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Alexander the Great (356-323 BC. E.), King of Macedonia 336. The son of King Philip II, was educated by Aristotle. Defeating the Persians at Granicus (334), Issa (333) Gaugamela (331) conquered the Achaemenid kingdom, invaded Avg. Asia (329), won the land to the river. Indus, creating the world's largest monarchy drevnosti.ALEKSANDR Great (Alexander III the Great) (356, Pella, Macedonia - June 13 323 BC. E., Babylon), king of Macedonia, the great military leader, founder of the largest state of the ancient mira.Naslednik son of Philip II Macedonian king Philip II and Queen Olympias, Alexander received an excellent education for his time, his tutor with 13 years was Aristotle. Alexander favorite reading were heroic poems of Homer. Military training, he was held under the guidance of his father. Already in his early years, he demonstrated exceptional ability in generalship. In 338 Alexander private participation in the Battle of Chaeronea largely decided the outcome of the battle in favor of the heir to the Macedonian throne makedonyan.Yunost was marred by their parents' divorce. Secondary marriage of Philip another woman (Cleopatra) was the cause of a quarrel with his father Alexander. After the mysterious murder of King Philip in June 336 BC. e. 20-year-old Alexander was erected on prestol.Pohod the East. The main task of the Greek army of the young king was to prepare for a military campaign in Persia. The legacy of Philip to get a strong army of ancient Greece, but Alexander knew that to win over a huge need Akhemenids efforts throughout Greece. He managed to create Panhellenic (Pan-Hellenic) alliance and form a joint Greek-Macedonian army voysko.Elitu were bodyguards of the king (Hypaspists) and the Macedonian royal guard. The basis of the cavalry were horsemen from Thessaly. Foot soldiers wore heavy bronze armor, their main weapon was the Macedonian spear - sarissa. Alexander improved combat tactics of his father. Macedonian phalanx he began to build around the corner, this construction allows you to concentrate forces to attack the enemy's right flank, traditionally weak in the armies of the ancient world. In addition to the heavy infantry in the army there was a considerable number of lightly armed auxiliary troops from various cities of Greece. The total number of infantry was 30 thousand. Man cavalry - 5 thousand. Despite the relatively small size of the Greek-Macedonian army was well trained and vooruzheno.Bitvy the Granicus and Issus in 334 army of the Macedonian king crossed the Hellespont (modern. Dardanelles), started war under the slogan of revenge for the Persians reviled greek shrines of Asia Minor. In the first phase of hostilities Alexander resisted Persian satraps who ruled Asia Minor. Their 60,000th army was defeated in 333 at the Battle of the Granicus River, after which the Greek cities of Asia Minor were released. However, the state of the Achaemenid has enormous human and material resources. King Darius III, collecting the best troops from all parts of the country, moved towards Alexander, but in the decisive battle of Issus near the border of Syria and Cilicia (modern district Iskanderuna, Turkey) its 100,000th army was broken, and he barely escaped by flight. Alexander in EgipteAleksandr decided to take the fruits of their victory and continued his march. Successful siege of Tyre opened the way for him to Egypt, and in the winter 332-331 Greco-Macedonian phalanx came to the valley of the Nile. Population enslaved by the Persians of the Macedonians perceived as liberators. To preserve the stability of power in the conquered lands, Alexander undertook extraordinary step - by proclaiming himself the son of an Egyptian god Ammon, the Greeks identified with Zeus, he became in the eyes of the Egyptians legitimate ruler (Pharaoh). Another way to consolidate power in the conquered countries was the relocation of them Greeks and Macedonians, which contributed to the spread of the Greek language and culture in the vast territories. Alexander specifically for immigrants founded new towns, usually wore his name. The most famous of them - Alexandria (Egypt) .Razgrom Akhemenids After the financial reform in Egypt, Alexander continued his march to the East. Greco-Macedonian army invaded Mesopotamia. Darius