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"AMERICAN Broadcasting Company" (ABC-C; American Broadcasting Company), one of the three national commercial broadcasters essential USA. Founded in 1943 (TV network in 1953), Washington. Belongs communications association "Capital Cities". "American Telephone and Telegraph" (American Telephone and Telegraph), electrical and electronics company US, the largest in the country to produce installer. Founded in 1885. It produces communications equipment, computers and others. Electronic equipment, serves American and international long-distance telephone lines and telex communications. With sales of 35.2 billion. USD., Net profit 1.7 billion. USD., The number of employees 304 thous. People (con. 1980.). "American Airlines" (American Airlines), US airline, one of the leading in the world. Operates services in Ka "Americano" see. "American Encyclopedia". "Americano" see. "American Encyclopedia". Americanism, words and expressions borrowed from American English, for example. in Russian "gangster". Americanoid race cm. American race. Mexican-American War 1846-48, undertaken by the United States. As a result of the US war captured St. 1/2 Mexican territory, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the present territory of the United States. US-Panamanian CONTRACTS 1903, 1936, 1955. In 1903 the United States received a contract in perpetuity zone Panamanian territory for the construction and operation of the Panama Canal; agreements in 1936 and 1955 to clarify the conditions of operation of the channel and its area. US-Panamanian CONTRACTS 1977. According to the US-Panama the Panama Canal Treaty establishes sovereignty over the Panama Canal 1 January 2000 provide for denunciation of the former US-Panamanian treaties, the elimination of the Canal Zone, and others. According to the US-Panamanian treaties Permanent Neutrality and Operation of the channel in conjunction with the US Panama Canal guarantee neutrality . US-Philippine War 1899-1901, the United States against the Republic of the Philippines (proclaimed in 1898), led to the fall of the latter and the transformation of the Philippines possession USA (in 1934 gained autonomy in 1946 an independent state, see. Philippines). US-French treaty in 1778, signed in Paris during the War of Independence in the North. America 1775-83. France promised to defend "freedom, sovereignty and independence" of the United States in their struggle against Great Britain. US-Japanese treaty in 1951, 1960, 1951 Security Treaty, signed in San Francisco. According to the agreement the United States could be in Japan, its armed forces and military bases. 1960 Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security, signed in Washington. Replaced and supplemented the 1951 agreement the American Relief Administration, see. "ARA". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, AMPAS), The American Film Academy, a public organization in the United States. Founded in Hollywood in 1927. 12 sections - directing, acting, scenic et al., Film archives, library, screening room. Since 1929 annually awards by secret ballot "Oscar" for best American film and achievements in various fields of American cinema, Best Foreign Language Film of the Year, as well as for his contribution to cinema in general. American white butterfly, butterfly moth family, quarantine pest of fruit crops in the North. America and Europe. Wings white, often with dark spots. Eats (caterpillars) leaves, cobwebs entangled branches. AMERICAN RACE (Americanoid race), part of the great Mongoloid race. Combines along with Mongoloid features some Caucasoid features (no epicanthus strongly protruding nose, etc..). Distributed in the North. and South. America (Indians). Some anthropologists believe her self a big race. Because of the Asian population in the Pleistocene epoch (about 30 thousand. BC) migrated on an ice bridge across the Bering Strait on the American continent. American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO), the largest professional association in the United States, created in 1955 through the merger of the American Federation of Labor (founded in 1881) and the Congress of Industrial Organizations (founded in 1935). As part of the AFL - PPC 90 trade unions, St. 14 million. Member States (1993). Member of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. "American Encyclopedia" ("Americana"; The Encyclopedia Americana), universal encyclopedia in the United States, 1st ed. 16 vols., 1903-04, New York. Since 1918 published (with the partial renewal of the material) Publishing Corporation "Groler." In 30 volumes; St. 60 thousand. Articles. From 1923 comes Yearbook "American Encyclopedia". New