basically NH4H2PO4 with impurities; contains not less than 43% P2O5, and 11% N. dissolves in water. Ammuna Heraclium (d. Between 307-324), the deacon, the martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 1 (14) of September. AMNESIA (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Mneme - memory, the memory), no memories or incomplete memories of the events and experiences of a certain period. Different types of amnesia are observed in many diseases of the brain. Amnesty International, see. Amnesty International. Amnion (Gr. Amnion), one of the embryonic membranes in reptiles, birds and mammals. Forms a cavity filled with fluid that protects the embryo from mechanical damage and provides an aqueous environment for its development. A similar shell has some invertebrates (eg., Insects). Amniotes, higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds, mammals), who in the early stages of the formation of the embryonic shell, in Vol. H. Amnion. AMNESTY (from the Greek. Amnestia - forgetting, forgiveness), exemption from criminal punishment or replacement of the sentence more lenient. By the decision of the head of state or senior representative of authority. Amnesty may be common (for all persons convicted or prosecuted for certain articles of the Criminal Law) or private (see. Pardon). Amnokkang Sports Club, the Korean name of the district. Yalu. AMO (Joint Engineering Society), a brand of domestic trucks and buses, produced in 1924-34 by the AMO (now the Moscow Automobile Plant. Likhachev). Carrying capacity of the first in the USSR trucks AMO-F15 1.5 t, passenger buses AMO-4 22 people. Amoghasiddhi, Buddha, revered in Tibet, the keeper of the north; depicted in green, with a raised hand. AMA, a city in China, see. Xiamen. AIOC (Malay.), Suddenly there is a mental disorder (excitation with aggression and senseless killings) described mainly in Aboriginal Malay architect. Considered a kind of twilight state. "Amoco" (Amoco), US oil company. Founded in 1889, until 1985 - "Standard Oil Company (Indiana)." With sales of 21.2 billion. USD., Net profit 2.1 billion. Dollars., Oil production of 40 million. Tons, of which 45% in the US, processing 44.1 million. M, the number of employed 53.4 thousand. Man (con. 1980.). AMON, in Egyptian mythology the patron god of Thebes gradually became identified with the supreme god Ra (Amon-Ra). Amonashvili Shalva A. (b. 1931), the Georgian educator and psychologist. One of the founders of primary education for children six years of age. Proceedings of psychology and methodology of elementary education. Amon Melitinsky (d. 298), one of the 33 Cappadocian soldiers martyrs who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 7 (20) of November. Amonton (Amontons) Guillaume (1663-1705), French engineer and physicist. Works on the theory of friction, thermometry, improvement of physical devices. Showed (1699) that the friction is proportional to the reciprocal pressure of the rubbing surfaces. Constructed a hygrometer (1687), a non-mercury barometer (1695), air thermometer (1702). Came to the idea of absolute zero, which according to him will at - 293,8 ° C. Amorality (immorality), the denial of moral principles and generally accepted norms of behavior in society, nihilistic attitude to all sorts of moral principles. Amor, see. Amorites. AMORELI varieties of cherry pink and light red fruits and juice unpainted (Vial, Lytta Early et al.). AMORIM (Amorim) Enrique (1900-60), the Uruguayan writer. Social trilogy "Wagon" (1933), "villager Aguilar" (1934) and "The horse and its shadow" (1941) - about the gaucho; political novel "Victory comes of itself" (1952); collection of poems "My Country" (1960). AMORITES (Amorites), Semitic tribes, natives of Arabia. In the 24-16 centuries. BC. e. settled on the Syrian steppe. Approx. 1894 BC. e. captured Babylon and founded a kingdom, plays a significant role. Gradually mixed with the local population of Mesopotamia, Syria, Palestine. SHOCK (from the French. Amortir - relaxing, soften), a device for cushioning in cars (car, plane, etc.) And structures to protect against shock and impact loads. In use the damper springs, torsion bars, rubber elements, as well as liquids and gases. Depreciation, the gradual transfer of the cost of the means of labor as they wear and tear on the value produced with the help of their products, works and services in order to get money for the subsequent full recovery. Depreciation charges are made according to the established rules of depreciation, their size is set for a certain period for a specific type of fixed assets (group, subgroup) and is usually expressed as a percentage of their book value. DEPRECIATION (from medieval Latin. Amortisatio - repayment), 1) the gradual depreciation assets (equipment, buildings, structures), and the transfer of their value in part on the generated products (see. The amortization expense). 