III, collecting all possible forces tried to stop Alexander, but to no avail, October 1 331 the Persians were finally defeated at the Battle of Gaugamela (near modern Irbil, Iraq). The winners took the Persian native land, the city of Babylon, Susa, Persepolis, Ecbatana. Darius III fled, but was soon killed Bess, satrap of Bactria; Alexander ordered to bury the last Persian ruler with royal honors in Persepolis. Akhemenids stopped suschestvovat.Aleksandr was proclaimed "king of Asia." After the occupation of Ecbatana he sent home all hoping for allies of the Greeks. In his state he planned to create a new ruling class of Macedonians and Persians, sought to win over the local nobility, which caused dissatisfaction with his associates. In 330 were executed oldest commander Parmenion and his son, the head of the cavalry Philotas accused of involvement in a conspiracy against Aleksandra.Pohod in Central Asia and India Crossing the eastern Iranian region, Alexander's army invaded Central Asia (Bactria and Sogdiana), the local population which is headed by Spitamen put up fierce resistance; it managed to suppress only after the death of Spitamen in 328.Aleksandr tried to respect local customs, wore the Persian royal apparel, married Roxane baktriyke. However, his attempt to introduce the Persian court ceremonial (in particular, of falling down before the king) came upon the rejection of the Greeks. Alexander ruthless with dissatisfied. His foster brother Clete who dared to disobey him, was instantly killed. After the Greco-Macedonian troops came into the valley of the Indus, between them and the soldiers of the Indian king's time there was a battle at the Hydaspes (326). The Indians were defeated, chasing them, Alexander's army descended down the Indus to the Indian Ocean (325). Indus Valley was annexed to the Power of Alexander. Depletion of troops and sparking riots in them forced Alexander to turn to the west. Alexander in Babylon Back in Babylon, which became his permanent residence, Alexander continued the policy of combining multi-lingual population of its powers, closer to the Persian nobles, who were involved in the management of the state. He organized mass weddings Macedonians with Persians, he married (in addition to Roxane) simultaneously on two Persian - Stateira (daughter of Darius) and Parysatis. Alexander is ready to conquer Arabia and North Africa, but this was prevented by his sudden death from malaria. His body was delivered to Alexandria by Ptolemy of Egypt (one of the companions of the great commander), was placed in a golden coffin. The fate of the Empire The new kings enormous powers were proclaimed newborn son Alexander and his half-brother, Arrhidaeus. In fact, the empire began to control the generals of Alexander - Diadochi, soon to start a war for the division between state and soboy.Politicheskoe economic unity, which sought to create Alexander the Great in the occupied territories, was fragile, but the Greek influence in the East has been very fruitful and has led to a culture of Hellenism. The personality of Alexander the Great was extremely popular among the European nations, and in the East, where it is known under the name Iskander Zulkarneyn (or Iskandar Zulkarnayn, which means Alexander horned) .Literatura: Arrian. Alexander's campaign. M .; L. 1962.Kvint Curtius Rufus. History of Alexander the Great. M., 1963.Plutarh. Comparative biography. M., 1963. T. 2.Kostyuhin EA Alexander the Great in the literary and folk traditions. M., 1972.Gafurov BG, Tsibukidis DI Alexander the Great and the East. M., 1980.Shahermaeyr F. Alexander the Great. M., 1986. S. Schiffman J. Alexander the Great. L. 1988.M. Ya Salonikes Alexander Mikhailovich (1301-39), the Grand Duke of Tver and Vladimir from 1326 to 1326-27. Unsuccessfully fought with Ivan I Kalita at the Grand Buffet. Killed in the Golden Horde. Alexander Mikhailovich (1866-1933), a Russian Grand Duke, grandson of Emperor Nicholas I, the admiral and the Adjutant General (1909). In 1901-05 chief superintendent merchant shipping and ports. Participated in the creation of Russian aviation. In 1916-17 a field inspector general of air force. Since 1918 in exile. Alexander Nevsky (1221? -1263), The Prince of Novgorod, in 1236-51, the Grand Duke Vladimir to 1252. The son of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. Victory