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Alliterative verse, purely tonic verse Anglo-Saxon, Old High German and staroislandskoy poetry (8-13 cc.): Often a verse from 2 hemistichs, 2 accent in each, both words 1 and one of the words of the 2nd hemistichs associated initial alliteration sounds. A similar organization alliterative verse is common in Turkic languages. Alliteration (from Lat. Ad - to when and littera - letter), the repetition of consonants homogeneous, which gives the literary text, usually verse, special sound and tonal expression. Eg., "Hissing foam glasses of punch and blue flame" (Pushkin). Allia (Allia), a river in Italy, a tributary of the Tiber. Allia on 18.7.390 (or 387) BC. e. Gauls defeated the Roman army and sacked Rome. 7.18 was considered in Other. Rome unlucky day. Allo ... (from the Greek. Allos - other), part of the complex word means: "a", "other" (eg., Allotropy). Allobroges, a Celtic tribe, conquered by the Romans in 121 BC. e. Rage (Ger. Allod, Frankish alodis, from al - full and od - ownership), the Germanic tribes and feudal states Zap. Europe freely transferable individual family land ownership. With the development of feudal relations most of the small Allods become a dependent peasant holding, Rage large and medium landowners - in benefices and fiefs. As a relic of allodial property existed and developed feudalism. Allopathy (from allo ... and ... Patiala), a term proposed by the founder of homeopathy S. Hahnemann to refer to non-homeopathic treatments. Speciation allopatric (from allo ... and Greek. Patris - birthplace), a method of speciation in the evolutionary process, in which new types of organisms originate from related groups with non-overlapping (isolated) ranges. So, on different islands of the Galapagos group having different kinds of finches. Allopolyploid (from allo ... and polyploidy), hereditary changes in the cells of plants, animals rarely, consisting in a multiple increase in the number of sets of chromosomes in interspecific or intergeneric crosses. Found in nature and can be obtained specifically (rye-wheat, cabbage-redechnye hybrids). Is important in the processes of speciation in plants. Allotropes (from allo ... and Greek. Tropos - turn the property), the existence of chemical elements in the form of two or more simple substances. May be due to the formation of molecules with different numbers of atoms (eg., O2 and ozone O3) or crystals of different modifications (eg., Diamond and graphite, consisting of carbon atoms). In the last example allotropy - a special case of polymorphism. ALLOHORIYA (from allo ... and Greek. Choreo - go ahead, forge), distribution of plants by various external factors: human (anthropochore), animals (zoochory), wind (anemochore), water (hydrochory). Avg. Avtohoriya. Allochthonous (from allo ... and Greek. Chthon - land) of the folded structures, thrust upon unbiased autochthonous structure (see. Autochthon); tectonic nappes form. Allochthonous, species (genera, families), organisms that have entered into this area for resettlement (migration) of the places where they occur in the course of evolution. Eg., The North American opossum - allochthon North. America, t. To. Settled here from the South. America. Avg. Autochthonous. Alluvium (from Lat. Alluvio - coated) (alluvial deposits), deposits of permanent and temporary watercourses (rivers, streams), composed of clastic material of varying degrees of roundness and sorting (pebbles, gravel, sand, loam, clay). Allusions (from Lat. Allusio - a joke, hint), stylistic figure, a hint by skhodnozvuchaschego words or references to well-known historical facts of historical events, literary works ("glory Gerostrat" - Wed Herostrat). Allure (fr. Allure, letters. - Gait), types of movement of the horse. Proper use of the natural gait - step, trot, amble, gallop, jump contributes to maintaining health of the horse. Artificial gait - the front step, arcade, pyaffe, pirouette used in circus arts and equestrian sports. ALLYATSY Leo (Gr. Allatios Leon, lat. Allacci Leone) (1586-1669), the Latin writer, a Greek by birth. In an extensive correspondence and theological writings emphasized the agreement between the Greek and Roman churches. ALMATY (Kazakh. - Almaty) (until 1921 Faithful), capital (since 1929) of Kazakhstan, the center of the Alma-Ata region., In the northern foothills of Trans-Ili Alatau, at pp. B. and M. Almatinka. Railway station. 