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Abel (self), Papuan people in Papua - New Guinea. The number of 70 thousand. People (1992). Language Abel. Believers - Catholics, Protestants often hold traditional beliefs. Abel Izrailevich Harry (b. 1928), the Russian immunologist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Opened the synthesis of fetal protein (-fetoproteina) tumors. Research to develop the theoretical foundations of immunodiagnostic in oncology. USSR State Prize (1978). Abel, the official name of Obeliai in Lithuania until 1917. Abell (Abell) Kjell (1901-61), Danish playwright. Philosophical and symbolic anti-fascist play: comedy "Lost Melody" (1935), "Anna Sophie Hedwig" (1939), "Silkeborg" (1946). Imbued with pessimism drama "Lady of the Camellias" (1959), "The Scream" (1961). ABEL (Abel) Niels Henrik (1802-29), Norwegian mathematician. Proved that the algebraic equation of degree higher than 4th in general unsolvable by radicals. Studied integrals of algebraic functions (Abelian integrals). One of the founders of the theory of elliptic functions. The author's first work on integral equations. Works on the theory of numbers and series. ABEL Autun (1875-1946), an Austrian paleontologist, foreign corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1927). Proceedings of the procedure paleontological studies paleozoology. ABEL Rudolf Ivanovich (pres. Fam. And the name of William Fisher Genrikhovich) (1903-71), intelligence, Colonel. Since 1927 in the KGB of the USSR. In 1957, arrested in the United States and sentenced by a US court to 30 years in the penitentiary. In 1962 he returned to the Soviet Union as a result of the exchange on the American pilot F. Powers, downed 05/01/1960 Soviet airspace. ABEL F. O., see. F. O. Abel. Hovhannes Abelian Artemyevitch (1865-1936), Armenian actor, People's Artist of Armenia and Azerbaijan (1932), Hero of Labor (1932). On stage since 1882, since 1925 in the Armenian Theater. Sundukian. Abelard (Abelard, Abailard) Pierre (1079-1142), French philosopher, theologian and poet. In a dispute about the nature of universals developed a theory called later conceptualism. Developed scholastic dialectic (the essay "Yes and No"). Rationalist orientation ideas Abelard ("I understand in order to believe") drew protests from orthodox church circles: the doctrine of Abelard was condemned by councils in 1121 and 1140. The tragic love story of Abelard to Heloise described in his autobiography, "The History of my misfortunes." Abendroth (Abendroth) Herman (1883-1956), a German conductor. In 1934-45 bandleader Gewandhaus in Leipzig, then symphony orchestras in Weimar and others. He has toured in Russia (since 1925). Known as the interpreter of the music of Beethoven, Brahms, Bruckner A.. Abeokuta (Abeokuta), a city in south-western Nigeria, the administrative center piece. Ogun. 396 thousand. Inhabitants (1993) Fruit and vegetable processing. Craft production of fabrics, colors. ABERDEEN (Aberdeen), a city in the UK, in Scotland, the administrative center of district Grampian. Port and organizational center of the oil fields in the North District m. 217 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Fish processing, chemical, shipbuilding industry. University. Built of granite and marble (t. N. "Granite City"), in Vol. H. Gothic cathedral (1336-1522). In the 12-14 centuries. residence of the Scottish kings. Aberdeen (Aberdeen) (Abedeen) George Hamilton Gordon (1784-1860), the British Prime Minister in 1852-55; one of the leaders of the Tories since 1850 - Peelites. In 1854 the government declared war on Russia Aberdeen. Aberrations (lat. Aberratio - evasion), 1) deviation from the norm ... 2) The aberration of optical systems, image distortion caused by non-ideal optical system: the image is not entirely clear, inaccurate corresponds to the object or colored. Distinguish geometric (spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism, curvature of the image field, distortion), chromatic aberration and diffraction. 3) The aberration of light in astronomy - a change of direction of the light beam due to the motion of the source and receiver of light relative to each other. Aberration of light causes a shift of the apparent position of the brightness of the celestial sphere. 