2) Decrease in value of property taxed (in the amount of capitalized tax). 3) The technique - absorption, cushioning, vibration, and so. N. (See. Shock). The amorphous state, the condensed state of matter characterized by isotropy of physical properties due to a disordered arrangement of atoms and molecules. In contrast, the transition from the crystalline state to amorphous solid liquid gradually. In the amorphous state are different materials: glass, resin, plastic and so on. D. Amorphous (from the Greek. Amorphos - formless), formlessness, vagueness. Amorphous metals (metglassy, metallic glasses), metals and alloys with amorphous structure formed at a very rapid cooling of the melt (speed up to 106 K / s). AMORPHOUS language, see. Isolating languages. AMOS, Hebrew prophet 8. BC. e., denounced officials, moneylenders and judges. Sermons of Amos became part of the Bible. AMOSOV Ivan Afanasievich (1800-78), the Russian naval engineer-General (1872). Many of the ships were built Amosov most perfect examples of shipbuilding technology of the time. AMOSOV Nikolai Mikhailovich (b. 1913), Ukrainian surgeon, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1969), corresponding member of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1961), Hero of Socialist Labor (1973). Major works on the heart and lung surgery, biological and medical cybernetics. Author of the book "Thoughts and Heart" (1965) and others. Lenin Prize (1961). Ampelo (Gr. Grapes), in Greek mythology, the beloved of Dionysus. God gave ampelo bunch of grapes and hung it high in a tree. Rising behind it, the young man fell and broke. Was turned into a constellation. Ampelography (from the Greek. Ampelos - grapes and ... graphy), the science of species and varieties. Associated with uvologiey. AMPELOPSIS, the same as ampelopsis. MPELOTERAPIYA (from the Greek. Ampelos - grapes and therapy), treatment with grapes or grape juice anemia, chronic liver disease, biliary tract, kidneys and others. Is usually carried out in conjunction with diet and climatotherapy. Ample plants (from it. Ampel - hanging flower vase), ornamental plants with drooping, prostrate or creeping stems (Tradescantia, bell brittle et al.). AMP 1) unit of electric current in the SI, denoted A. 1A = .109 3 esu units = 0.1 units of emu; named after A. Ampere. 2) A unit of magnetomotive force in SI (the old name of ampere-turn). 1 A = 0,4 p = 14p.3.109 Hilbert units. Esu. AMP (Ampere) André Marie (1775-1836), a French scientist, a foreign member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1830), one of the founders of electrodynamics. Proposed rule, named after him, opened (1820) mechanical interaction of currents and established the law of this interaction (Ampere's law). Built the first theory of magnetism. Ampere law, the law of the mechanical interaction between the two currents flowing in small segments of conductors located at some distance from each other. From Ampere's law implies that the parallel conductors with currents flowing in the same direction attract each other, and in the opposite - repel. Ampere's law is also called the law defining the force with which the magnetic field acts on a small section of conductor. AMP-scales, the same as the current balance. Ampere-turns 1) the product number of windings through which electric current flows, the value of amperage. 2) The old name of the unit of magnetomotive force (see. Amperes). AMMETER (from ampere meter and ...), electrical measuring instrument for measurement of DC and (or) AC; an electrical circuit in series. Scale ammeter calibrated in uA, mA, A or kA. Amperometric titration, electrochemical method for the quantitative analysis, in which the end point is found by an abrupt change of current in the electrolysis. AMP-SEC, a unit quantity of electricity; the same as the pendant. Ah, off-system unit quantity of electricity equal to 3600 Kl. Denoted by A.