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Alexandrovsk, city (1961) in Ukraine, Lugansk region., Near the railroad Art. Cretaceous. 7.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Alexandrovsk, the name of the city of Zaporozhye in Ukraine until 1921. ALEXANDROVSKY Larissa Pompeevna (1904-80), singer (soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1940). In 1933-51 a soloist, in 1951-60 the chief director of the Belarusian Opera and Ballet Theatre. USSR State Prize (1941). Alexander settlement, the name of Alexandrov, Vladimir region. until 1778. ALEXANDROVSKY-Hrushevskoho name the Rostov region. until 1920. ALEXANDROVSKY Vasily (1897-1934), Russian poet. One of the founders of the literary association "Forge". In verses - characteristic themes and motifs of "proletarian romanticism" of the 1920s. (poetizatsiya labor, contrasting old and new Russia, and others.). Compilations: "Work Village" (1919), "Morning" (1921), "Scattering of Lights" (1922), "Years" (1932). ALEXANDROVSKY Committee of the wounded, the institution in Russia to assist soldiers with disabilities, as well as the families of those killed or died of wounds. Established in the 1st anniversary of the Battle of Kulm called "the Committee, the highest established in the 18th day of August 1814"; 1877 - Alexander Committee for the wounded. In 1909 as part of the War Ministry. Liquidated in 1918. Alexander Lyceum (in honor of Emperor Alexander I), a closed institution of higher education for the children of the nobility in 1811-1917 near St. Petersburg (until 1844 Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum). ALEXANDROVSKY CENTRAL, in central Russia Penitentiary in with. Alexandrov, near Irkutsk. Since 1873, criminal, since 1889 transit, from 1903 political. In 1918-19 camp Kolchak regime. In 1920 - the beginning. 50s. - Prison. Aleksandrovsk town (since 1926) in the Russian Federation, the Sakhalin Oblast., A port on the coast of the Tatar Strait., 60 km from the railway Art. Tymovskoe. 8.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Forestry, fishing industry. In the area of coal mining. Founded in 1881. Alexander Nevsky Monastery in St. Petersburg. Founded in 1710 to commemorate the victory of Alexander Nevsky over the Swedes; status laurels - with 1797. The complex structures: Church of the Annunciation (1717-22), Trinity Cathedral (1778-90), and others. In the Alexander Nevsky Monastery graves of Russian generals, leaders of Russian and Soviet Culture (MV Lomonosov, A. Suvorov, Glinka et al.). In 1918 the monastery was closed; Reserve now, in which the City Sculpture Museum. ALEXANDRAPOL, the name of Gyumri in Armenia in 1840-1924. Alexander Alekseev Yemelianovich (1891-1975), a Russian electrical engineer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Proceedings on electric cars, electric traction. USSR State Prize (1949, 1951). Alekseev Anatoly (1902-74), polar pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1937). Member of rescue expedition U. Nobile (1928) and air expedition to the North Pole (1937). Anatoly S. Alekseev (b. 1928), the Russian geophysicist, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984). Proceedings on theoretical and computational geophysics. USSR State Prize (1982). Alekseev, Boris A. (1911-73), Chuvash actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1969). Since 1929, in the Chuvash Academic Theatre. Valery Alexeev (b. 1939), the Russian writer. In prose, marked by consumer certainty and containing elements of fiction - the life of the urban intelligentsia, problems of formation of personality, moral conflicts. Books: "Urban Stories" (1971), "Seventh desire" (1971), "Open Lesson" (1974) and others. Valery Alexeev (1929-91), the Russian anthropologist and historian, academician of the USSR (1987). Proceedings on historical anthropology and geography of the human race. Vasily Alexeev (b. 1942), the Russian sportsman (weightlifting), Honored Master of Sports (1970), Honored Coach of the USSR (1991). Olympic champion (1972, 1976), Peace (1970-71, 1973-75, 1977-78), Europe (1970-75, 1977-78), the Soviet Union (1970-76) in the second heavyweight. Alekseev Vasily Mikhailovich (1881-1951), a Russian scholar-sinologist, translator, academician of the USSR (1929). Works on the culture of China, studies on aesthetics and poetics. Veniamin V. Alekseev (b. 1934), the Russian historian, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Works on the history of industrial development of Siberia, the study of the natural resources of the East of the USSR (19-20 cc.). Victor I. Alekseev (1914-77), the Russian sportsman (athletics), Honoured Master of Sports (1942), Honored Coach of the USSR (1956). USSR champion in the javelin (1936-48). Brought up a number of world and Olympic champions. Alekseev Vladimir Fedorovich (1852-1919), a Russian chemist. Works on the mutual solubility of liquids; the first to show the existence of a critical solution temperature (1876). Alekseev Georgy Dmitrievich (1881-1951), a Russian sculptor and graphic artist. Nature sketches (1918), one of the first busts (1919) and the first statue of Lenin ("called leader", 1924). Alekseev Gleb Vasilyevich (1892-1938), Russian writer. In the beginning. 