4) The aberration of the electron lenses, the same as the electron-optical aberrations. 5) chromosomal aberrations, the same as chromosomal rearrangements. Abert (Abert) Herman (1871-1927), a German musicologist. Research on ancient and medieval music, the history of opera; monograph on Mozart. ABZHALILOV Khalil Galeevich (1896-1963), Tatar actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1957). On stage since 1916, since 1928 in the Tatar Theater. Kamala (Kazan). PARAGRAPH (it. Absatz), 1) indent the first line of text. 2) Part of the text (complex syntactic unity), representing the unity of meaning and are indented in the 1st line. Stacker (Ger. Absetzer), bucket ladder excavator for refolding soft and loose rocks in the dumps. Abzu (Apsu), in Mesopotamian mythology oceans of fresh water, the surrounding land; Babylonian cosmogonic epic "Enuma Elish" Abzu seems like chaos, from which emerged the earth and sky. Abidjan (Abidjan), the city and main port of the State of Côte d'Ivoire, the administrative center of Dep. Abidjan. Approx. 2 million. Inhabitants (1985, with suburbs). International Airport. Food, oil refining (the largest in the West. Africa Oil Refinery), light industry. University. Founded by the French in 1880-90-ies. Since 1934 adm. c. French colony Ivory Coast (SBR). In 1960-83 the state capital of Ivory Coast. Abydos (Gr., Modern. Arabet El Madfunah, Egypt), the ancient Egyptian city, a religious center, a place of worship of the gods of the underworld, especially Osiris. Preserved necropolis and temples. Abinsky, city (1963) in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr. Zheleznorozhnaya station. 30 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food industry, lesomebelny plant, production of building materials. Near Abinsk - oil production. Abiogenesis (from a - a negative prefix, bio ... and ... genesis), the formation of organic compounds, common in nature, outside the body without enzymes. In a broad sense abiogenesis - the emergence of life from non-living, t. E. The initial hypothesis of the modern theory of the origin of life. In Ser. 20 in. realized experimentally abiotic synthesis of protein and other organic substances in conditions that reproduce the conditions of the primitive Earth. Abyssal zone (from the Greek. Abyssos - bottomless), abyssal zone seabed corresponding seafloor (depth St. 3000 m), with a relatively low mobility of water, constant temperature (below 2 ° C), the almost complete absence of light. The fauna is strongly depleted in comparison with other areas (see. Also Litoral, subtidal, bathyal). ABYSSAL sediments, the most modern deep-sea and oceanic sediments (mainly calcareous and siliceous oozes, deep red clay), was deposited in the abyssal zone. Abyssal plains, deep flat or rolling plains of oceanic basins and basins of the marginal seas. Abyssinia, the informal name of Ethiopia, is used in the past and are sometimes found in modern Western literature. Abyssinian highlands, formerly known as the Ethiopian highlands. ENTRANT (from novolat. Abituriens - going away), in most countries - graduated from high school. In Russia (traditionally) - entering the higher education institution. Abikh (Abich) William Herman (Herman Wilhelm) (1806-86), a geologist. German by birth. In 1841-76 he worked in Russia, academician (1853), honorary member (1866) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Studied glaciers, geological structure and mineral resources of the Caucasus and Iran. Abqaiq oil field in Saudi Arabia (see. Gulf oil and gas basin.) Was discovered in 1940. The initial stocks of 1.21 billion. M. The density of 0.88 g / cm3. The main center of production - of Abqaiq. Pipeline to Sidon and Ras Tanura. ABKIN Abram Davidovich (1903-83), the Russian chemist, Doctor of Sciences (1952). Honored Scientist of Russia (1974). Major works are devoted to the study of the mechanism of polymerization processes. Developed a quantitative theory of copolymerization (1951). Created an original method for obtaining polyacrylamide. Opened (1980) photosensitized polymerization. Lenin Prize (1980). Abla (? - 1781), Khan Kazakh Middle Horde (1771). Subordinated part of the Senior Juz and some genera of Kyrgyzstan. In 1740 