over the Swedes (Battle of the Neva in 1240) and the German knights of the Livonian Order (Battle of the Ice in 1242) secured the western borders of Russia. Canonized by the Russian Orthodox tserkovyu.ALEKSANDR Jaroslawich (Feodorovich) Nevsky - (May 13, 1221? - 14 November 1263), Prince of Novgorod (c 1236), the Grand Duke Vladimir (1252). Origin. The beginning of the reign was born in the family of Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich and Princess Theodosia, daughter of Prince Mstislav Udatny (Delete). Grandson of Vsevolod the Big Nest. The first information about Alexander relate to 1228, when Yaroslav Vsevolod, prince of Novgorod, came into conflict with the townspeople and was forced to drive off in Pereslavl-Zaleski, his ancestral inheritance. Despite his departure, he left in Novgorod in the care of trusted boyars of his two young sons, Theodore and Alexander. After the death of Theodore Alexander becomes the eldest son of Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. In 1236 he was put on the Novgorod principality, and in 1239 he married Princess Alexandra of Polotsk Bryachislavne.V first years of his reign he had to deal with the strengthening of Novgorod, as in the east threatened Mongol-Tatars. On the river Shelon Alexander built several krepostey.Pobeda on the Neva. Battle of the Ice Universal glory young prince brought victory won by them on the banks of the Neva River at the mouth of the river Izhora 15 July 1240 on the Swedish group, which, according to legend, commanded by the future ruler of Sweden Birger Jarl (but Swedish Eric Chronicles 14 in. Life Birger this campaign is not mentioned). Alexander personally took part in the battle, "the king himself vzlozhi print on the face ostrym their kopiem." It is believed that for this victory became known as Prince Nevsky, but for the first time this name is found in the sources with only 14 in. Since it is known that some of the descendants of Prince also wore the nickname of the Neva, it is possible in this way they are assigned ownership in the area. Traditionally believed that the battle in 1240 to prevent the loss Rus Gulf of Finland, Sweden stopped the aggression in the Novgorod and Pskov zemli.Po return from the banks of the Neva because of another conflict, Alexander was forced to leave and go to Novgorod Pereslavl-Zaleski. Meanwhile, over Novgorod threatened from the west. Livonian Order, gathered Baltic German crusaders, Danish knights from Revel, with the support of the Roman Curia and the old rivals of Novgorod Pskov, Novgorod invaded the land. From Novgorod sent an embassy to Yaroslav Vsevolodovich for help. He sent to Novgorod armed group led by his son Andrew Yaroslavich, who was soon replaced by Alexander. He freed and occupied by the Knights Koporje Vodskuyu ground and then knocked out of the German garrison of Pskov. Inspired by the success of Novgorod invaded the Livonian Order and began to ravage the settlements of the Estonians, tributaries of the Crusaders. Released from Riga knights destroyed advanced Russian regiment Domash Tverdislavicha, forcing Alexander to withdraw its troops to the border of the Livonian Order, held on Lake Peipsi. Both sides began to prepare for a decisive battle. It happened on the ice of Lake Chud, crow stone April 5, 1242 and became known as the Battle of the Ice. German knights were defeated. The Livonian Order was faced with the need to make peace, in which the Crusaders gave up claims to the Russian land, and send Latgalii.Letom part of the same year, Alexander defeated seven Lithuanian troops, attacked the north-western Russian lands, in 1245 rescued Toropets captured Lithuania, Lithuanian troops destroyed the lake Zhiztsa and finally defeated the Lithuanian militia under Usvyaty. Alexander and the Horde successful military action Alexander Nevsky permanently ensure the safety of the western borders of Russia, but in the east the Russian princes had to bow to the much more powerful enemy - the Mongol-tatarami.V 1243 Batu Khan, the ruler of the western part of the Mongol power - the Golden Horde, the label gave great Prince Vladimir of managing the conquered Russian lands father of Alexander - Yaroslav Vsevolodovich. The Great Khan of the Mongols Guyuk called the Grand Duke in his capital Karakorum, where 30 