World vulture (American condors), a suborder of birds of prey squad. Length 112 cm, wings span up to 3 m. The head and the neck bare. 1 family and 7 species (in Vol. H. Condor) in America. They feed mainly on carrion. The number is decreasing. California vulture - in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. AMERICAN monkeys, the same as the New World monkeys. AMERICAN ostrich, the same as the rhea. AMERICAN FOULBROOD, an infectious disease of the larvae of bees; diseased larvae die, becoming dark brown sticky mass with the smell of wood glue. The American Legion, the US organization of participants in the various wars, founded in 1919, maintains a conservative orientation in the military-political issues. AMERICAN trotter legkoupryazhnaya breed horses bred in the middle. 19 in. US. Quickly, hardy. In Russia, crossing with Orlov trotters launched Russian trotter. Bred in the North. America and Europe mainly for sporting purposes. Soccer, sports team game with the oval ball in the United States (1870-ies.), Canada and others. Countries. Similar to rugby. The US invasion of Grenada, held on 25 October 1983. The immediate pretext for the US invasion and six other Caribbean countries were killing the head of People's Revolutionary Government of Maurice Bishop. It was announced that the unstable situation in the country was a threat to American citizens were there. Government M. Bishop conducted social reforms, openly expressed support for the rate of Fidel Castro, sought friendship with the Soviet Union. Troopers USA was launched from the island in December 1983, but the military presence in other countries persisted. Quick and successful operation to "restore order" in Grenada was used by the US government to overcome the "Vietnam syndrome". AMERICANS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, the people, the main population of the United States. The total number of 194,200,000. People (1992), in Vol. H. In the US 193 million. People. The number in Canada 350 thousand. Man, Mexico 135 thousand. Man, Great Britain 120 thousand. Man. Speak American English. Believers mostly Protestants and Catholics. AMERIKYAN Tsolak Keropovich (1887-1964), actor, People's Artist of Armenia (1947). On the scene since 1909. Since 1931, the Armenian Theater. Mravyan. Amerindian (abbr. From the English. American Indians), the code name of American Indians. Americium (lat. Americium), Am, a chemical element of group III of the periodic system, atomic number 95 refers to the actinides. Radioactive, most stable isotope 243Am (half-life of 7370 years). Name from the word "America" (in place of opening). Silver metal, the density of 13.67 g / cm3, melting point 1173 ° C. Obtained artificially. A mixture of 241Am and 9Be - neutron source in the inspection. Amerling (Amerling) Karel Slavoj (1807-84), Czech culture and public education. Textbooks and teaching aids in the natural sciences. Amersfoort (Amersfoort), a city in the Netherlands. 102 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Mechanical engineering and metal working, chemical, food, textile industry. Amethyst, mineral, transparent purple variety of quartz. Coloring is often uneven. Large, beautifully colored crystals of amethyst - precious stones. Production of synthetic amethyst. Amethyst Ernest M. (b. 1934), Russian statesman, lawyer, expert in the field of international law. From 1968 on scientific work. Since 1991, members of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. Refractive error (from the Greek. Ametros - disproportionate and ops - eyes), refractive error (refractive power) of the eye in the form of nearsightedness or farsightedness. Amet-Khan Sultan (1920-71), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1943, 1945), Lieutenant Colonel (1946), Distinguished Test Pilot of the USSR (1961). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aircraft; 150 air battles personally shot down 30 and a group of 19 aircraft. St. experienced. 100 aircraft. USSR State Prize (1953). Died during the test aircraft. Amide, the Japanese name of Amitabha Buddha, the lord of heaven. Amidol hydrochloride (2, 4-diaminophenol), greyish crystals. In aqueous solution is rapidly oxidized by atmospheric oxygen. Developing agent in photography. Acid amides, acid derivatives whose molecules OH group is substituted at the amino group NH2. Eg. Amide sulfuric acid H2SO4 - sulfamic acid HOSO2NH2; amide acetic acid CH3COOH - acetamide CH3CONH2; full amide of carbonic acid H2CO3 - urea NH2CONH2 (urea). AMIC, in Greek mythology, the son of Poseidon, the king Bebryces. Summoned to a fistfight Argonauts landed his country. Polydeuces killed in a duel. Amylase enzymes of the class of hydrolases, which catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of polysaccharides (starch, glycogen et al.) All living organisms. Involved in the process of digestion in humans and animals. Alcohol used in bakery industry, but also in the production of glucose. Amyl acetate, CH3COOC5H11, colorless liquid with a fruity odor, boiling point 149,2 ° C. Solvent paints, extractant. Amyl nitrite, amyl alcohol esters and nitrous acid HNO2. One of amyl nitrite - isoamyl nitrite (CH3) 2CHCH2CH2ONO (yellow liquid with a fruity odor, boiling point 99 ° C) - a vasodilator drug and antidote for poisoning with hydrocyanic acid and its salts. Amyl alcohol, C5H11OH. Structural isomers of the 8 most important isoamyl alcohol (CH3) 2CHCH2CH2OH - the main component of fusel oil; colorless liquid with an unpleasant odor, boiling point 132,1 ° C. Amyl alcohol is prepared from mainly esters - amyl acetate, isoamyl acetate. Amylose is a linear polysaccharide of glucose residues formed. Is part of the starch (usually 10-30%). Amylose solution dyed blue with iodine. Amyloidosis, protein-carbohydrate dystrophy; education and the system (or local) deposition in the tissues of the protein amyloid substance; is genetic (eg., with periodic disease); can occur as a complication of chronic infections (eg., osteomyelitis), and so on. d. amylopectin, a branched polysaccharide formed by glucose residues. Is part of the starch (usually 70-90%). In t. N. waxy varieties of corn, barley, rice starch consists of amylopectin. A solution of iodine in amylopectin colored red-violet color. Amyloplast see. Leucoplasts. Amim, lack of facial expressions in mental illness, Parkinson's disease, lesions of the facial nerve. AMIN-Zade Zebo Muhiddinovna (b. 1948), the Tajik artist, choreographer, People's Artist of the USSR (1986). On the scene since 1965. Since 1978, the artistic director of the Tajik created by her vocal and choreographic ensemble "Zebo". Amino acids, a class of organic compounds containing carboxyl (-COOH) and amino (-NH2); have properties and acids and bases. Involved in the metabolism of organisms nitrogenous compounds (the starting material in the biosynthesis of hormones, vitamins, neurotransmitters, pigments, purine and pyrimidine bases, alkaloids, et al.). Natural amino acids St. 150. Ok. 20 major aminikislot serve monomer units that make up all the proteins (amino acid incorporation in the order determined by their genetic code). Most microorganisms and plants synthesize amino acids necessary for them; animals and humans are not able to form t. n. essential amino acids, derived from food. Mastered industrial synthesis (chemical and microbiological) of a number of amino acids used for the enrichment of foods, feeds, as starting materials for the production of polyamides, dyestuffs and pharmaceuticals. Aminopeptidase enzymes hydrolase class that catalyze the hydrolytic cleavage of polypeptides from the free amino group (Wed carboxypeptidase). Rounding protein digestion in the intestine. Aminoplasts (urea plastics), plastic-based or urea-melamine-formaldehyde resins. Of aminoplast-press powders are produced, eg., TV cabinet, made of laminated plastics - the trim Furniture et al. Amino sugars, simple sugars, containing an amino group. In nature, the most common glucosamine (composed of polysaccharides of cell membranes, chitin) and galactosamine (consisting of cartilage polysaccharide). Aminoalcohols, organic compounds containing in the molecule one or more amino and hydroxyl (alcohol) groups; see., eg., ethanolamines. Aminotransferase (transaminase), enzymes of the class transferases catalyze the reversible transfer of amino groups from amino acids to keto acids. Catalyzed transamination reaction aminotransferases the link between the protein and carbohydrate metabolism in living organisms. Aminophenols, aromatic compound containing an amino group in the molecule and a hydroxyl group; Colorless crystals: ortho-aminophenols (m.p. 174 ° C), meta-aminophenols (m.p. 123 ° C), para-aminophenols (m.p. 190 ° C). Used in the manufacture of dyes and as a developing agent in the photo. See. Also aminophenols. Amines, organic compounds, the products of substitution of hydrogen atoms in ammonia NH3 organic radicals R: primary RNH2, secondary R2NH, tertiary R3N (R, eg., CH3, C2H5, C6H5). Amines having in the molecule 2, 3, 4 or more NH2-groups referred respectively di-, tri-, tetra-, and polyamines; amines with one NH2-group is sometimes called monoamines. Aliphatic amines are usually prepared by alkylation of ammonia, aromatic amines - the restoration of nitro compounds. Used in the manufacture of dyes, explosives and drugs, polymers. Amines and their derivatives found in nature (eg., Alkaloids, amino acids). AMEN (Gr. Amen, from Hebr. - Let it be true, truly), the traditional final word of prayer and preaching in Christianity and Judaism. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, a chronic, progressive organic disease of the central nervous system, presumably viral nature: the defeat of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral cortex and muscle atrophy, paresis, paralysis. Amir Hamza (Amir Hamzah) (1911-46), an Indonesian poet. In "Quiet Songs" (1937), "The Fruits of anguish" (1941) The impact of Sufism. Translated the ancient Indian poem "Bhagavad Gita". Amir Khusrow (1253-1325), Indian poet, scholar, musician. Turk origin. Wrote in Persian, Urdu and Hindi languages. 5 sofas lyric: "The Gift of Youth" (1272), "The fullness of perfection" (1293) et al., 5 poems ("Khamsa"). Literary and historical works. AMIRALD (Amiro) (Amyraldus, Amyraut) Moise (1596-1664), the French Reformed theologian, professor at Saumur. In the book "A Treatise on Predestination" defended the idea of the salvation of all believers. Essay "Christian morality" (1652-60). Amiranashvili Medea P. (b. 1930), Georgian singer (soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1976). Daughter PV Amiranashvili. Since 1954 in the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre. Professor of the Tbilisi Conservatory (1982). Amiranashvili Peter Varlamovich (1907-76), Georgian singer (baritone), People's Artist of the USSR (1950). Since 1930 in the Tbilisi Opera and Ballet Theatre. USSR State Prize (1947). Amiranashvili Shalva Yasonovich (1899-1975), historian of the Georgian and Iranian art, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943), Academician of the Georgian Academy of Sciences (1955). Director of the Art Museum of Georgia in Tbilisi (1939). Amiran (child of the sun), the hero of the national epic of ancient Georgia "Amiraniani." The Myth of Amiran akin to the myth of Prometheus. Amirante Islands (Amirantes Islands), an archipelago of coral islands (approx. 150) in the Indian approx. 85 km2. Included in the State Seychelles. Ali oglu Amiraslanov Agamaly (1900-62), a geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Works on the Geology of non-ferrous metals of the Urals, Kazakhstan, Transbaikalia and Wed. Asia. Amirdovlat Amasnatsi (1420 and 1425-96), an Armenian doctor. The author of "The benefits of Medicine" (1469), containing anatomical, physiological, hygienic information and description of diseases known to medieval medicine, and "Useless for the Ignorant" (1482), which describes (in 6 languages in the alphabet) approx. 3000 medicaments. AMIR Fikret Mashadi Jamil (1922-84), the Azerbaijani composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1965), corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (1980), Hero of Socialist Labor (1982). Opera "Sevil" (1953), the ballet "Thousand and One Nights." (1979), symphonic music (mugham "Shur", "Kyurdovshary", 1948), Piano Concerto and others. USSR State Prize (1949, 1980). Amirhan Fatih Zarifovich (1886-1926), the Tatar writer, essayist and educator. The founder of the newspaper "El Islah" ("Reform", 1907-09). The story "Tatar girl" (1909), stories. AMIRKHANOV Habibullah Ibrahimovic (1907-86), the Azerbaijani physicist, academician of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (1949), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1970). Works on the thermophysical properties of substances, physical properties of semiconductors and semiconductor devices. Amirejibi Chabua (Mzechabuki) Iraklievich (b. 1921), Georgian writer. The novel "Data Tutashkhia" (Vol. 1-2, 1972-75; the script of the film "Beach", 1980, the USSR State Prize, 1981). AMITABHA (Skt. Immeasurable light), Buddha, managing Sukhavati paradise earth; under the name of Amida is especially revered in Japan. Amitayus (Skt. Immeasurable life), the Buddha - the patron of longevity; especially revered in Tibet, China and Mongolia. Amici (Amici) Giovanni Battista (1786-1863), an Italian botanist and optics. The first to describe the movement of protoplasm in a plant cell and pollen tube (1823). Invented the immersion microscope objective (1827). Amicis (Amicis) Edmondo De see. Edmondo De Amicis. Amlinsky Vladimir Ilyich (1935-89), the Russian writer. Novels, short stories (often on the basis of the documentary) about the life of young people ("The Life of Ernest Shatalov", 1968; "Boring garden", 1979), a biographical novel about a father of geneticists to "justify every hour will be ..." (1986). The essay "On the abandoned tombs ..." (1988) on the NI Bukharin. Amman, capital of Jordan. 