received Russian citizenship. ABLAKTIROVKA (from Lat. Ablacto - take away the child from the breast), the method of inoculation; splicing shoots growing near the plants (apples, pears, grapes); after the complete fusion of the graft is separated from the mother plant. Ablaut (Ger. Ablaut) (apofoniya) vowel within a single morpheme, often acting as internal flexion. Eg., Eng. sing - sang - sung, Rus. "collect" - "collection". ABLESIMOV Onisimovich Alexander (1742-83), the Russian writer. Comic opera libretto "Miller - a sorcerer, a deceiver and a Matchmaker" (1779; music M. Sokolowski), fables, satirical poems. Ablation (from pozdnelat. Ablatio - withdrawal), 1) carry-over of substances from the surface of a solid stream of hot gas (by erosion, melting, sublimation). On the ablation may be based protection of spacecraft and head of the rocket carrier during re-entry, as well as cooling chambers of rocket engines. 2) Reducing the weight of the ice or snow from melting and evaporation, which depends mainly on climatic factors. ABO (Abo), the Swedish name of the Finnish city of Turku. Abova Yuri (b. 1922), the Russian experimental physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Research in the field of nuclear physics discovered the weak interaction of nucleons in nuclei. Lenin Prize (1974). ABOVIAN (until 1963 with. Elar), a city in Armenia. Railway station. 58.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Plants: biochemical preparations, concrete structures, etc .; Furniture Factory. Is named after Abovyan. Near Abovyan - Arzni. ABOVIAN Khachatur (1809-48), Armenian writer, educator-democrat, founder of new Armenian literature and new literary language, pedagogue and ethnographer. Major works: "Wounds of Armenia" (1841, published 1858) - the first Armenian secular novel dedicated to the liberation struggle of the Armenian people during the Russian-Iranian war of 1826 - 28; novels, plays, novels, short stories, poems, fables, pedagogical works, works for children. Abolitionism (from Lat. Abolitio - destruction, cancellation), in the context. 18-19 centuries. in the US movement for the abolition of Negro slavery; in the UK, France and some other countries the movement for the abolition of slavery in the colonies. SUBSCRIPTION (fr. Abonnement), the right to use anything for a specified period (the place in the theater, skating rink, telephone and so on. D.), And the document granting this right. Subscribe library - providing readers with the right use of printed works outside the library during a certain period. SUBSCRIBER (from the French. Abonner - subscribe), person (institution, organization), enjoying a subscription. SUBSCRIBER wiring, a kind of telegraph communication provides for direct bilateral exchange of telegraph messages between users (organizations and individuals). Provides the ability to transmit clock information. See. Also Telex. ABORDAJ (fr. Abordage, on bord - on board), a method of warfare rowing and sailing ships (up to 19 in.); grip attacking ship with the enemy to capture it in a melee. Aborigines (from Lat. Ab origine - from the beginning), the people in Other. Italy. According to legend, in Italy they brought Saturn. On behalf of the king were called Latina Latina (Latins), their country - Latium. On the side of Aeneas fought against the tour. On the ground, Aboriginal Latina Rome was built. In the later use of the indigenous inhabitants (people, animals, plants) any area of the country. In biology, the term is used more often used autochthonous. ABORTION (lat. Abortus - miscarriage) in humans, termination of pregnancy up to 28 weeks (ie. E. Until the possible birth of a viable fetus). Spontaneous abortion can occur when genital hypoplasia, some diseases of the mother or fetus. Artificial medical abortion is carried out in up to 12 weeks at the request of the woman; for medical reasons - and at a later date. Abortion is a medical institution (ie. N. A criminal) often leads to serious complications. Russian government criminalized abortion, carried out by a doctor outside the facility, or by a person without higher medical obrazovaniya.Abort animals - a consequence of the inferiority of male or female reproductive cells, some infectious or parasitic diseases, as well