1156 thousand. Inhabitants (1991, including settlements, subject to City Council, 1160 thousand. Inhabitants). Engineering and metalworking, food, light, and others. Industry. Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan, 16 universities (in Vol. H. Kazakh University, Conservatory). 9 theaters (in Vol. H. Kazakh Opera and Ballet Theatre, German Theatre). 13 museums (in Vol. H. Museum Kazakhstan Museum of Art. Kasteev, Literary Memorial Museum Auezova). Founded in 1854. Government House (1957), the Palace of the Republic (1970), the hotel "Kazakhstan" (1977). New residential neighborhoods. Almaty has repeatedly suffered from earthquakes (the last in 1911 and 1921) and mudflows (created antimudflow structures). Near Alma-Ata - winter sports complex Medeo. Almaty Oblast, Kazakhstan. 104.7 thousand. Km2. Population 2,110 thous. People (1989). Adm. c. - Alma-Ata. Average January temperatures range from -9 to -10 ° C, July 24 ° C. Precipitation of 100 mm (desert) to 1000 mm (mountains) per year. The main river - Or. In the north-west - Lake. Balkhash. Industry: machine building and metalworking, food, light industry, building materials. Kapshagay Hydroelectric Power Plant, Alma-Ata hydroelectric power plants. The area of irrigated agriculture. Wheat, barley, corn, rice. Sugarbeet, tobacco. Horticulture and viticulture. Livestock: sheep, cattle, horses; poultry. Navigation on the Lake. Balkhash and p. Or. In the mountains near Alma-Ata, mountain resorts, tourist centers. Alma-Ata reserve, near Alma-Ata, in the central part of the Trans-Ili Alatau. Founded in 1931 (from 1935 State Reserve). The area of 73,325 hectares. Forests of spruce Schrenk, fruit; juniper Siberian and Turkestan. Alpine steppe and subalpine meadows. Siberian ibex, snow leopard, civet-belodushka et al. Alma-Ata Veterinary Institute, founded in 1929 to train specialists in animal husbandry, zooengineers, veterinarians. In 1991, approx. 5 thousand. Students. Alma-Ata Medical Institute was founded in 1931. It prepares physicians major specialties. In 1991, approx. 7 thousand. Students. DIAMOND, mineral, one of the crystalline polymorphs of carbon, C. Types of diamond - Ballas, Carbonado, overboard. Crystallizes in the cubic system. Colorless or colored octahedral crystals. The hardest mineral (hardness of 10 on Mohs' scale); density approx. 3.5 g / cm3, a high refractive index (2.417). Semiconductor. Large, transparent crystals of diamond - gems 1st class. The world's largest diamond, "Cullinan" (3106 car), "Excelsior" (971.5 carats), "Jonker" (726 carats). Used in industry as an abrasive material. Industrial deposits associated with kimberlites, placers. Major foreign producing countries: South Africa, Zaire, Botswana, Namibia. In the Russian Federation field in Yakutia, in the Urals. Synthetic diamonds are obtained from graphite and carbonaceous substances Ser. 50s. 20 in. Annual production of synthetic diamonds a few million. Carats (mainly for technical purposes). DIAMOND, city (1977) in Ukraine, Lugansk region. Railway station (Stakhanov). 7.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Metallurgical Plant. DIAMOND MOUNTAIN, North Korea, see. Kumgang. Diamond tools are manufactured using natural or synthetic diamonds for the work (mostly cutting) parts, grinding wheels and bars (with diamond powder), cutters, milling cutters, dies, drilling and others. Tools (Crystal diamond). Designed to handle solids. DIAMOND syndicate international company sales of natural diamonds of South Africa, Zaire, Namibia and others. Countries. Founded in 1892. It controls 60-70% of the capitalist market diamonds (con. 1980.). The dominant role played by the company "De Beers Consolidated Mines" (South Africa). Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation, the State Assembly gems and jewelry of historical, artistic and material value, as well as the unique gold and platinum nuggets. Founded in 1922. Since 1967 in the Moscow Kremlin is a permanent exhibition of the Diamond Fund. DIAMOND Alexander Ivanovich (1859-1920), Russian spiritual writer, professor of Novorossiysk University in the department of ecclesiastical law; author of the book "The Secret confession in the Orthodox Church" (vols. 1-3, 1894). DIAMOND Boris Nikolayevich (1827-76), Russian writer and critic. Humorous poems and parodies (the collection "Dissonances", 1863; under the pseudonym. B. adamantyl). Poetic narration of historical and religious subjects ("Stories from the life of the Christian ascetics," 1865; the poem "Baptism of Vladimir", 1874). Literary critiques, satires. Translations. ALMALIK, city (1951) in Uzbekistan, Tashkent region. 116.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Center-ferrous metallurgy. Mining and Metallurgical Plant, Chemical Plant and others. CHP. Almaszadeh Gamer Haji Agha kyzy (b. 1915), the Azerbaijani ballet dancer, choreographer, People's Artist of the USSR (1959). The first Azerbaijani ballet dancer. Since 1936 in the Theater of Opera and Ballet. Akhundov. USSR State Prize (1952). ALMEIDA (Almeida), Francisco (c. 1450-1510), Portuguese explorer, conqueror of a number of territories in the West. India; 1st Viceroy of Portuguese possessions in India (1505-09). ALMEIDA-GARRET (Almeida Garrett) João Baptista da Silva Leitão (da Silva Leitao) (1799-1854), Portuguese writer. The representative of romanticism. Patriotic poem "Camões" (1825), a historical drama "Autua Lived Vicente" (1838), the novel "Arch St. Anne" (1845-51). ALNI (from aluminum and nickel) magnetic alloys Fe (base) with Ni (20-34%), and Al (11-18%), sometimes with the addition of Cu, Co, Si, Ti. Produce permanent magnets. Aloha, the State in the territory of the southern part of modern Sudan from 6 in., 15 in. fell under the rule of the Arabs. Als Alexander (1923-83), the Russian film director and screenwriter, People's Artist of the USSR (1983). Made with director V. Naumov movies: "The alarming youth" (1955), "Pavel Korchagin" (1957), "World incoming" (1961), "A bad anecdote" (1966), "Running" (1971), "The Legend of Till "(1977)," Tehran-43 "(1981)," The Shore "(1984) and others. USSR State Prize (1985, posthumously). Illogic (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Logismos - mind), 1) the denial of logical reasoning as a means of arriving at the truth; rratsionalizm, mysticism, fideism oppose the logic of intuition, faith or revelation. 2) In the style of an intentional violation of a speech logical connections with the aim of stylistic (in Vol. H. Comic) effect, "never forget - he was or was not, this evening" (Blok). Roses WAR 1455-85, civil war in England, for the throne between the two branches of the Plantagenet dynasty - Lancaster (red rose in the emblem) and York (in the arms of a white rose). Death in the war the main representatives of the two dynasties, and a large part of the nobility facilitated the establishment of absolutism Tyudorov.ALOY War of the Roses (The Wars of Roses) (1455-85), bloody internecine conflicts between the feudal cliques in England, took the form of the struggle for the throne between the two lines royal House of Plantagenet: Lancaster (red rose in the emblem) and York (in the arms of a white rose) .Prichiny voynyPrichinami war served as the economic plight of England (large patrimonial economy crisis and the fall of its yield) defeated England in the Hundred Years' War (1453), lishivshee feudal opportunities rob the land of France; suppression of the uprising in 1451 Jack Kad (see. Kad Jack uprising) and along with it - forces opposed to feudal anarchy. Lancaster relied mainly on the barons backward north, Wales and Ireland, York - on feudal economically more developed south-east of England. Middle nobility, merchants and wealthy citizens who are interested in the free development of trade and crafts, the elimination of feudal anarchy and the establishment of firm power, supported Yorkov.Pri feeble-minded King Henry VI Lancaster (1422-61), the country was ruled a few clicks of the feudal lords that aroused resentment in others segments of the population. Taking advantage of this discontent, Richard, Duke of York, gathered around him and his vassals went with