-C. Ampere-hour battery charge is usually expressed. Empire (from the French. Empire, letters. - Empire) style of architecture and the decorative arts of the first three decades of the 19th century., Completion of the development of classicism. Massive lapidary, emphasized the monumental forms and rich decor (military emblems, ornament), reliance on the artistic legacy of imperial Rome, Greek archaic, Dr. Egypt is the embodiment of the ideas of state power and military strength. Empire style was formed during the Empire of Napoleon I of France, where he was featured ceremonial splendor memorial palace interiors and architecture (architects Sh Persians, PF L. Fontaine). Ideas of grandeur Empire State power expressed in the architecture of a number of European countries, in Vol. H. And in Russia, where he gave the classic examples of urban planning, public works, urban and manor houses (architects, AD Zakharov, Voronikhin, Rossi, VP Stasov), monumental sculptures (I. Martos, FF Shchedrin). Vp (Apion) (1 in.), Apostle of the 70 (Romans 16: 8), Bishop Diospolsky (Palestine), the martyr damaged in Odissa (now Varna, Bulgaria). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) in January and 31 October (13 November). Amplitron (from Lat. Amplifier - amplifier and ... the throne), electronic devices such as magnetron for broadband amplification microwave oscillations. Amplitude (from Lat. Amplitudo - value), the largest deviation of the oscillating at a certain law of magnitude of the average value or a value arbitrarily taken as zero; cm. The harmonic oscillation. The probability amplitude, the same as the wave function. Amplitude modulation, the amplitude change periodically with a frequency much lower than the frequency of the vibrations themselves. It is used in radio (especially in broadcasting), optics, acoustics, and others. Amplitude and frequency characteristics (frequency response), the dependence of the oscillation amplitude at the output of the frequency of the input harmonic signal. Measured by the change in the frequency of constant amplitude of the input signal. Frequency response shows how to transfer some of its harmonic components, and allows us to estimate the distortion of its spectrum. Pulse height analyzer, a device for finding the law of distribution of the amplitudes of electric pulses. Applied, eg., In radar and radio signals in the analysis of complex shape. Amplitude discriminator, device selection (selection) electrical signals whose amplitude exceeds a preset level (threshold). AMPLIFICATION (from Lat. Amplificatio - extension), stylistic figure: injection in the text synonymous tropes or repetitive homogeneous structures (words) ("I caressed conspiracy, suffered, suffered and languished," Lermontov). ROLES (fr. Emploi, letters. - Application), relatively stable types of theatrical roles, age-appropriate, appearance and playing style of the actor: tragedian, comedian, character - a lover, soubrette, ingenue, a travesty, a simpleton, argumentative, and others. In the 20th century . this concept out of use. Ampoule (lat. Ampulla), 1) hermetically sealed glass jar with a narrow neck to be stored in sterile pharmaceutical solutions, and so on. P. 2) In anatomy - bubble-expansion of a tubular organ. Amputation (from Lat. Amputatio - clipping), surgery - removal of the peripheral part of the body (usually a limb); used with gangrene, serious injury, etc.. AMRIKYAN Mihrdat Ovanesovich (1843-79), Armenian actor and theatrical figure. On stage with 1859. From 1863 to mobile troupe GA Chmshkyana. One of the founders of stage realism in the Armenian theater. AMRITA (Skt. Immortal), in Hindu mythology, a special drink the elixir of immortality, extracted from the ocean by the gods at the beginning of creation. Amritsar, a city in north-west India, pieces. Punjab. 709 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Textile, machinery, chemical industry. Known for producing fabrics, carpets, metal, bone, leather. Founded in the late. 16 in. The main religious center of Sikhs. "Golden Temple" Sikhs (destroyed in 1761, then rebuilt). AMRUSH (Amrouche) Jean El Muhuv (1906-1962), the Algerian poet. Founder of the Algerian literature in French. Collection "Berber songs Kabylia" (1939), an epic tale of "Immortal Jugurtha" (1946), a patriotic poem "Battle of Algiers" (1958, published 1962). Amsdorf (Amsdorf) Nicholas (1483-1565), a close friend and collaborator of Luther. AMSTERDAM (Amsterdam), capital of the Netherlands. 695 thousand. Residents (1990, with the suburbs of St. 1 million. Inhabitants). Port in the North m. (St. turnover. 