as violations of the rules of feeding and maintenance of pregnant animals. ABOSKY peace treaty, concluded the Russian-Swedish war of 1741-43 [signed August 18, 1743 in the town of Abo (now Turku), Finland]. Confirmed the terms of the Treaty of Nystad (1721), established the Russian-Swedish border on the river. Kiumeni. Russia absorbed part of Finland. ABRAHAM KRETATSI (? - 1737), the Armenian Catholicos (1734-37), the historian. The author of "historiography" (information about Armenia 18th c.). Abrasives (abrasives) (from the Latin. Abrasio - scraping), high hardness material used in the bulk or crushed condition for mechanical processing (grinding, cutting, abrasion, grinding, polishing, and so on. D.) Other materials. Natural abrasives - flint, emery, pumice, corundum, garnet, diamond, etc .; Artificial - corundum, silicon carbide, Borazon, Borazon, synthetic diamond, and others. ABRASIVE TOOLS serves for machining (grinding, lapping and others.); made of abrasive materials and ligaments. Sometimes hard (eg., Grinding wheels, bars) and soft (eg., Emery paper). Abrasive (from Lat. Abrasio - scraping), the process of destruction of the waves and surf off the coast of the seas, lakes and reservoirs. Abracadabra (pozdnelat. Abracadabra), 1) magic formula, the mysterious word, which was attributed miraculous power. 2) Not clear set of words, nonsense. Anatoly Abramov (b. 1917), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1970), Professor (1991). The main area of interest - Russian literature of the Soviet period. Books: "The poetic mastery of Mayakovsky's poem" Vladimir Ilyich Lenin "(1953)," Mayakovsky's poem "Vladimir Ilyich Lenin" (1955), "The lyrics and epic World War II" (1972), "In collaboration with the times" (1982) "In the fire of the Great War. Problems. Style. Poetics" (1987) and others. ABRAMOV Kuzma G. (b. 1914), writer of Mordovia. Novel trilogy "Nyman" (1957-64); novels "Its burden is not felt" (1967), "The girl from the village" (1980) - about the social transformations in the country, the events of the Great Patriotic War; biographical novel "Stepan Erzya" (1977). Fyodor Abramov (1920-83), the Russian writer. The cycle of novels (the trilogy "Pryaslins", 1958-73, the USSR State Prize, 1975; the novel "The House", 1978), novels, short stories, "Pelagia" (1969), "Wooden Horses" (1970), "A trip to the past" (1974, published 1989). Ostrokonfliktnaya prose Abramov, tending to social analysis and award of colorful language, draws the case and the fate of people north of the village during the Great Patriotic War and in the postwar years. Literary criticism and journalism. Abramov Yakov Vasilyevich (1858-1906), Russian writer and statistician, a liberal populist. In Ser. 1880s. in the newspaper "Week" delivered a sermon "small deeds theory." Abramovich Henry N. (p. 1911), a Russian scientist in the field of theoretical and applied fluid dynamics and the theory of jet engines. Professor (1939). USSR State Prize (1943). Abramovich Dmitri Ivanovich (1873-1955), the Russian literary critic, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1921). Scientific publications monuments of ancient literature ("Kyiv-Pechersk patericon", "The Life of Boris and Gleb" et al.). Works on Russian literature of the 19th century., On Russian-Ukrainian literary relations. Abramovich Nikolay Yakovlevich (pseudonym. N. Kadmina) (1881-1922), Russian writer, critic, essayist. In poetry and lyrical prose, marked influence aesthetics of modernism - autobiographical motifs (novel "The woman on the road", 1917). Literary-critical essays and reviews. Research experience "Woman and peace male culture" (1913). Nonfiction book "The Fall of the dynasty. The dark forces and Revolution" (1917). Abramovich Lazarevna Stella (b. 1927), the Russian literary critic and historian of Russian literature of the 19th century. The most famous book "Pushkin in 1836 (the last duel Background)" (1984). Abramtzevo manor in Sergiev Posad, Moscow Region. It is known from the middle of the 18th century. as having Golovin. At this time there was a park, expanded and redesigned in 1870 gg.v 1843 Abramtzevo acquired STAksakov, which came writers Gogol, Turgenev, YD Samarin, poet Tyutchev, often visited the actor Shchepkin. Here Aksakov wrote "Childhood Years Bagrov-grandson", "Family Chronicle", many rasskazy.V 1870 after the death of Aksakov estate passed to Mamontov. Since that time Abramtzevo became a center of artistic life in Russia. Members of the circle of artistic young people, which included Viktor Vasnetsov, VD and E. Polenov, MV Nesterov, Konstantin Korovin and many others, were keenly interested in Russian history and culture, to collect and study peasant art works, trying to revive folk crafts. In the Manor opened secondary school for peasant children and joinery workshop rezchitskaya, marked the beginning Abramtsevskaya-Kudrino woodcarving. Here, with the participation of Fyodor Chaliapin, Stanislavsky, regularly arranged amateur theatricals, served as the basis for the Moscow Private Russian opery.Ochen popular works were ceramic workshop, organized by MA Vrubel. Among the works of majolica workshop: panel "Princess of Dreams" on the facade of the hotel "Metropol" (according to the sketch Mikhail Vrubel, 1899-1903), decorative vases and sculptures in the style of modern.V 1870-1890-ies. Abramtsevo erected a number of buildings in the "Russian style": ceramics workshop (architect VA Hartmann, 1872), "Terem" (architect IP Ropet, 1873), the church (designed by Viktor Vasnetsov, 1881 82) .In 1918 Abramtsevo museum was opened, the exhibition which includes a memorial section dedicated to Aksakov, section peasant art, majolica workshop ("studio"), art Gallery of modern Russian artists, built in parke.Literatura: Smirnov LP Museum Estate Abramtsevo. M., 1929.Mastera Abramtzevo-Kudrino woodcarving. M., 1979.Abramtsevo: Guide. M., 1979.Beloglazova NM Abramtzevo. M., 1981.Natsionalny style in Russian art XIX - early XX century: Exhibition Catalogue. M., 1990.N. B. GaevskayaA. L. Jordan * Abramtzevo-Kudrino carving, artistic craft of woodcarving, which was formed in the late 19th century. around Abramtsevo estate near Moscow. The emergence of the fishery is closely linked with the artists Abramtsevo circle and the first ED Polenova organized in Manor Mamontov in 1882 rezchitskuyu joinery workshop, where I studied and worked carvers from the surrounding villages Khotkovo, Romney, Kudrin whorls. at the organization of the workshop focused on the training activities, the establishment and maintenance of the creative spirit among the students. In addition to skills training thread workshop taught drawing, painting basics. Conducted classes in "Abramtsevo Museum": the manor was assembled a large collection of folk art. Graduates of the workshop received a gift tools for organizing their dela.V 1890 one of his disciples VP Vornoskov founded his own production in his native village Kudrin and began to work on the orders of the Abramtsevo workshop. This originally small workshop and formed the basis for the future of the fishery. In Kudrino workshop formed a special style of ornamental carvings, have been found successful combinations of plane thread with geometric, based on the principles of organic use of carved decoration in utilitarian objects. In the early years of great help in the formation of a special "vornoskovskogo" style had professional artists - VI Sokolov, SV Malyutin, employees Handicraft muzeya.Izdeliya Vornoskova and his followers - buckets, boxes, bochata, salt shakers, decorative dishes and vases covered with rhythmic floral ornament, features a variety of toning, emphasizing the natural beauty of the wood. The basis of floral ornament are not only examples of carved peasant products and houses decor, but also fancy screensaver early printed books. Development ornament Kudrino masters came from connections of individual elements - twigs, tendrils, rosettes - a whole ornamental compositions covering all izdelie.V 1922 Kudrin was organized gang "Revival", which has been growing rapidly in the mid-1930s. it employed more than 120 people. Artel products were in great demand, repeatedly awarded with diplomas of Russian and international exhibitions. In 1936 was made a unique order: design of one of the entrances to the exhibition of folk art at the Tretyakov Gallery. This is the only job Kudrintsy in monumental art. By the International Exhibition in Paris in 1937 Kudrintsy prepared an extensive collection, which have been repeated