them to London. At the Battle of St Albans 22 May 1455 he defeated supporters Scarlet roses. Ousted from power soon, he again rebelled and declared its claim to the English throne. With an army of his followers he defeated the enemy at Blore Heath, (September 23, 1459) and North Hampton (10 July 1460); the last time he captured the king, and then forced the upper house to plead protector of the state and heir to the throne. But Queen Margaret, wife of Henry VI, with his followers suddenly attacked him at Wakefield (30 December 1460). Richard was routed and slain in the battle. Enemies cut off his head and put it on the wall in York paper crown. His son Edward, supported by the Earl of Warwick defeated supporters Lancaster dynasty at Mortimer Crosse (2 February 1461) and Toutone (29 March 1461). Henry VI was deposed; He and Margaret fled to Scotland. Winner became King Edward IV.Eduard IVOdnako war continued. In 1464 Edward IV defeated Lancastrian supporters in the north of England. Henry VI was captured and imprisoned in the Tower. The desire of Edward IV strengthen their power and limit the freedom of the feudal nobility led to an uprising of his former supporters, led by Warwick (1470). Edward fled from England, Henry VI in October 1470 was restored to the throne. In 1471 Edward IV of Barnet (April 14) and Tewkesbury (4 May), defeated the army of Warwick and army wife Marguerite Henry VI, landed in England with the support of the French King Louis XI. Warwick was killed Henry VI in April 1471 again deposed and died (presumably killed) in the Tower on May 21 1471.Zavershenie voynyPosle victory, in order to consolidate his power, Edward IV began atrocities as with representatives of the Lancaster dynasty, and with the rebel York and supporters. After the death of Edward IV 9 April 1483 the throne passed to his young son Edward V, but power was seized by the younger brother of Edward IV, the future King Richard III, who first declared himself the protector of a minor king, and then put him down and ordered to strangle in the Tower, along with his younger brother Richard (August (?) 1483). Richard III attempts to consolidate his power caused the uprising of feudal magnates. Penalty and confiscation of property recovered against him supporters of both groups. Both dynasty, Lancaster and York, united around Henry Tudor, a distant cousin of Lancaster, who lived in France at the court of King Charles VIII. 7 or 8 August 1485 Henry landed at Milford Haven, Wales went through smoothly and connected with his supporters. Their combined forces of Richard III was defeated at the Battle of Bosworth August 22, 1485; he was killed. Became king Henry VII, founder of the Tudor dynasty. He married the daughter of Edward IV Elizabeth - heiress York, he joined in his scarlet and white emblem rozy.Itogi War War of the Roses was the last feudal anarchy rampant before the establishment of absolutism in England. It was fought with terrible ferocity and accompanied by numerous murders and executions. In the fight dwindled and died two dynasties. The population of England War brought strife, oppression of taxes, the plundering of the treasury, the iniquities of the feudal lords, the decline of trade, direct looting and requisition. During the war a significant portion of the feudal aristocracy was exterminated numerous confiscation of land holdings undermined its power. At the same time, increased land ownership and the growing influence of the new nobility and merchant trading layer, which became a support of absolutism Tyudorov.Literatura: Jones WG York and Lancaster (1399-1485). London, 1914.Goodman A. The wars of the Roses: Military activity and English society, 1452-1497. London, 1981.Ross C. The wars of Roses: a concise history. London, 1986.The wars of the Roses: From Richard II to the fall of Richard III at Bosworth field seen through the eyes of their contemporaries. / Ed. by Hallam E. London, 1988.Pollard AJ The wars of the Roses. London, 1988.T. Pavlova ALONSO (Alonso) (pres. Fam. Martinez del Hoyo, Martinez del Oyo) Alicia (b. 1921), the Cuban ballet dancer and choreographer. Founder of the Cuban ballet school, her first classical dancer (Carmen - "Carmen Suite" by