1920s. in exile; in 1923 returned to the USSR. In the stories (the collection "Live tup", 1922), the novel "Dead Run" (1923) - interpretation of the terrible experience of the revolution and civil war. Satirical picture of Soviet reality in the stories ("dwelling house", 1926; "fur coat", 1928) and novels ("The Shadow standing in front", 1928). Roman industrialization "Wind Rose" (1933). Committed suicide. Evgeny Alekseev (1843-1918), a Russian soldier and statesman, Admiral (1903). Since 1899 the main chief and commander of the Kwantung region. and naval forces of the Pacific approx., participated in the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion in 1903-05 governor of the Far East. In the Russian-Japanese War Chief of the land and naval forces (October 1904). Since 1905 member of the State Council. Ivan Alexeev (1709 and 1718-76), Old Believer figure Fedoseevskaya consent; author of works directed against popovtsev ("History of the flight of the priesthood"). Founded consent Novozhenov (novopomortsev) recognizing the marriage (the essay "The Secret Marriage"). Mikhail Alekseev (1857-1918), the Russian General of Infantry (1914). In the 1st world war the Chief of Staff of the Southwestern Front, commander of the North-Western Front, 1915 Chief of Staff Headquarters, in March - May 1917 the commander in chief. After the October Revolution, led by the Volunteer Army. Mikhail Alekseev (b. 1918), the Russian writer, Hero of Socialist Labor (1978). Books about the Great Patriotic War, the past and present of the Russian countryside, "Cherry Pool" (1961), "Bread - noun" (1964), "Willow neplakuchaya" (Vol. 1-2, 1970-75), the novel "Brawlers "(1981). USSR State Prize (1976). Alekseev Mikhail Pavlovich (1896-1981), the Russian literary critic, academician of the USSR (1958). Researcher Russian and Western literature, their interaction. Nikolai Alekseev (1829-81), Russian mathematician, associate Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1879). Works on the theory of elliptic functions, integration of differential equations, the theory of series. Alekseev Nikolai Nikolaevich (1879-1964), Russian philosopher, jurist, one of the ideologists of Eurasianism. Tried to apply the phenomenological method in philosophy of law. Trainee PI Novogorodtseva taught at Moscow State University (1912-17), in Prague and Berlin (1922-31), then at the Sorbonne, Belgrade (1940). Since 1950, in Geneva. Peter A. Alekseev (1849-91), one of the first Russian revolutionary workers, the weaver. In 1873, became friendly with the Populists - "Tchaikovsky", since 1874 a member of the populist mug "Muscovites". On the "process 50" gave a speech about the coming revolution. Sentenced to 10 years in prison. Peter A. Alekseev (1727 or 1731-1801), the Russian church writer and scholar, archpriest of the cathedral in Moscow, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The author of "Dictionary of the Church or the use of the Slavonic ancient sayings, takozh foreign language without translation position in the Holy Scriptures and other religious books" (ch. 1-3, 1773-79), which became one of the sources of the "Dictionary of the Russian Academy". Rostislav Alekseev, E. (1916-80), the Russian shipbuilder, PhD. The chief designer of hydrofoils like "Rocket", "Meteor", "Comet" and others. Lenin Prize (1962), the USSR State Prize (1951). Semyon Mikhailovich Alekseev (b. 1909), the Russian aircraft. During the Great Patriotic War, participated in the creation of fighters, later also engaged in rescue and life-support systems, aircraft crews and space objects. Sergey Alekseev (b. 1922), the Russian writer. Stories and novels for children, t. H. "Secret request. Stories about Lenin" (1968), "Powerful names" (1978, USSR State Prize, 1984). Chief editor of "Children's Literature" (1965). Sergey Alekseev (b. 1924), a Russian lawyer, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). In the 1989-91 chairman of the Constitutional Oversight Committee of the USSR. Proceedings of the general theory of law, civil law. USSR State Prize (1977). Fedor Yakovlevich Alekseev (between 1753-55-1824), a Russian painter. In thin urban landscapes captured austere appearance of St. Petersburg, the picturesque beauty of Moscow, Venice and others. ALEKSEEVA Elizabeth G. (1901-72), the Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1971). Since 1922 in the studio, then in the Theater. Vakhtangov. Professor of Theater School. Shchukin (1946). USSR State Prize (1952). ALEKSEEVA Tatiana (b. 1928), the Russian anthropologist and ethnographer, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Proceedings on ethnic anthropology and human ecology. Alexeevka, city (1965) in Kazakhstan, Akmola. Railway station (Ak-Kul). 20.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Creamery, enterprises of railway transport, building materials. Alexeevka, city (1954) in the Russian Federation, Belgorod region., At p. Quiet Pine. Railway station. 37 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Chemical Engineering; Milk, efiromasloekstraktsionny mills, sugar mills. Alekseevskaya, the name of the Amur Region Free. until 1924. ALEXEEVSKY Alekseevskii (1912-93), the Russian physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1960). Proceedings of low-temperature physics, mass spectroscopy. USSR State Prize (1967). Alexeyev Ravelin, outer fortification fortress. Founded in 1733, is named in honor of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. In 1797, within Alekseevskogo Cavalier built a "secret house" (1884 to political prison with a particularly brutal regime), demolished in 1895. ALEKSEEVSKOE settlements Andronovo culture, at p. Alexeevka about Kustanai (Bronze Age, 11-8 cc. BC. E.). Huts, ash pan, bronze, bone and stone tools. Near burial mound and with sacrifices. Employment - agriculture. Alex (Alex) (90-ies. 13 in. - 1378), Russian Metropolitan 1354. Maintained a unifying policy of the Moscow princes. In fact, the head of the Moscow government for minor Prince Dmitry Donskoy. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. Alexius I Comnenus (c. 1048-1118), the Byzantine emperor from 1081 to seize the throne, relying on the military to know. Repelled the onslaught of the Normans, Pechenegs and the Seljuks. With the help of the Crusaders regained part of the empire of Asia Minor. Alexei Mikhailovich (1629-76), the Russian tsar to 1645. The son of Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. During the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich strengthen the central authority and issue serfdom (Council Code 1649); reunited with Russian state Ukraine (1654), returned to Smolensk, Seversk land, etc .; suppressed the uprising in Moscow, Novgorod, Pskov (1648, 1650, 1662) and the Peasants' War 1670-71; split Russian tserkvi.ALEKSEY MIKHAILOVICH [19 (29) March 1629, Moscow - January 29 (February 8), 1676, ibid], Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty. Took the throne in 1645 after his father's death, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich. Being branded "quietest" tsar in "buntashny" century, Alexis, according to historiographical tradition, was not an active monarch, the degree of participation in decision-making important political historians is not known, although during his reign in Russia there were events that had a lasting effect on Russian history. The beginning of the reign. Council Code In the early years of the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich power actually disposed of Boyar BI Morozov ("uncle", the tutor of the king). In 1646 were introduced duties on salt, the resulting products have risen in price, became inaccessible to the population, and the traders rotting unsold goods. In 1647 the tax was canceled, but in order to compensate for the loss, decided to reduce the salary serving people. This caused Salt Riot in 1648, which killed the king's relatives LS Pleshcheyev and PT Trahaniotov and Morozov miraculously survived. The government was forced to make concessions, the collection of arrears has been discontinued. Pursuant to the wishes of the nobility and merchants in September 1649 Zemsky Sobor adopted a set of laws - The Code prepared by the Commission of Prince NI Odoevskogo is believed, with the participation of Alexei Mikhailovich. The Code is a new level for the Russian legal practice includes a special article governing the legal status of certain social groups. Local salary was increased servitors, introduced additional plots of impoverished landowners. Serfdom peasants in Ulozhenie claimed hereditary term spying runaway peasants - indefinite. Thus, the process was completed legislative registration of serfdom. Forcible treatment of peasants in lackeys was forbidden. Met the requirements and were townspeople who were dissatisfied with the existence of "white" settlements, t. To. They were included in the tax that makes life easier for tenements in general. The Code introduced the concept of State crime, which is considered treason, conspiracy against the emperor and the criminal intent to "gosudarskoe health." Separate legal norms of the Catholic Code of 1649 continued to operate until the early 19th century. Strengthening of autocracy with Alexis continued strengthening autocratic, unlimited power of the king, in the second half of the 17th century. Zemsky Sobor not convened, but flourished writ management system, it was a process of intense bureaucratization. A special role is played in 1654 established a secret order, subordinated directly to Alexei Mikhailovich and allow him to lead other central and local institutions. Important changes occurred in the social sphere: there was a process of rapprochement estates and lands, began decomposition of the 'service of the city. "Government Alexei Mikhailovich supported the interests of Russian merchants, Customs (1653) and the New Trade (1667) charter protects merchants from foreign competitors. Reflecting new trends in Russian life was an invitation to serve in the Russian foreign experts, the creation of regiments "foreign formation". Reform Alexei Mikhailovich in the second half of the 17th century. begins the transformation of the whole system of Russian traditional culture, there is a secular literature, in Vol. h. poetry, born secular painting, the court arranged the first "comic action." The crisis of traditionalism and covers the sphere of ideology. Alexis - one of the initiators of the church reform carried out since 1652 by Patriarch Nikon. In 1666-67 the church council cursed "Old Believers" and ordered "grad power" to burn anyone who "lay a blasphemy against the Lord God." Despite personal sympathy for the priest Habakkuk, Alexis took an uncompromising stance in the fight with the Old: in 1676 was defeated by Old Believer citadel - Solovetsky monastery. Inordinate ambition of Patriarch Nikon and his frank claims to temporal power led to conflict with the king ended the deposition of Nikon. Manifestations of the crisis in the social sphere became severely depressed Alexis riot in Moscow in 1662 and the Cossack uprising led by ST Razin, with difficulty repressed by the government. Alexis himself participated in foreign policy negotiations and military campaigns (1654-1656). In 1654 there was an association between Ukraine and Russia, and then began the war with Poland (1654-1667) ended with the signing of the Treaty of Andrusovo and securing Russia on the Left Bank Ukraine. But attempts to reach the shores of the Baltic Sea (Russian-Swedish War of 1656-58) did not lead to success. Man of the transitional period, Alexis was sufficiently educated, the first of the Russian tsars broke with tradition and became