for many of the early things VP Vornoskova. In subsequent years, development of the fisheries craftsmen and artists of different generations - VV Vornoskov, MV Artemyev, AI Gulyaev, ZN Borodulin, T. Alkhimovich, L. Barkan, NN . and GI Simankiny. Currently, the center is located in the fishing town of Sergiev Posad Khotkovo the area where the factory carved art products. Masters Abramtsevskaya-Kudrino thread prepares Abramtsevo Art and Industry College of VM Vasnetsova.Literatura: Arbat YA six gold nests. M., 1961.Vasilenko VM Russian folk carving and painting on wood // Folk art. M., 1974.Osnovy art craft / Ed. VA Baradulin. M., 1979.Mastera Abramtzevo-Kudrino woodcarving. M., 1979.Natsionalny style in Russian art XIX - early XX century: Exhibition Catalogue. M., 1990.Mamontova NN "Russian style" of the second half of the XIX century. and arts and crafts // Russian art XIX - early XX centuries. M., 1992.N. B. GaevskayaA. L. Jordan Khoren Abrahamyan Babkenovich (b. 1930), the Armenian actor, director, People's Artist of the USSR (1980). Since 1951, the Armenian Theater. Sundukian (in 1980 - 85 and 1988 chief director). In 1985-88 at the same time the chief director of Leninakan Theater. Mravyan. USSR State Prize (1981). Abrau-Durso, urban-type settlement in the Russian Federation, Krasnodar kr., 14 km from Novorossiysk. 2.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Tourism. Vineyards; production of sparkling and table wines. Abraham a Sancta Clara (Abraham a Santa Clara) (in the world Hans Ulrich Megerle, Megerle) (1644-1709), an Augustinian friar, preacher and satirist. ABRAHAM (Abraham) Raymond (b. 1933), an Austrian architect, lives in the United States. For his work early. 1970s. characterized by atypical designs ("house with three walls", 1972). Abrahams (Abrahams) Jim (b. 1944), American film director and screenwriter. Operates mainly in the genre of comedy and parody together with Bro. Zucker. Put yourself as a director of the film "Big Business" (1988). Also removed the movies "Airplane!" (1980), "Top Secret" (1984), "Hot Shots" (1991) and others. Abrahams (Abrahams) Peter Henry (b. 1919), author of South Africa. Writes in English. Anti-racist novel "Path of Thunder" (1948), "Garland Udom Michael" (1956), "In the power of the Night" (1965). The novel "The Island Today" (1966) - for the Suppression of island states of the Caribbean bass. for political independence. Stories. Poems. Abrekov (probably from the Ossetian. Abyraeg, Abregov), last among the peoples of North. Exiles from the Caucasus kind that led the wandering life or predatory. Abrekov also called lone fighters against the Tsarist regime. Abrene, the name of the Pskov region Pitalovo. in 1920-45. APRICOT, genus of trees and shrubs in the family of pink; fruit crops. 10 species, mainly in Asia. In edible fruit sugars, organic acids, vitamins; Dried fruits - apricots, dried apricots. Yields of 100 - 150 kg per tree. Honey. The highest fees in Italy, USA, Turkey, Wed. Asia Zakavkaze.ABRIKOSOV Alexei (b. 1928), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1987). Son Alexei Abrikosov. Major works on solid state physics, the theory of superconductivity, astrophysics, and others. Lenin Prize (1966), the USSR State Prize (1982). APRICOT Alexei Ivanovich (1875-1955), a Russian pathologist, academician of the USSR (1939) and the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1945). Proceedings of the morphology of tuberculosis, allergic reactions, sepsis, wound infection, pathology of the autonomic nervous system. USSR State Prize (1942). APRICOTS Andrew L. (1906-73), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1968). On the scene since 1926. Since 1938 in the Theater. Vakhtangov. Filmed in the movies: "Quiet Flows the Don" (1931), "Alexander Nevsky" (1938) and others. USSR State Prize (1941). Abril (Abril) Victoria (b. 1959), Spanish actress. By education ballerina. In the film debuted in 1976. Filmed in the "black" comedies N. Oshima ("Max, My Love") and P. Almodovar ("Tie me!", "Kika"). Berlin Film Festival Award for Best Actress in the film V. Aranda "Lovers" (1991). AMMS (Ger. Abrib), 1) the outline of the object. 