Bizet - Shchedrin, 1967). In the Paris Opera House resumed "Giselle" by A. Adam, 1972, "Sleeping Beauty" Tchaikovsky, 1974. With Fernando and Alberto A. organized in Havana troupe "Ballet Alicia A." (1948; 1959 National Ballet of Cuba). ALONSO (Alonso) Damaso (1898-1990), Spanish poet. The representative of t. N. "generation of 1927". Collections of poetry "Sons of Wrath" (1944), "Man and God" (1955); pioneering works on the poetics of the Spanish Baroque. ALORTSY (self - Orang Alor), people in Indonesia. The number of 100 thousand. People (1992). Language alorsky. Believers - Sunni Muslims, traditional beliefs persist. Alofi (Alofi), the main town and port of. Niue (ownership new. Zealand) in the Pacific approx. Approx. 1 thousand. Inhabitants (1984). Aloe genus of perennial herbs of the family Asphodeloideae. St. 350 species, mainly in dry areas of Africa. Medicines from the leaves of various species of aloe is used primarily as a biogenic stimulators. Many aloe cultivated as ornamental. Aloe vera is grown in the room called agave. "Alpamysh" people's heroic epic Uzbeks, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Bashkir, gornoaltaytsev. Uzbek version developed in 14-17 centuries .; origin and the time of formation others. national versions have not been studied. Alp Arslan (1029 or 1030-1072 or 1073), ruler of the Seljuk conquests since 1063. Armenia, Georgia, Wed. Asia. Won (1071) victory over the Byzantine emperor Roman IV. Killed during the campaign against Bukhara. ALPATOV Mikhail Vladimirovich (1902-86), a Russian art historian, educator, Ph.D, professor, member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1954). Master shaped historical and artistic characteristics (Studies in the History of Western European and Russian art, "Andrei Rublev", 1972). USSR State Prize (1974). ALSVIDR (al., ISL. Vsebystreyshy), in Norse mythology, the divine horse, carrying the chariot of the sun. ALSINDOR (Alsindor) Ferdinand Lewis (b. 1947), American athlete (basketball). 6-time champion of the National Basketball Association (NBA) in teams, "Milwaukee Bucks" (1969-75) and "Los Angeles Lakers" (1975-85). The most productive player in the seasons 1971 and 1972, as well as in the history of the NBA on the total amount of points (38,387). Altai, the mountainous country on the territory of the Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. Consists of ridges forming the watershed of the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisei rivers and undrained region of Central Asia. St. length. 2000 km. Divided into proper Altai, Gobi-Altai and the Mongolian Altai. The highest ridges actually Altai - Katun, and Sev.- Yuzh.-Chu reach a height of 3000-4000 m (the highest 4506 - Belukha) and have the modern glaciers (total area of glaciation more than 900 km2). For proper Altai are also typical ranges and massifs 1500-2500 m with weakly dissected ridges separated by hollows, called steppes - Chui steppe, Kurai and others. The most important rivers - Katun Bukhtarma, Feeling, Biya. Has more than 3,500 lakes (most Teletskoe, Markakol). In Altai common gornostepnye, and mountain-alpine landscapes. In the north-eastern part - Altai Reserve. Altai, especially t. N. Ore Altai (Kazakhstan), is rich in deposits of polymetallic, gold, zhelezALTAY, a city in Mongolia, the administrative center of the Gobi-Altai aimag. 13 thousand. Residents. Light industry, food promyshlennost.noy ore, mercury, rare metals. Tourism. Altai, a city in Mongolia, the administrative center of the Gobi-Altai aimag. 13 thousand. Residents. Light and food industries. Altai (Altai Republic) within the Russian Federation. Founded 01.06.1922 as oyrotskih authors. region. 01.07.1948 renamed the Gorno-Altai authors. reg., in 1991 transformed into Gorno-Altai SSR in 1992 - in the Altai Republic. 92.6 thousand. Km2. The population of 196.6 thousand. People (1991), urban 27%; Altai, Russian, Kazakh. 