personally sign documents. He is credited with a number of literary works, in Vol. H. "The message on Solovki," "A Tale of Death of Patriarch Joseph," "The sergeant Falconer Road" and others. From his first marriage with MI Miloslavskaya (1648) Alexis had 13 children (in Vol. h. kings Theodore A. and Ivan V, princess Sophia), from his second marriage with NK Naryshkina (1671) - 3 children (in Vol. h. tsar Peter I) .Literatura: Platonov SF Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. IW 1886.Kapterev NF Patriarch Nikon and Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. Sergiev Posad, 1909-12. T. 1-2.Zaozersky AI Imperial patrimony of the XVII century. M., 1937.Dushechkina EV Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich as a writer (Problem) // Cultural Heritage Dr. Rus. M., 1976.A. L. Yurganov Alexei Petrovich (1690-1718), a Russian prince, the son of Peter I. Weak-willed and indecisive, he became a member of the opposition to reforms of Peter I. fled abroad, has been returned and sentenced to death. Died in tyurme.ALEKSEY Petrovich [18 (28) in February 1690, p. Transfiguration near Moscow - June 26 (July 7), 1718, St. Petersburg] - Prince, the eldest son of Peter I of marriage with EF Lopuhinoy.Detstvo and education Since its inception Alexei Petrovich raised without attention from his father and how he subsequently admitted, "with a few of my childhood living with mamoyu with the girls and where nothing else has not been studied, except izbnyh fun and learned more prude, to which I and by nature inclined." However, after the link mother in Suzdal Pokrovsky Monastery (1698), it was brought up Princess Natalia, who comes to his aunt on his father, and his education was entrusted N. Viazemskii first, and then the baron G. Gyuyssenu who developed an extensive program of education of Prince embodied in life is only partly because Gyuyssena simultaneously performed various diplomatic missions and the king was away for a long time. As a result, Alexei Petrovich received no formal education, though fluent in German and partly French, knew the basics of mathematics and fortification. Being by nature a man quite capable, at the same time he was lazy, what he admitted: "Labour is no bear can not." These features prince is fully revealed when his father became accustom to public delam.Nachalo conflict with his father In 1702 Peter took his son with him to Arkhangelsk, and in 1704 Alexei Petrovich participated in the siege of Narva and the celebrations of its collection. In 1707 he was sent to Smolensk for the procurement of food and feed, then given the task of overseeing the strengthening of Moscow, and then pick up recruits for five new regiments. Aware that the prince was too young to perform such liability orders, Peter podstrahovyvayas while giving similar tasks to others, with whom in the ground and asked for their execution. However, until the king heard rumors of negligence Alexis, his dalliance, which led in 1708 to the conflict between father and son, barely settled the second wife of King Catherine (the future Empress Catherine I). In the years around Alexei Petrovich own circle formed on the model of "vsepyaneyshego Cathedral" Peter I (similar nicknames, behavioral style), but differs inactivity, exclusion from public affairs. For correspondence with each other members of this intimate circle of Prince used ciphers. Soul of the company was the confessor of Prince Ignatievich Jacob, who had a strong influence on him. Hope for their exaltation after the accession of Alexei Petrovich, his surroundings carefully adjusts his patron against his father and his reformist activities. Their hopes tied with Alex and Peter's time those figures who critically assessed the transformation of Peter for ideological reasons. Prince himself, apparently, had no particular political program, no firm convictions, but oppressed by despotic and violent nature of his father and his pravleniem.Razvitie conflict in 1709-12 Alexei Petrovich traveled to Europe and studied in Dresden, and in 1711 to the insistence of the king married Princess Sophie-Charlotte of Brunswick-Lüneburg (in the Orthodox baptism Evdokia), then without much success to execute the instructions of his father on the harvesting of provisions in the territory of the Commonwealth. Relationship with his wife he did not exist, his lifestyle has not changed. In 1714 he had a daughter, Natalia, and then son Peter (the future Emperor Peter II). Shortly thereafter, Evdokia died. On the eve of her death, Peter I turned to her son with a letter in which he threatened that if he did not change his behavior, it would be disinherited, "because for my country and people did not spare his stomach, and I do not regret what you can kako nepotrebnago regret? ". Should come down to ten days after writing this letter, Catherine gave birth to the king's son Peter - Alexei Petrovich said his father disclaimer on the throne in favor of newborn brother. However, three months later, he received from the king "Last reminder yet," which was faced with a choice: "or cancel your temper ... or be a monk." On paper, Alex agreed to a monk, but no real steps to fulfill their promises did not. In August 1716 the father filed Alexei Petrovich ultimatum: either to go to the army, or in monastyr.Begstvo abroad Caught in effect at bay and not wanting, probably, in fact, no formally renounce the throne, nor the vows, the prince ran abroad under the patronage of the Austrian emperor, who was married to the sister of his deceased wife. In Austria, he was granted political asylum, but as soon as his flight was known at the Russian court, Ambassador