20 million. Tons). Schiphol International Airport. Mechanical engineering (aviation, shipbuilding, electronic), chemical, oil refining, printing, pharmaceutical industry. Traditional jewelry production, almazogranenie. Metropolitan. 2 University. State and city museums, Rembrandt House. Approx. Channels 50, 500 bridges. Games IX Olympiad (1928). First mentioned in 1275. In the 17th century. center of trade and credit of world importance. In 1795-1806 the capital of the Batavian Republic, later - the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Gates Sint Antonisport (now Museum of History, 15-17 cc.); Gothic Old Church (est. 13 in.) and the New Church (15-16 cc.); Northern and Eastern churches (both - 17 in.). Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank (Amrobank; Amsterdam-Rotterdam Bank N. V.), Commercial Bank of the Netherlands, who heads the financial group - Amrogruppu. Founded in 1964. The 2 main offices and 760 branches in the country. Foreign operations in more than 20 countries, in Vol. H. A representative office in Moscow. Has majority interests in four foreign banks. Part of an international banking group. In the context. 1980s. total assets, equity and profit were respectively [billion. guilders (billion. dollars. USA)]: 168.1 (84), 6 (3) and 3.4 (1.7). AMT (amt), administrative-territorial unit (district) in Denmark. AMTMAN-Briede (Amtmanis-Breditis) (Amtmanis-Brieditis) Alfreds (1885-1966), Latvian director, actor and teacher, People's Artist of the USSR (1953). On the scene since 1903. Since 1919, the Latvian Theater. Upitsa (Riga, artistic director since 1944). Professor Latvian Conservatory (1949). USSR State Prize (1948, 1950, 1951). AMTORG (Amtorg Trading Corporation), a corporation incorporated in 1924 in New York; commission mediation of foreign trade between the United States and the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) (until 1991 with the Soviet Union). Hamois (Amuay), the city and the oil export port in Venezuela. Approx. 5 thousand. Residents. The annual turnover of 40 million. M. Oil. Amudarya Reserve, in Turkmenistan. Founded in 1982. The area of 50,000 hectares. In the valley of the river. The Amu Darya and the surrounding areas of the Karakum Zaunguz. Bukhara deer, gazelle; pheasant and others. Amu Darya treasure, gold and silver objects (of 177 items) and coins (1300 pieces) 4-2 centuries. BC. e. Found in 1877 at the ford on the river. Amudarya (Tajikistan). Amu Darya River (Amu, Oaks, Balkh), a river in Wed. Asia. 1415 km, the basin area 309 thousand. Km2 (to the city Kerky). Formed by the confluence of the Vakhsh and Panj; flows into the Aral m., forming a delta (in dry periods does not reach it). Average water consumption at the city Kerky approx. 2,000 m3 / s. Used for irrigation (channels Karakum, Amu-Bukhara et al.). In the middle reaches of the Kyzylkum Reserve. In the lower reaches of the fishery. Regular shipping by Chardjou. Near the Amu Darya - years. Urgench, Nukus, Termez. AMULET (from Lat. Amuletum) (apotrope, Ward), a subject that, for superstitious ideas, able to protect its wearer from disaster. Amul (lat. Amulius), in Roman mythology, king of Alba Longa, expelled his brother Numitor and dedicated in Vestal his daughter Rhea Silvia, subsequently gave birth twins Romulus and Remus. AMUNDSEN (Amundsen) Roald (1872-1928), Norwegian polar explorer and researcher. The first was the Northwest Passage on a ship "Joa" from Greenland to Alaska (1903-06). Led an expedition to Antarctica on the ship "Fram" (1910-12). The first to reach the South Pole (12/14/1911). In 1918-20, passed along the northern coast of Eurasia on the ship "Maud". In 1926 led the first flight over the North Pole in an airship "Norway". Killed in the Barents m., While looking for the Italian expedition U. Nobile. Amundsen mountain, in East. Antarctica, in the western part of the Wilkes Earth. The height of 1445 m. Open Australian expedition D. Mawson in 1912. Amundsen Bay, the North. Arctic c., Between the shores of the mainland and Canada, you Banks and Victoria. The length of 445 km, width up to 213 km, depth to 285 m. Most of the year is covered by ice. Amundsen Basin, in the North. Arctic approx. Between Mts. Lomonosov and Gakkel. Length approx. 