September 1246 Yaroslav died suddenly (on standard version, he was poisoned). Then Korakorum were caused by his sons - Alexander and Andrew. While Yaroslaviches traveled to Mongolia, the Khan Guyuk died, and the new owner of the Karakoram khansha Ogul-Hamish decided to appoint the Grand Duke Andrew, Alexander also received a management devastated southern Russia and Kiev.Lish in 1249 the brothers were able to return to their homeland. Alexander in his new ownership did not go, and returned to Novgorod, where seriously ill. Around this time, Pope Innocent IV sent to the Alexander Nevsky Embassy with an invitation to Catholicism, allegedly in exchange for his help in the joint struggle against the Mongols. This proposal was rejected by Alexander in the most categorical terms. In 1252 in the Karakorum-Ogul Hamish was overthrown by the new Great Khan Mangu (Mengke). Using this fact and decided to remove from the great reign of Andrew Yaroslavich, Baty presented the label of Grand Duke Alexander Nevsky, who was urgently summoned to the capital of the Golden Horde Sarai. But the younger brother of Alexander, Andrew Yaroslavich, supported by his brother Jaroslaw, Prince of Tver, and Daniel Romanovich, Galician prince, refused to abide by the decision of Batu. To punish the rebellious princes Mongolian Batu sent a detachment under the command of Nevryuya (t. N. "Nevryuevu Men"), resulting in Andrew and Yaroslav fled beyond the North-Eastern Russia. Later, in 1253 Yaroslav was invited to reign in Pskov, and in 1255 - in Novgorod. And Novgorod "vygnasha out" of his former Prince Basil - son of Alexander Nevsky. But Alexander, newly planted in Novgorod Vasily, severely punish the vigilantes who failed to protect the rights of his son - they were the ruler of the Golden Horde oslepleny.Novy Khan Berke (since 1255) introduced in Russia for a total of conquered lands system of taxation tribute. In 1257 in Novgorod, as well as other Russian cities were sent "chislenniki" for capitation census. This aroused the indignation of Novgorod, which supported the Prince Vasili. In Novgorod uprising began, which lasted about one and a half years, during which Novgorod did not submit to the Mongols. Alexander personally restored order, executing the most active participants in the unrest. Vasili Alexandrovich was captured and taken into custody. Novgorod was broken and obeyed the order to send a tribute to the Golden Horde. New Novgorod governor from 1259 was Prince Dmitry Aleksandrovich.V 1262 riots broke out in Suzdal cities, where they were killed and expelled khan baskaks Tatar merchants. To appease the Khan Berke, Alexander Nevsky personally went with the gifts of the Horde. Khan held the prince beside him all winter and summer; only in the autumn Alexander was able to return to Vladimir, but the road was sick and November 14, 1263 in Gorodets died. His body was buried in the Vladimir Monastery of the Nativity of the Virgin. The canonization of Alexander Nevsky in terrible conditions of the test, hit the Russian land, Alexander Nevsky was able to find the strength to confront the Western invaders, shot to fame of the great Russian commander, and laid the foundations of the relationship with the Golden Ordoy.Uzhe in the 1280-ies in Vladimir begins veneration of Alexander Nevsky as a saint, and later he was officially canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church. Alexander Nevsky was the only Orthodox secular ruler, not only in Russia but also in Europe, which would not compromise with the Catholic Church for the sake of power. With the participation of his son Dmitry Alexandrovich and Metropolitan Kirill was written hagiographical tale, which became widespread at a later time widely known (survived 15 editions) .In 1724 Peter I founded the monastery in St. Petersburg in honor of his great compatriot (now Alexander Nevsky Lavra) and commanded to carry back the remains of the prince. He decided to celebrate the memory of Alexander Nevsky August 30 on the day of the victorious Nystadt peace with Sweden. In 1725, Empress Catherine I established the Order of Alexander Nevsky - one of the highest awards of Russia, which existed until 1917. During the Great Patriotic War in 1942 was established the Soviet Order of Alexander Nevsky, which was awarded to the commanders of the platoon to division, inclusive, show personal courage and ensure successful operations their chastey.Literatura: Vernadsky GV Two feat St. Alexander Nevsky // Eurasian Annals. Berlin, 1925. T. 4.Pashuto VT Alexander Nevsky. M., 1974.Zhitie Alexander Nevsky / Prepare. Text, trans. and comments. VI Okhotnikov // Literary Monuments of Ancient Rus: XIII Century. 