in Vienna AP Vesselovsky was instructed to find the prince, and to do everything for his return. To assist him, was sent first AI Rumyantsev, then PA Tolstoy. Alexei Petrovich was discovered in Naples, and by threats, persuasion and promises of complete forgiveness Tolstoy and Rumyantsev managed to achieve his or her consent to return to Russia. Thus Tolstoy promised prince, that he would be allowed to live in the village with his mistress, serf wench Euphrosyne. The death of the prince in February 1718 Alexei Petrovich was brought to Moscow, where the ceremony of his abdication and reconciliation with his father. Nevertheless, the next day, in violation of these promises to his son Peter was initiated investigation to identify the first of those who contributed to the prince escape abroad, which was considered treason, and then (on the basis of poluchennnyh by Alexei Petrovich readings) in the case of anti-state conspiracy. During the investigation (for the meeting was specifically created a special institution - Secret Chancellery) has been arrested dozens of people subjected to severe torture and executions. In June 1718 Alexei Petrovich was arrested and imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress. According to some reports in his torture was himself Peter I, personally pounding son needles under fingernails. June 24, 1718, the Supreme Court specifically formed from top military and civilian officials prince sentenced to death, and on June 26 under mysterious circumstances before the end he died. Apparently he was secretly killed by order of the king, who on the day after the death of his son celebrated the anniversary of the Battle of Poltava. References: Pogodin MP trial of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich // Russian wealth. 1860. № 1.Kostomarov NI Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. M., 1989.Anisimov EV Time of Peter's reforms. L. 1989.Pavlenko NI Peter the Great. M., 1990.Nepotrebny son: The Case of Tsarevich Alexei Petrovich. SPb., 1996.A. B. Kamensky Aleksenko Vladimir Avramovic (b. 1923), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Lieutenant General of Aviation (1968). During the Great Patriotic War in attack aircraft, the deputy commander of the regiment; 292 sorties. Aleksidze Dmitry Aleksandrovich (1910-84), the Georgian director, People's Artist of the USSR (1976). Since 1936 in the Georgian Theater. Rustaveli (1959 chief director) in 1964-71 in the Ukrainian Theater. Franco, 1970 at the Georgian Theater. Mardzhanishvili. Aleksievich Svetlana (b. 1948), Belarusian writer. Essays on the basis of confessional stories passed through the war women and children (the book. "War is not a woman's face", 1984; "The Last Witnesses", 1985) Soviet soldiers to the bottom ispivshih cruelty and moral outrage of the Afghan war (the book "Zinc boys" , 1990). Alex (in the world Dorodnitsyn Anempodist Ya) (1859-1919), Russian spiritual writer, Bishop Chistopolsky (1905), rector of the Kazan Theological Academy. Works on the study of southern Russian Shtundists. Alex (con. 16 in.), Abbot of the Saviour Monastery Gennadieva, student and author of the Life and the Reverend Canon Gennady Kostroma. Alex (in the world Alexei V. Molchanov) (1853-1914), Bishop Tauride and Simferopol, Exarch of Georgia (1913). Alexy I (Simansky Sergey) (1877-1970), the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia since 1945. In 1943-45, Metropolitan of Leningrad and Novgorod. Led peace movement of the Russian Orthodox Church. Alexy II (Riediger Alexis) (b. 1929), Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia since 1990. Since 1964, the Archbishop of Tallinn and Estonia, managing director of the Moscow Patriarchate, a permanent member of the Holy Synod. Since 1968, the Metropolitan of Tallinn and Estonia. Since 1988, the Metropolitan of Leningrad and Novgorod. One of the prominent figures of the ecumenical movement. In the 1964-87 president of the Conference of European Churches (since 1987, Chairman of the Presidium). Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1993). ALEX-Meskhishvili Vladimir Sardionovich (1857-1920), Georgian actor, director, teacher, People's Artist of Georgia (1930, posthumously). On stage with 1881. Since 1890 the director, in 1890-96 and since 1910 head of the Tbilisi Theatre. Alexina, a city in the Russian Federation, Tul., A marina on the River. Oka. Railway station. 74.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plant "Tyazhpromarmatura" Chemical Plant and others. History Museum. Known since the 13th century. Alexina Anatoly G. (b. 1924), the Russian writer. Collections of stories about his childhood and youth in their relationship with the adult world: "In the meantime, somewhere ..." (1967), "My brother plays the clarinet" (1968), "The actors and performers" (1975) "Later the child" (1976), "The third in the fifth row" (1977), "Mad Evdokia" (1978), "signalmen and buglers" (1985) and others. USSR State Prize (1978). ALEXIS (Alexis) Jacques Stephen (1922-61), the Haitian writer. Wrote in French. Novels "Good general Sun" (1955), "Trees musicians" (1957), a book of fairy tales "Romancero by starlight" (1960). Killed. Alex (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Lexis - word, speech), loss of the ability to read or understand what they read as a result of the defeat of the temporo-parietal-occipital region of the left hemisphere (right-handers). Often combined with aphasia and agraphia. Alectryon (Gr. Rooster), in Greek mythology, the young man - a servant of Ares. Asleep, warned lovers of Ares and Aphrodite on the day of; punishment turned into a cock. ALELYUHIN Alexei V. (b. 1920), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1943), Major General Aviation (1971). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aircraft, the deputy commander of the regiment; 258 air battles personally shot down 40 and a group of 17 enemy aircraft. Aleman-I-DE-energy (Aleman y de Enero) Mateo (1547 - c. 1614), Spanish writer. Picaresque novel "Life of rogue Guzman de Alfarache" (1599-1604). Alemany (Swabians), a Germanic tribe (from them - Swabia). In some Romance languages the word "Alemannia Aachen" remained as the name of the Germans. Alemasov Vyacheslav (b. 1923), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Major works on the study of the thermodynamic and thermophysical properties of combustion products and aerothermochemical processes in power plants. USSR State Prize (1984, 1991). Alain (Alain) (pres. Emile Chartier name) (1868-1951), French philosopher-essayist. ALENA (? -1670) The leader of the peasant detachment near Temnikov Peasant War in 1670-71, a nun from the peasants. Penalty. Alencar (Alencar) Jose Martinian di (1829-77), the Brazilian romantic writer. Novels "Guarani" (1857), "Iracema" (1865), "Ubirajara, São Paulo" (1875) - about the Indians; historical novels and dramas. Alentova Vera Valentinovna (b. 1942), the Russian actress, Honored Artist of Russia (1982). Since 1965, the Moscow Drama Theater. Pushkin, from the same year in films. USSR State Prize for his role in the movie "Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears" (1981), the State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of cinema - Prize. Bro. Vasilyev for his role in the film "Time of Desires" (1986). Snimalac in films: "Tomorrow Was the War" (1987), "Bride of Miami" (1993), "Shirley Myrli" (1995) and others. Alain-Fournier (Alain-Fournier; pres. Name and fam. Henri Alain Fournier) (1886-1914), French writer. The novel "Le Grand Meaulnes" (1913) - a lyrical story about the youthful passionate and romantic perception of life. Poems, short stories, essays in the book "Miracle" (published 1924). ALESKOVSKY Valery B. (b. 1912), the Russian chemist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1972). Developed the fundamentals of synthesis of inorganic materials with desired structure and properties. ALESSANDRIA (Alessandria), a city in the North. Italy, the administrative center of the province. Alessandria. 97 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Machinery, aluminum, chemical industry. Large-scale production of felt hats, jewelry. Architectural monument of 12-15 centuries. Alessi (Alessi) Galeazzo (1500 or 1512-1572), an Italian architect. The representative of the late Renaissance. Created a type of palace with extensive deep terraced composition enriched stairs and arcades (Palazzo Parodi in Genoa, 1567). Aleta, in Greek mythology, a descendant of Heracles captured Corinth and drive out the descendants of Sisyphus. Aleutian depression, an area of low atmospheric pressure in the North Pacific c., In the Aleutian Islands. Manifested mainly in winter. Aleutian Islands (Aleutian Islands), in the North Pacific approx. (USA, NY. Alaska). Arranged in an arc length of 1740 km. The area of 37.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 7.5 thousand. People. Height up to 2860 m. Approx. 25 active volcanoes. Meadows and mountain tundra. Fisheries (cod, halibut, herring), mining walruses, seals. The main town - Adak. Discovered in the 18th century. Russian sailors. Until 1867 belonged to Russia (sold to the United States with Alaska). Aleutian Trench, in the North Pacific c., Along the southern slopes of underwater Aleutian Islands. St. 4000 km, depth up to 7855 m. Aleutian Range, Alaska, eastern extension of the ridge Aleutian Islands. Volcanic peaks up to 3108 m. 10 active volcanoes (Katmai, Iliamna et al.). Aleut language (obsolete. Unangan), refers to the Eskimo-Aleut family of Paleo-Asiatic languages. Aleuts (self - Unangan), the people, the indigenous people of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska Peninsula (USA) and the Commander Islands (Russian Federation). The total number of three thousand. People (1990), in Vol. H. In the USA 2 t. Aleut language. Believers are mostly Orthodox. ALYOKHIN Alexander Alexandrovich (1892-1946), Russian chess player. 4th world champion (1927-35, 1937-46), the Russian Federation (1920). From 1921 he lived in France. Books: "My best games" (1928), "On the Road to the highest chess achievements" (1932) and Alexander dr.ALEHIN [19 (31), October 1892, Moscow - March 24, 1946, Estoril, near Lisbon], Russian chess player , the fourth in the history of the world champion (1927-1935 and 1937), chess writer and theorist. Doctor of Law (1925) .Detstvo and youth. Character education Son of Marshal of the Nobility Voronezh province Alexander Ivanovich Alekhine (1856-1917) and Anissya Prokhorova Ivanovna (1861-1915), came from a family known textile manufacturer, owner of the "Three-mountain manufactory". He studied at the classical gymnasium LI Polivanov (Moscow, 1901-10) and the Imperial College of Law (St. Petersburg, 1911-14), after which he was awarded the rank of titular sovetnika.Alehin played chess with 7 years; in his youth often participated in tournaments by correspondence, contributed to the development of its analytical thinking. In 16 years, winning the All-Russian tournament in memory of MI Chigorin (Petersburg, 1909), received the title of maestro and was awarded a porcelain vase - the main prize, established "Their Imperial Majesties." In 1914 he finished third in the "Tournament of Champions" in St. Petersburg, becoming one of the contenders