1.2 million. Inhabitants (1990). International Airport. Cement, oil refining, textiles, tobacco industry. University. Archaeological and Islamic museums. In ancient times, known as Rabbath-Ammon, in the Hellenistic-Roman era - Philadelphia. In 1921 became the capital of the Emirate of Transjordan. Since 1946, the capital of the Jordan. Ruins of Roman and Arab buildings. Ammi, born biennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. Approx. 10 species, mainly in the Mediterranean; 1 view - ammi tooth - in the Caucasus. This kind of Ammi majus and cultured to obtain the drug, has antispasmodic action. Ammonia (from the Greek. Hals ammoniakos - ammonia), NH3, colorless gas with a pungent suffocating odor; density of 0.681 g / cm3 (-33,35 ° C), m.p. -77,7 ° C -33,35 ° C boiling point; at a pressure of 0.9 MPa at room temperature is liquefied. It is soluble in water; aqueous solution - ammonia. Prepared catalytic synthesis from nitrogen and hydrogen under pressure. Used in the production of nitric acid and fertilizers (ammonia produced 4/5), ammonium salts of hydrocyanic acid soda. Liquid ammonia - coolant, highly concentrated fertilizer. Explosive. Toxic. Ammine 1) complex compound (ammine) adducts of ammonia salts, eg. [Cu (NH3) 4] Cl2. Used in analytical chemistry (many ammines painted) for the separation of metals. 2) Liquid nitrogen fertilizers for different soils under different crops (aqueous solutions of urea, ammonium nitrate, saturated NH3). Ammianus Marcellinus (Ammianus Marcellinus) (c. 330 - c. 400), the Roman historian. The author of "Acts", describing events (wars, palace intrigues, and so. D.) From the reign of Nerva (con. 1 in.) To 378. Of the 31 books reached 14-31-I (between 353 to 378). Ammonia water 1) Water (18-25% ethyl) ammonia NH3; is mainly used as a liquid nitrogen fertilizer and feed ammoniation. 2) the aqueous portion of the condensate formed during carbonization gases are treated with water (ie. N. Water-tar); in addition contains an amount of NH3 H2S, CO2, etc. contaminants. It is used as a raw material in the production of ammonium sulfate. Ammonium nitrate (ammonium nitrate, ammonium nitrate), NH4NO3, colorless hygroscopic easily soluble in water crystals, mp 169,6 ° C. Component (oxidant) many industrial explosives (ammonite ammonalov et al.); nitrogen fertilizer (approx. 34% N). AMMONIUM Selitrennoe explosives class (akvanity, akvatoly, ammonal, ammonites, granulites, detonitov et al.), The main component of which - ammonium nitrate. Nitro compounds can contain combustible materials, excipients. Hygroscopic and prone to caking. Ammonal group ammonium Selitrennoe explosives containing nitro compounds and aluminum powder. The heat of explosion 5,1-5,9 MJ / kg, are waterproof. Used in mines, non-hazardous gas and dust. Ammonium nitrate, the same as ammonium nitrate. Ammoniation, drinking water treatment with ammonia for a few seconds before chlorination to ensure a longer disinfection effect and prevent the formation of organochlorine compounds, which give the water an unpleasant odor and taste. Ammoniation feed, feed processing (silo, bagasse, straw, etc.) With ammonia or its derivatives for the enrichment of nitrogen. AMMONIUM, NH4 +, singly charged cation. Is a member of ammonium nitrate NH4NO3, ammonium sulfate. (NH4) 2SO4 and others. Ammonium salts. Ammonius of Alexandria (3 in.), Christian writer, was "Diatessaron" - Gospel harmony. Ammonium (Amman) Nicomedia (d. 305 or 311), the Christian martyr, the young man who suffered in the persecution of the Emperor Maximilian; pupil Babylas Nicomedia. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) of September. Ammonite ammonium group Selitrennoe explosives containing nitro compounds; sometimes nitrate esters and salts, flame arresters. The heat of explosion 3,4-5,5 MJ / kg. Hygroscopic and prone to caking, insensitive to impact, abrasion and fire. Used in underground mines, non-hazardous gas and dust, and on the earth's surface. Ammonites subclass (or superorder) extinct marine cephalopods. Known from the Devonian to Cretaceous inclusive; were widespread. Shell diameter from a few centimeters up to 2 m. Approx. 1500 species, rapidly succeeded each other in time, and therefore the ammonites - an important group of fossils. Ammonium nitrate is the same as ammonium nitrate. Ammonium peroxosulfate (ammonium persulfate), (NH4) 2S2O8, colorless crystals. Highly soluble in water. A strong oxidant in the presence of water releases oxygen and ozone. The polymerization initiator means for bleaching and disinfecting agent in photography and analytical chemistry. Ammonium persulfate, the same as ammonium peroxosulfate. AMMONIUM SULFATE, (NH4) 2SO4, colorless crystals. Highly soluble in water. Used as a fertilizer in the production of viscose fiber.

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