2000 km, width of 200-400 km, depth up to 4485 m. Amundsen Sea, Quiet ok., Near Antarctica, between 100 and 123 ° W. d. The area of 98 thousand. km2, depth up to 585 m. The ice-covered. Amundsen-Scott (Amundsen-Scott) (Pole), the American landlocked polar station (since 1957) in the South Geographic Pole, at an altitude of 2800 m. AMMUNITION (Pol. Amunicja, from Lat. Munitio - strengthening, equipment), items (belts , bags, etc..) to facilitate the wearing of military weapons, ammunition; in the Russian Army called military equipment. Horse harness - items harnessing, saddling and vyucheniya animal. AMOUR (Cupid) in Roman mythology, god of love. Corresponds to the Greek Eros. AMOUR (Mong. Hara-Muren, the whale. Heilongjiang), a river in the Far East. Formed by the confluence pp. Shilka and Argun. Flows into the Amur estuary Sea of Okhotsk. Length 2824 km from the source of the Argun (Hailar) - 4440 km, the basin area of 1855 thousand. Km2. Most of the basin is covered by the Russian Federation. Catering primarily from the summer-autumn monsoon rains. Average water consumption 10,900 m3 / s (the largest 40,000 m3 / s in the summer floods). Characterized by the floods. Major tributaries Zeya, Bureya, Amgun - left, Songhua, Ussuri - right. Navigable. On-Amur - years. Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Nikolaevsk-on-Amur. Fishing. The Amur passes of the Russian border with China. Amur-Yakutsk motorways B. Nevers - Tommot - Yakutsk. 1162 km. Built in 1930-37, Yakutia connects with the Trans-Siberian railway. Amur-Yakutsk highway Berkakit - Tommot - Yakutsk. 830 km. Built since 1985. Amurri, see. Martha. Amursana (1722-57), one of the ruling princes Four Oirat, Manchu leader of the liberation movement in Mongolia in the 50th. 18 in. Led a revolt in Dzhungaria. In 1757 he fled to Russia, where he died. Amur-Sanan Mudrenovich Anton (1888-1939), Kalmyk writer. Autobiographical novel "Mudreshkin Son" (1925), the story "Aranzal" (1932), "In the Steppe" (1935). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Amur, city (1973) in the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk kr., A marina on the River. Cupid. 59.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Sawmill and woodworking and pulp and paper factory. Amur Military Flotilla, formally established in 1906 to defend the borders of Russia pp. Amur and Ussuri. During the Civil War, was captured by the Japanese invaders in 1920 is recreated. Participated in combat operations during the Sino-Soviet conflict in 1929, the Manchurian operation in 1945. Amur Region, Russian Federation. 363.7 thousand. Km2. Population 1,074 thous. People (1991), urban 68%. 10 cities. 33 urban-type settlements (1991). Center - Blagoveshchensk. Most of the territory is mountainous in the south - Zeya-Bureya plain. Average January temperatures from -24 to -33 ° C, in July 18-21 ° C. 800-900 mm of precipitation per year. The main river - Amur. Forested area - 65% of the territory. Industry: mining (gold, coal), timber, woodworking, electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, food. Zeya hydroelectric station. The main agricultural region of the Far East. Grain crops (wheat, oats, barley), soy; potatoes, vegetables. Cattle breeding; beekeeping, herding, farming. Hunting. Pass through the territory of the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-Amur Railway. Shipping along the Amur, Zeya, Bureya and others. Amur Bay, off the northwest coast of the hall. Peter the Great m. Length approx. 65 km long and 9-20 km, depth up to 20 m. The port - Vladivostok. Amur gooseberry, Actinidia view. Amur estuary, part predustevaya p. Cupid, in the north of the Tatar Strait., Between mainland Asia and the northern part of. Sakhalin. Length approx. 185 km long and 40 km, depth 3-4.5 m. Amur Cossack army, created in 1858 in the Amur region and Primorye (center - Blagoveshchensk). In 1889 it is allocated from the Ussuri Cossack army. In 1916 the population of 49 thousand. People, approx. 970 thousand. Acres of land. In the 1st world war exposed 2 cavalry regiments, seven hundred horsemen, 1 battery. In 1918 abolished. Amur-Zeya plain, in the basins of the Amur, Zeya (and its tributaries Selemdzha and Urkan), in the Amur region. Height up to 904 m. The surface undulating. Larch and pine forests. Carp, common name 2 genera cyprinids - grass carp and black carp. Up to 1.2 m length, weigh up to 32 lbs. In the rivers of China and bass. Cupid. Acclimatized in the European part of Russia and Wed. Asia. Target species and breeding.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ

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