for the world championship. Alekhine words "by chess, I brought up his character" became cruise in the chess mire.Rossiysky period In 1916, sent a volunteer at the Galician front, at the head of the Red Cross; was wounded. For the salvation of the wounded was awarded two medals of St. George and the Order of St. Sviatoslav with swords. In 1919, during a tour of chess in Ukraine in Odessa arrested and sentenced to death on charges of having links with the Whites. Through the intervention of the Chairman of People's Commissars of Ukraine H. Rakowski osvobozhden.V 1919 goes to the State of cinema studio in Moscow, but in May 1920, goes to the Moscow Criminal Investigation Department Chief Investigator police department; in the autumn of cooperating as a translator in the Comintern. In October 1920, won the first championship of the Soviet Russian chess. In March 1921 he married Anne-Lise Ryuegg- Swiss Democratic Party activist. The marriage was short-lived, but allowed Alekhin freely emigrate from Rossii.Zhizn abroad. Victories and records in 1921-27 played in 22 international tournaments and won 14 of them, in Vol. H. In such large as Hastings (1922), Baden-Baden (1925), Kechkemetsky (1927). In 1921, published in Berlin in German his first book "Chess Life in Soviet Russia." Has made a valuable contribution to the development of opening theory, one of the first to use chess beginning 1. e4 Kf6, dubbed "Alekhine's Defence" (1921), a number of new systems in the Ruy Lopez, French defense, Queen's Gambit, and many other lines. Had a phenomenal memory. In 1924-25 set several world records in the simul blind: New York (1924) - played 26 games, of which won 16, lost 5 and 5 ended in a draw (16, -5 = 5); Paris (1925) - 27 parties, of which won in the 22's and only 3 lost (22, -3 = 2). In 1925, defended at the Sorbonne thesis on "The system of imprisonment in China", became a doctor of law. In 1927, in Buenos Aires won the world championship match Cuban chess player JR Capablanca (+6 -3 = 25), becoming the fourth in the history of chess world champion. In 1929-37 played two matches for the World Championship in Germany, lived with Russian grandmaster ED Bogoliubov (1929; 11 -5 = 9; 1934; 8, -3, = 15) and two with the Dutchman M. Euwe (1935; 8, -9 = 13; 1937; 10, -4, = 11). In 1937 became the first in the history of chess champion, won the rematch. After winning an international tournament in Bled (Yugoslavia, 1931), ahead of the runner up 5.5 points, setting a record result in the history of shahmat.Aktivno helped to popularize chess in the world. The first of world champions held (September 10 1932 - May 20, 1933) round the world chess tour (USA, Mexico, Cuba, the Hawaiian Islands, Japan, Shanghai, Hong Kong, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, New Zealand, Ceylon, Egypt, Palestine, Italy), during which the parties played in 1320 (won in 1161 and only 65 lost) .Vozglavlyal team France in four World Chess Olympiad (1930, 1931, 1933, 1939). In 1940, Lieutenant-translator of the French army. In 1941 in the newspaper "Pariser Zeitung" published a series of articles "Jewish and Aryan Chess", signed by Alekhine, who later called the publication of "fake"; the question of authorship remains controversial. In March 1946 received a call to the match from the champion of the USSR Mikhail Botvinnik. Began to prepare, but died suddenly at the hotel "Park-Hotel" Estoril. First world chess champion, died undefeated. Buried at Estoril in 1956 reburied in Paris Montparnasse Cemetery, where his gravestone is written: "Genius of Chess Russia and France" .Vsego Alekhine made in 87 tournaments and 62 of them won first place, held 23 matches, of which won 17 4 and brought in a draw. His life is devoted to the movie "Snow White Russia" (1980), filmed in the Soviet Union on the novel of Moscow grandmaster Alexander Kotov "White and Black" (1965) .Sochineniya: International chess tournament in New York, 1924. Moscow, 1925. My best games. M .; L., 1928. Pr. 1 (1908-1923) .Mezhdunarodny chess tournament in New York, 1927. M .; L. 1930.Match Alekhine - Euwe for the world championship. M .; L. 1936.Na paths to higher chess achievements (1924-1927). M., 1932 1962.Literatura: Mirles AA Genius combinations - Grandmaster A. Alekhine. Kiev, 1926.Panov VI 300 selected games of Alekhine with his own notes. M., 1954.Kotov AA Alexander Alekhine. M., 1973.Kotov A. Alekhine Chess heritage. 2nd ed. M., 1982. T. 1-2.Linder VI, Linder IM Alekhine. M., 1992.V. I. Linder ALYOKHIN Vasily Vasilyevich (1882-1946), the Russian geobotanist, founder of the Moscow School of Science, Professor of the Moscow State University (1918). Proceedings of research steppe vegetation of the European part of the USSR, theoretical issues geobotany. Author of the textbook "Geography of Plants". Alekhnovich Gleb Vasilyevich (1886-1918), a Russian pilot. From 1912 he worked as a test pilot at the Russian-Baltic wagon factory in St. Petersburg, set a number of records. During the 1st World War, the commander of the aircraft, "Ilya Muromets". Defected to the Soviet government during the October Revolution. He died in a plane crash. Aletsch Glacier (Aletschgletscher), the largest glacier in the Alps in Switzerland. The length of 24.7 km, the area of 87 km2. Down from the southern slopes of the Bernese Alps. Tourism (special railways, cable cars). Mikoláš Aleš (1852-1913), Czech painter and graphic artist. Paintings on historical and patriotic themes, cartoons for the murals of the National Theatre in Prague (1880-81), illustrations to folk songs; combined with the characteristics of the Romantic tradition of decorative stylization. Alyosha