1981: 426-439.Kuchkin VA date of birth of Alexander Nevsky // Questions of history. 1986. № 2. S. J. 174-176.Fennel. The crisis of medieval Russia: 1200-1304: Trans. from English. M., 1989.I. ALEXANDER N. Danilevsky Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. ALEXANDER Sebaste (d. C. 320), one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Severus Alexander (Alexander Severus) (208-235), Roman Emperor from 222, from a dynasty. In 231-232 waged a successful war with Persia. ALEXANDER Tomsk (Kyustendzhiysky) (d. In the context. 3 - beg. 4 in.), The mayor, the father of Martyr Astion Almirisskogo. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 7 (20) of July. Alexander I LAND, south-western part of the Antarctic Peninsula in Antarctica. Is connected to the mainland by ice shelf George VI. The length of 400 km, the width of 200 km. Above the ice cover of the mountain (up to 2987 m). Opening of the Russian expedition of FF Bellingshausen and Mikhail Lazarev in 1821. Alexander Archipelago, off the west coast of North. America, part of the piece. Alaska (USA). 36.8 thousand. Km2. The population of St. 30 thousand. Man. Height up to 1432 m. Coniferous forests and alpine meadows. Fishing, farming and forestry. Opened in 1741 by the Russian expedition of Bering and Chirikov. Until 1867 as part of t. N. Russian America. ALEXANDER MOSAIC (2 in. BC. E.), Floor mosaic in the house of the Faun in Pompeii depicting the Battle of Alexander the Great and Darius III at Issus. Perhaps because of Alexandria. Repetition of a famous painting by Greek artist Philoxenus (con. 4 in. BC. E.). At the moment in the Archaeological Museum in Naples. Alexandra (in monasticism Anastasia) (1838-1900), Grand Duchess, the founder of the Kiev Pokrovsky Monastery with surgical hospital Intercession community of Sisters of Mercy, several hospitals, female paramedic school. Alexandra Feodorovna (pres. The name Alice of Hesse-Darmstadt) (1872-1918), Empress of Russia, wife of Nicholas II (1894). In 1918 arrested. Shot with his family in Yekaterinburg. Aleksandravičius Petras Povilo (b. 1906), the Lithuanian sculptor, People's Artist of Lithuania (1956). Bright portrait images figures of Lithuanian culture ("Yu Žemaitė", 1950). USSR State Prize (1951). Alexandrescu (Alexandrescu) Sike Vasile (1896-1973), Romanian director. In 1947-67 director of the National Theatre (Bucharest). To promote the national repertoire, the development of realistic traditions. Alexandretta (Alexandretta), the Greek name of Iskenderun. Alexander (Alecsandri) Basil (1821-1890), the Moldovan and Romanian writer, theatrical figure, collector of folklore. Member of the Revolution of 1848 in Wallachia. Ostrosatiricheskoy antimeschanskie comedy "Iasi during Carnival" (1852), "Kyritz in the province" (1852), patriotic poetry, a collection of "cash" (1843-53). Library of Alexandria, the largest collection of old manuscripts (from 100 to 700 thousand. Volumes). Founded in the beginning. 3. BC. e. when Musaeum. Part of the Library of Alexandria was burned in 47 BC. e., part destroyed in 391 BC. e., the remains - in the 7-8 centuries. Alexandrian poetry, ancient Greek poetry of the Hellenistic period (3-1 cc. BC. E.), Named after its main center - Alexandria (Egypt). Loss of citizenship content and monumental form; interest in private life; rational reflection and "learning", t. e. the attraction to the linguistic and mythological stylization, exquisitely mysterious expression of thought - hallmarks of Alexandrian poetry. The main representatives: Callimachus, Theocritus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Leonidas of Tarentum. Senna (Senna), leaves of some species of the genus Cassia, used in medicine as a laxative. Musaeum (Gr. Museion - temple of the Muses), a set of scientific and educational institutions, one of the main centers of science and culture of antiquity. Based in Alexandria in the beginning. 