1 city - Gorno-Altaisk (center), two urban-type settlement (1991). Most of the territory - the Altai mountains up to 4506 m (Belukha). Average January temperatures from -12 to -32 ° C, in July 9-18 ° C. Precipitation from 100 (in the intermountain basins) to 1000 mm per year. Rivers - bass. Obi; largest lake - Teletskoe. Forests occupy 1/4 of the territory. Altai Reserve. Industry: timber, woodworking, light, food and construction materials. There is electrical engineering. Extraction of mineral building materials. The main branch of economy - livestock (sheep, goats, cattle, horses, yaks), bred red deer and sika deer. Beekeeping. Hunting. Crops and fodder crops. The main traffic artery - Chuiski. Chemal mountain resort. Altaic languages, a hypothetical macrofamily languages, uniting three language families: Turkic, Mongolian, Manchu-Tungus. Some scientists refer to the Altaic languages as Japanese and Korean. On the origin and relationship of the Altaic languages there are different hypotheses. The name "Altai language" is used sometimes to refer to the languages of the peoples living in the Altai - Altai, Khakass, Tuvan, and others. Altay reserve, in the Altai Republic. Founded in 1932. The area of approx. 882 thousand. Ha. On the territory of Teletskoye Lake. Taiga larch, cedar forests, alpine meadows, alpine tundra. Sable, brown bear, red deer, and others. Altay, in the Russian Federation. 169.1 thousand. Km2. Population 2,654 thous. People (1991), urban 58%. 11 cities. 30 urban settlements (1991). Center - Barnaul. Occupies part of the Altai and adjacent to the northern part of the West Siberian Plain. Average January temperatures -19 ° C, July 19 ° C. 150-200 mm of precipitation per year (in the mountains to 1500-3000 mm). Bass River. Obi. Industry: machine building, chemical and petrochemical, light industry (textiles), food processing, mining (polymetallic ores, gold, mercury, etc.). Major grain crops (mainly wheat). Crops of sugar beet, sunflower, flax, hemp; potatoes, vegetables. Fruit. Cattle, mainly dairy and meat. Poultry farming. Beekeeping. Trapping. From Biisk in Mongolia is Chuiski. Navigation on the Ob River. Altai University, Barnaul, founded in 1973 to train specialists in the physical, mathematical, chemical, biological sciences, philology, law, economics, and history. Approx. 5 thousand. Students (1991). Altaic languages (obsolete. Oyrotskih), refers to the Turkic languages. Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet. ALTAIANS (self - Altai-Kizhi), the people in the Altai Republic (59 thousand. People). The number in the Russian Federation 69 thous. People (1992). Divided into ethnic groups: the Altai-Kizhi, Telengits, solid, Teleuts, Tubalars, Chelkans, Kumandins. Altai language. Believers - Orthodox, some Baptists; preserved traditional beliefs. "Alton Tobdi", "Altan tovch" (letters. - Gold buttons gold vault), Mongolian chronicle of the 17th century., Historical and literary monument. ALTAR (Lat. Altaria, from altus - high), the altar; originally a place for sacrifice in the open air. In Dr. Greece and Rome - separate facilities; in Christian churches - tables ("thrones") for the sacrament in the Catholic - Decorative wall. The altar is also called the entire eastern part of the temple, the altar barrier separated, and in the Orthodox churches with 14-15 cc. - Iconostasis. Altausen Jack (Jacob) Moiseich (1907-42), Russian poet. In the poem "beardless enthusiast" (1929) and "first generation" (1933) - the first five-glorification of everyday life. Died at the front. Marshmallow, genus of herbs of the family Malvaceae. Approx. 12 species in Eurasia. Marshmallow root is used in human and veterinary medicine. "Altoona YARUK" ("Golden shine"), the full name of "Shining golden glow over all the vaunted king-book", a monument drevneuygurskoy writing 10 in., The translation of Buddhist doctrinal writings from the Chinese language. Altoona (Altoona), a city in the eastern US, pcs. Pennsylvania. 52 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). An important railway junction. Railway engineering. University. Museum of railway construction. Tatul Altunyan T. (1901-73), the Armenian choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1965). Founder and Artistic Director of the State Choir of Armenia, Armenian folk ensemble of song and dance and Capella Choral Society of Armenia. Professor of the Yerevan Conservatory (since 1971). USSR State Prize (1950). Altukhov Yuri Petrovich (b. 1936), the Russian geneticist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Works in the field of population, evolutionary and biochemical genetics. Theoretically and experimentally proved the new approaches to the conservation and sustainable use of biological resources. ALTYN (from tat. Altyn - gold), an old Russian coin and computing currency in the 15th century. 