2) In geodesy - a schematic plan, made by hand, with the designation of field measurement data needed to construct an accurate plan or profile. ABROGATSIYA (lat. Abrogatio), Desuetude. Abrosov (Efores, Evora) Suzsky (Persian) (d. 341), the martyr, presbyter in Shushan; Milia pupil; suffered with him in the persecution of Shapur II of Persia. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of November. Abrosimov Pavel (1900-61), a Russian architect. Co-author: Government House in Kiev (1934-38), a tall building of Moscow State University (1949-53). USSR State Prize (1949). ABRUY, the leader of the revolt of the poor in Sughd (Wed Asia), depressed approx. 585. Penalty. Abruzzo (Abruzzi), region in Italy, the Apennine peninsula, near the Adriatic m. 10.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 1.2 million. People (1991). Adm. c. - L'Aquila. Includes the province of L'Aquila, Chieti, Pescara, Teramo. Absalyamov Abdurahman Safievich (1911-79), Tatar writer. Novels about the Great Patriotic War "Eaglets" (1949), "Gazinur" (1953), about Musa Jalil "Floating Clouds" (1978), about contemporary life, "White Flowers" (1965). Absences (from the French. Absence, letters. - Absence), sudden, very brief unconsciousness occurs in some forms of epilepsy. Absenteeism (from Lat. Absentia - absence), evasion of voters from voting in the election of representative bodies, heads of state, and so on. D. Absenteeism agricultural, land tenure, in which the owner of the land, not participating in the production process gets money income in the form of rents or profits. Apse, the same as the apse. ABSOLUTE (Lat. Absolutus - unconditional, unlimited), in philosophy and religion - certainly the perfect start being free from any relationship and conditions (God, the absolute personality - in theism, the One - in neo-Platonism, and so on. N.) . Absolutism (absolute monarchy), the form of the feudal state, in which the monarch is unlimited sovereignty. When absolutism state reaches the highest degree of centralization, and a branched bureaucracy, the standing army and the police; activities of the bodies of representation usually stops. The heyday of absolutism in the West. Europe in 17-18 centuries. In Russian absolutism existed in the 18th - early. 20th centuries. (see. Autocracy). Absolute magnitude (modulus) of a real number a, a non-negative number (denoted by | a |), defined as follows: if a i 0, | a | = a, if a <0, | a | = -a. Eg., | 3 | = 3, | -5 | = - (-5) = 5, | 0 | = 0. The absolute value (modulus) of a complex number z = x + iy (x and y are real numbers) - number + . Absolute humidity, the amount of water vapor contained in 1 m3 of air. Measured in grams. ALTITUDE point of the earth's surface (altitude), distance (usually in meters) vertically from this point to the average level of the ocean surface. The Russian Federation is calculated from zero tide gauge at Kronstadt. Absolute magnitudes (denoted M), quantitative characteristic luminosity of a heavenly body; magnitude, which would be a heavenly body on a standard distance of 10 parsecs. Absolute truth, see. Art. Truth. Absolute monarchy see. Absolutism. Absolute error. See Art. Error. Absolute temperature (thermodynamic temperature), the temperature T, measured from absolute zero. The notion of absolute temperature was introduced by W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin), and therefore the absolute temperature scale is called the Kelvin scale, or the thermodynamic temperature scale. The unit of absolute temperature - kelvin (K). 1 K = 1 ° C. The values associated with the absolute temperature Celsius temperature scale (t ° C) ratio t = T - 273.15 K. absolutely neutral particles (a truly neutral particle), an elementary particle or a coupled system of elementary particles, which has all the characteristics that distinguish the particle from antiparticles equal to zero; therefore absolutely neutral particle is identical to its antiparticle. Examples: photon neutral pi meson, positrons. A black body, a body that completely absorbs all the incident electromagnetic radiation; spectrum of blackbody radiation is determined only by its temperature, and the distribution of energy in it is subject to the Planck radiation law. Properties of a blackbody has a hole in an opaque hollow body.

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