3. BC. e., the Roman Emperor Aurelian eliminated in 272-273. Alexandrine (from Old French poem about Alexander the Great), the French 12-syllable verse or Russian 6-stop pentameter (with a caesura after the 6th syllable) rhyming with steam; core size large genres of classical literature. Alexandrinsky Theatre, see. The Russian Academic Drama Theatre. Alexander Pushkin. Alexandria, mineral, chromium-containing species chrysoberyl. Under natural light emerald green, with artificial - violet-red. Dark-colored, transparent crystals of mass communication. 2.3 carat - gems 1st class. Alexander (Al-Iskandar), city and port in Egypt on the Mediterranean m., The administrative center of the governorate of Alexandria. 3.2 million. Inhabitants (1990). Large transport, commercial and industrial center of the country. Cargo turnover of approx. 20 million. M. The oil refining, chemical, cement, textile and engineering industries. University. Founded in 332-331 BC. e. Alexander the Great. Under the Ptolemies (305-30 BC. E.) The capital of Egypt and a center of Hellenistic culture. One of the main centers of early Christianity. In the 7th century. came under the rule of the Arabs. One of the centers of the national liberation movement against British colonialism in the 1st floor. 20 in. Architectural monuments of ancient times; many mosques (17 -19 cc.), palaces (19-20 cc.). Museum Greco-Roman Antiquities, Fine Arts. ALEXANDRIA (Alexandria), a town in southern Romania, the administrative center of the county of Teleorman. 53 thousand. Inhabitants (1986). Engineering and metalworking, textile and food industry. ALEXANDRIA (Alexandria), a city in the east of the United States, a suburb of Washington. 111 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Historical, cultural and tourist center associated with the life and work of George. Washington (house-museum, monument). Alexandria, a city in Ukraine, Kirovograd region., At p. Ingulec. Railway station. 105 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Brown coal mining. Electromechanical, material handling equipment and other plants. Founded in the middle. 18 in. Alexandria, city (from 1778) in the Russian Federation, Vladimir region. Railway junction. 68.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Production of television sets; light industry. Known since the 14th century. as Alexander Sloboda, in the 2nd floor. 16 in. residence of Ivan the Terrible, the center Oprichnina. In 1578 Aleksandrov - one of the first Russian printers (issued "Psalms"). Trinity Cathedral (1513), Assumption Convent (17 in.). Alexander Vasilyevich (1883-1946), Russian composer and choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1937), Major General (1943). Holder (1928) and artistic director of the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army. The author of the song "Holy War" (1941). USSR State Prize (1942, 1946). Alexander Kuchma (b. 1912), Russian mathematician, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1964). In 1952-64 the rector of Leningrad State University. Major works on geometry and its applications, foundations of relativity theory and the philosophy of science. USSR State Prize (1942). Alexander (Alexandrov-Fedotov) (pres. Fam. Fedotov) Alexander (1901-73), the Russian circus performer, People's Artist of Russia (1963). Acrobats, trapeze artists, the trainer of wild animals. Alexander Pavlovich (p. 1943), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut, twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1983, 1987). Flying on "Soyuz T-9" and orbital station "Salyut-7" (June - November 1983), "Soyuz TM-3" and the orbital complex "Mir" (July - December 1987). Alexander Panayotov (b. 1951), Pilot-Cosmonaut of Bulgaria. Hero of the People's Republic of Bulgaria (1988), Hero of the Soviet Union (1988). Flights on the Soviet spacecraft "Soyuz TM-4, -5" and the orbital complex "Mir" (June 1988). Alexander Petrovich (1906-81), a civil engineer, twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1952, 1961). In 1952-66 Head of Construction Tsimlyansk waterworks, head of the construction of the right bank "Kuybyshevgidrostroya" Head "Volgogradstroya" chief Soviet expert on the construction of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, 1966-77 Deputy Minister of Energy and Electrification of the USSR. Anatoly Alexandrov (1888-1982), Russian composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1971). Opera "Bela" (1945), 14 sonatas for piano, string quartets, vocal suite "Loyalty" (1950), romances. Professor of the Moscow Conservatory (since 1926). USSR State Prize (1951). Alexandrov Anatoly Petrovich (1903-94), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1953), President of the USSR (1975-86), three times Hero of Socialist Labor (1954, 1960, 1973). One of the founders of the national nuclear power. Developed mine protection vehicles (together with others.). Proceedings well as insulators, electrical and mechanical properties of polymers. Lenin Prize (1959), the USSR State Prize (1942, 1949, 1951, 1953). Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1978). Boris Alexandrov (1905-94), Russian composer and choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1958), Hero of Socialist Labor (1975), Major General (1973). Son Alexandrov. In 1946-86 artistic director of the Song and Dance Ensemble of the Soviet Army. Among the works - ballet "Lefty" (1954), operetta "Wedding in the Robin" (1937). Lenin Prize (1978), the USSR State Prize (1950). Alexander Borisov Kapitonovich (1889-1973), the Russian hydraulic engineer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Major works on the energy use of major rivers of the European part of the USSR. Author Kama Hydroelectric Project. Veniamin Alexandrov Veniaminovich (1937-91), the Russian sportsman, Honored Master of Sports (1963). Olympic champion (1964, 1968), Peace (1963-68), Europe (1958-60, 1963-68), the Soviet Union (1956, 1958-61, 1963-66, 1968) Ice Hockey. Alexandrov, Vladimir L. (1894-1962), a scientist in the field of aircraft, the student NE Zhukovsky. Co-author of the first Soviet passenger plane AK-1 (1924). In 1938-41 was in custody, he worked in CDB-29 NKVD. Rehabilitated. Alexandrov Georgy (b. 1930), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Major works on the theory of the corona discharge, the study of the electrical strength of air gaps, creating polymer insulators overhead power lines (PTL) and substations. Alexander Georgiev Fedorovich (1908-61), the Russian philosopher, academician of the USSR (1946). Works on the history of philosophy and sociology. USSR State Prize (1943, 1946). Alexander (pres. Fam. Mormonenko) Grigory (1903-83), the Russian film director, People's Artist of the USSR (1948), Hero of Socialist Labor (1973). One of the founders of the genre of Soviet musical comedy. Movies: "Jolly Fellows" (1934), "The Circus" (1936), "Volga-Volga" (1938), "Shining Path" (1940), "Spring" (1947), "Viva Mexico!" (1931-32, together with Sergei Eisenstein and E. Tisse; Aleksandrov completed in 1979), "Lyubov Orlova" (1983, together with E. Mikhailova), and others. Professor VGIK (1951). USSR State Prize (1941, 1950). Alexandrov, Eugene B. (b. 1936), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Major works on quantum optics. USSR State Prize (1978). Alexander Ivanov Gavrilovic (1875-1936), the Russian energy and hydraulics, academician of the USSR (1932), Academician of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935). Member of a plan of electrification. Author of the project of the Dnieper. Kirill Alexandrov, S. (b. 1931), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984). Major works on phase transitions in crystals, mainly in ferroelectrics. USSR State Prize (1989). Alexandru Maxim Leonidovich (b. 1939), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Major works in the field of surface diagnostics and automation research. Alexandrov Pavel Sergeyevich (1896-1982), Russian mathematician, founder of the scientific school of topology, academician of the USSR (1953), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Works on topology, set theory, the theory of functions. USSR State Prize (1943). Alexander Petrov Akimovich (1838-1893), a Russian lawyer. Defender on political processes ("193" et al.). As a defender Zasulich (1878) contributed to her acquittal by the court. ALEXANDROVSKY name Belogorsk in the Russian Federation, Amur Region., In 1926-35. Alexandrovsk town (since 1951) in the Russian Federation, Perm region. Railway station (Mines). 20.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Machine-Building Plant and others.

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