1 altyn Moscow is 6 or 3 money Novgorod (Novgorod money is received later the name penny); maintain the name "fifteen kopecks" for a 15-penny coin. In 1654 copper released in 1704 - silver Altyn. In 1841-1916 minted copper and silver hit the jackpot. Altyn-Depe (Altyn-Tepe), settlement of the Bronze Age (3-2 millennium. BC. E.) At p. Meana in southern Turkmenistan. Remains of residential, craft, religious quarters, the ziggurat; burial. Altynsarin Ibrahim (1841-89), the Kazakh teacher, educator, writer, folklorist, ethnographer. The first teacher-Kazakh. At the initiative of Altynsarin open Kazakh schools with instruction in their native language. Author of textbooks and native Russian language for Kazakh children. Altyntag, mountains in western China, and share the Tarim Basin Tsaidam. The length of 800 km, height up to 6161 m. Glaciers. Deserts and semi-deserts. Altyntu, the Altai mountain range, west of Lake Teletskoye. Length of 70 km, 2361 m height. Dark coniferous (Chernev) taiga. ALUKSNE (until 1917 the official name of Marienburg), a city in Latvia, on the shore of the lake. Aluksne, 49 km from the railway Art. Gulbene. 10.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Shop Riga VEF and other software. Enterprises. Known since 1285. ALUNANS Adolf (1848-1912), Latvian actor, director, playwright. On stage with 1866. The organizer of the first National Theatre (1870, Riga). Author comedies, in Vol. H. "Homegrown" (1869), "Who sang late at night" (1888), AMD. ALUNANS Juris (1832-64), Latvian poet and social activist, founder of the national writing poetry (the collection "Songs", 1856). Alundum (from the English. Alundum), in the technical literature US title fused. Alun (from the French. Alun - alum) (alum stone), class mineral sulfates, KAl3 [SO4] 2 [OH] 6. Dense and loose weight. The hardness of 3.5-4.5; the density of 2.6-2.8 g / cm3. Deposits in the Russian Federation (Far East), Azerbaijan, in western Ukraine, the USA, China, Australia, Iran, Mexico, and others. The alunite ore addition of alumina produced potassium sulfate, sulfuric acid, as well as vanadium and gallium. ALUPKA, city (1938) on the southern coast of Crimea, 17 km from Yalta. 10.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Climatic resort. Palace Museum (the former palace of Mikhail Vorontsov, 19 in.), Landscape parks. ALUR (self - zhoalur) Nilotic people of Zaire (450 thousand. People) and Uganda (300 thousand. Man, 1992). DRL Alur language. Adhere to traditional beliefs. ALUR Setar (Alor Setar), a city in Malaysia, the Malay Peninsula, the administrative center piece. Kedah. 72 thousand. Inhabitants (1980). Commercial and industrial center of rice production area. Alushta, city (1902) on the southern coast of Crimea, 45 km from the railway Art. Simferopol. 37.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Climatic resort. Museums: Local History, Nature, literary-memorial museum SN Sergeyev-Tsensky. ABC programming, the system is irreducible, surely distinguishable from each other characters (letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and others. Characters) used for the construction of programming languages. Alphabet (from the name of the first two letters of the Greek alphabet: alpha and beta, Modern Greek - vita), a series of letters, syllabic signs and others. Graphemes of the writing system, arranged in a certain order. Alpheus Capernaum (1 in.), Apostle of the 70, the father of the Apostle James the son of Alphaeus and Matthew the Evangelist (Mark 2:14; Matthew 10: 3). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) in January and 26 May (June 8). Alpheus Katalitsky (Kalitsky) (d. In the beginning. 