Popovich, hero, hero of Russian epics ("The fight with Tugarin Alyosha Popovich," "On the road warriors of growth"). Aleshin Andrey V. (1905-74), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Commander of the Order of Glory full (1944, 1945, 1945), Sergeant. In World War II artillery, gun commander, participated in the battles of Moscow, with the liberation of Ukraine and Poland in the battles in Pomerania. Aleshin (pres. Fam. Kotlyar) Samuel I. (b. 1913), Russian playwright. Plays "Director" (1950), "All remains to people" (1959), "The Eighteenth Camel" (1983) and others. Human responsibility to the motherland, the era; "All I die ..." (1989) about Mikhail Bulgakov. A Tale in the dialogues "Diplomat" (1977). Aleshin Tamara G. (b. 1928), singer (mezzo-soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1976). Since 1958 in the Moldavian Theatre of Opera and Ballet. Alyosha, the name of the city until 1928. Tsyurupinsk Aleshkovsky Peter Markovic (p. 1957), the Russian writer. In prose (novel "The Life Ferret", 1993; novel "Vladimir Chigrintsev", 1995) refers to the social and moral problems, historical subjects, marginal. Storybook "Stargorod" (1995); historical novel "Harlequin, or The Life of Vasily Trediakovsky" (1995). Aleshkovsky Hughes (pres. The name of Joseph E.) (b. 1929), the Russian writer. Since 1979 in exile. He started as a writer of children's books ("Two tickets on the train", 1965, "Shoo, two portfolios and the whole week", 1970) and performer of his own songs ("Comrade Stalin, you are a great scientist," et al.). In a satirical prose, originally distributed in samizdat (novel "Nicholas", 1970, the novel "Kangaroo", 1974-75, and others.) - Image marginal types of lower social strata; elements of the grotesque, fiction, the use of profanity. Paphos exposing communism (novel "The Hand", 1977-80), anti-Semitism ("Carousel", 1983), and so on. D. Other books: "Sinenky humble handkerchief" (1982), "Death in Moscow" (1985), "Flea tango "(1986). Algeria, Algerian People's Democratic Republic (Ar. Al-Jumhuriyah al-Jazaïry Democracy al-Shaab), the state of North. Africa. 2,381.7 thousand. Km2. The population of approx. 27 million. People (1993), approx. 83% - Algerians, as the Berbers, Europeans. The urban population of 51.7% (1990). Official language - Arabic. State religion - Islam. Administrative divisions: 48 Vila (provinces). Capital - Algeria. The head of state - the president. Legislature - unicameral National People's Assembly. Algeria occupies the central part of the Atlas mountain region and the fourth part of the Sahara Desert. Climate North. Algeria is subtropical. Average January temperatures 5-12 ° C and in July 25 ° C. 400-1200 mm rainfall per year. Saharan climate is tropical, desert (less than 50 mm of rain per year). Cork oak forests (in the mountains), semi-desert and desert vegetation. In the 12th century. BC. e. in Algeria having Phoenician settlements in the 3rd century. - State Numidia. In 1. BC. e. - 5. n. e. under the rule of Rome. In the 7th century. conquered by the Arabs. In the 1st floor. 16 in. passed under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. In 1711-1830 Algeria governed by local rulers (dei) - vassals of the Turkish sultan. As a result, gripping France Algiers (1830), Algeria became its colony (officially in 1834). Against the colonialists in 1832-47 unfolded uprising led by Abd al-Qadir, in 1871-72 - Mukran rebellion. As a result of the national liberation war 1954-62, led by the National Liberation Front (FLN, founded in 1954), Algeria gained independence in 1962. Until 1989 the party TNF - only; constitution of 1989 proclaimed the transition to a multiparty system. Algeria - agrarian country with a developed mining industry. The share of gross domestic product (1990,%): 37.7 Industry (in Vol. H. Oil and gas 17.7), agriculture 14.9. Most of the industrial production is created in the public sector. Cultivated mainly cereals, grapes, vegetables, fruit. In the oases - the date palm. Bred sheep, goats, cattle and camels. Fishing. Oil, gas, non-ferrous metals and iron ore. Flavoring, metal, oil, chemical and others. Company. Electricity production 17.3 billion. KWh (1992). Length (1990, thous. Km) of railways 4.3, highways 88. The principal seaports: Bejaia, Arzew, Algeria, Annaba, Oran. Exports of oil, liquefied natural gas, petroleum products (approx. 98% of the cost), as well as wine, fruit and vegetables, iron ore, tobacco. Major trading partners: France, Germany, Italy, USA, Japan. Currency - Algerian Dinar. ALGIERS (Ar. Al-Jazaïry), the capital, economic and cultural center of Algeria, the administrative center of the wilaya, Algeria. 1.5 million. Inhabitants (1987). Port on the Mediterranean m. International Airport. Engineering, food, textile, chemical, oil-refining industry. Metropolitan. University. Founded in the 10th century. on the site of the ruins of a small Roman settlement Ikozium. In 1830-1962 the administrative center of the French colony of Algeria. Kasbah fortress (Turkish time), the Grand Mosque (1096) with a minaret (1323) and others. Algerians, Arabs of Algeria, the people, the general population of Algeria (21.2 million. People). The total number of 22.2 million. People (1992), in Vol. H. France 820 thousand. Man. Arabic language. Believers - Sunni Muslims. Alzamay, city (1955) in the Russian Federation, Irkutsk region. Railway station. 9.1 thousand. Residents (1992). Timber industry.
FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ
НИЦШЕ / NIETZSCHE / ЕССЕ HOMO / ВОЛЯ К ВЛАСТИ / К ГЕНЕАЛОГИИ МОРАЛИ / СУМЕРКИ ИДОЛОВ /
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