4 in.), The Christian martyr, a blacksmith who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox and the Catholic Church on September 28. Alferov (from aluminum and armor. Ferrum - iron), soft magnetic alloy Fe (base) and Al (~ 13%). Produce mainly electro (magneto) converters. Zhores Ivanovich Alferov (b. 1930), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1979), Vice President of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Vice-President of the USSR in 1990). Chairman of the Presidium of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1989. Works on semiconductors and heterojunction devices based on them. Lenin Prize (1972), the USSR State Prize (1984). ALFEROV Nikolai Semenovich (1917 - 82), a Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1978), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Worked in Sverdlovsk; ensemble of historical and revolutionary Square (1974). Irina I. Alferov (b. 1951), the Russian actress, Honored Artist of Russia (1993). Since 1972, the Moscow Theater. Lenin Komsomol (1991 - "Lenk"). In the cinema in 1972. Filmed in the movies: "Vasily Buslaev" (1982), "The Man with an accordion" (1985), "Night of fun" (1991), the television movie "The Road to Calvary", "TASS is authorized to declare ..." and et al. ALFIMOV Mikhail (b. 1937), the Russian chemist, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981). Major works in the field of photochemistry, nonsilver photos. The possibility of creating a highly sensitive luminescence photographs. ALHANCHURTSKAYA VALLEY, tectonic down between the Terek and Sunzha hr. in Caucasia. The length of 110 km, width up to 10 km. ALCHEMY (pozdnelat. Alchimia), pre-scientific direction in the development of chemistry. Originating in Egypt (3-4 cc. BC. E.) Was particularly widespread in the West. Europe (11-14 cc.). The main goal of alchemy - finding t. N. "philosopher's stone" to turn base metals into gold and silver, get the elixir of longevity, the universal solvent, and so on. d. The positive role of alchemy - a discovery or improvement (in the search for magic bullet) practical ways of getting valuable products (mineral and vegetable dyes, glass, enamel, metal alloys, acids, bases, salts), as well as the development of several techniques of laboratory techniques (distillation, sublimation, etc.). ALCHEVSK (in 1931-61 Voroshilov in 1961-92 Komunarskiy), a city in Ukraine, Lugansk region. Railway station. 126 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Metallurgical Plant, Coke Plant, and others. Mining and Metallurgical Institute. Historical, geological and mineralogical museum. Originated in 1825. Alchevsk Christina Alekseyevna (1882-1931), Ukrainian poet and educator. Daughter of D. H. Alchevsk. Lyrics (collection of poems "Longing for the sun", 1907; "My Edge", 1914; "The Awakening", 1917) reflected the revolutionary sentiments. ALCHEVSK Danilovna Christina (1841-1920), Ukrainian teacher and educator. Since 1862 the organizer of Sunday schools in Ukraine. Co-author of bibliographic works "What to read people?" (3 volumes, 1888-1906). The founder of the methodology adult literacy. ALCHEVSK Ivan (1876-1917), singer (lyric-dramatic tenor). Since 1910 in the Great and at the same time the Mariinsky Theatre. He was famous for the execution of Herman ("Queen of Spades" by PI Tchaikovsky). Alcedar (Alcedar), settlement Tivertsy 6 - early. 12th centuries. in the eponymous village in Moldova. Fortifications, dwellings, workshops and so on. Alykulov Barpy (1884-1949), Kyrgyz poet bard. Master of poetic form; Toktogul follower. Accusatory-satirical works, in Vol. H. A poem about the plight of Kyrgyz domination of the Kokand Khanate. Also affects national epic. Cherry plum (tkemali), kind of tree plum fruit crops. Grown in Asia. In edible fruit (processed as the jam, fruit, etc.. N.) Organic acids, sugars, vitamin C, B1, B2, et al. Yield 10.8 (40) kg of wood. Rootstock for plum, peach, and others. "Al-Ahram" see. "Ahram". ALBA (Alba) Fernando Alvarez de Toledo (1507-82) Duke, the Spanish commander, governor of the Netherlands (historical) in 1567-73. Tried to suppress the Eighty Years' War. In 1580 won the Portugal.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ

НИЦШЕ / NIETZSCHE / ЕССЕ HOMO / ВОЛЯ К ВЛАСТИ / К ГЕНЕАЛОГИИ МОРАЛИ / СУМЕРКИ ИДОЛОВ /
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