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MILITARY ACADEMY, higher education institutions; prepared team, engineering and others. cadres for the Armed Forces. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ridge in the West. Pamirs in Tajikistan. Length approx. 110 km. Height up to 7495 m (peak Communism). Glaciers (glaciation area of 660 km2). ACADEMY OF ART, scientific and artistic centers in the field of plastic arts (mainly public institutions), the top art schools (sometimes private). Originated in Italy in the 16th century. In 1648 founded the Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture in Paris, modeled on that in 17-18 centuries. Arts created in Vienna, Berlin, London, and others. In 1757, founded the Academy of Fine Arts in Russia (St. Petersburg, existed until 1918, reconstructed in 1947 in Moscow as the USSR Academy of Arts, 1992 Russian Academy of Arts). Academician, the title of a member of the Academy. The academies with a two-stage structure of the membership of the title of academician - higher education (as opposed to, eg., By Corresponding Member). The academies of several countries, there is the title of Honorary Academician. Academic Gymnasium, Russia's first secular secondary education institutions (1726-1805) at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, preparing students for the Academic University. In the 1758-65 academic school was headed by Mikhail Lomonosov. Rowing, rowing kind - race on academic courts. Originated in the 1st floor. 19 in. UK. The International Federation of Societies of rowing (FISA, founded in 1892), 71 countries (1991). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1900, the World Championships since 1962, with Europe 1893. ACADEMIC COURT, sports narrow elongated light boat with the recommendations of the board rowlocks for oars and mobile banks - seats; racing - type skiff training - such as clinker. Distinguish paired academic Court (athletes rowing two oars) - single, two, four; Swing (each one oar rowing) - two, four, eight. Adapted for rowing in a straight line on calm water. Academic University, Russia's first secular institution of higher education (1726-66) at the Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg. In 1758-65 headed the Academic University Lomonosov. "ACADEMY" ("Academia"), publishing in the USSR in 1922-38, Leningrad - Moscow. Released a series of books "The Treasures of World Literature", "Classics of World Literature" and others. Merged with Goslitizdat. USSR Academy of Architecture, the highest scientific institution in the field of architecture, founded in 1934 in Moscow. In 1956 transformed into academy of building and architecture of the USSR (abolished in 1964). Accademia del Cimento (Accademia del Cimento), Academy of the experiment (Tuscany, 1657-67). Contact her approval of the pilot areas in the natural sciences. Academy of Natural Sciences of the Russian Federation, founded in 1990 in Moscow as the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (1991 - present name). In 1991, 6 sections: physics; Chemistry; Earth Sciences; mathematics, computer science, cybernetics; Biology and Medicine; "Russian Encyclopedia". Academy of Communist Education them. NK Krupskaya (VAC) in 1923-35 higher educational establishments in the USSR, founded in 1919 in Moscow. Preparing teachers for secondary schools, managers of public education. In 1934 moved to Leningrad. In 1935, transformed into a Communist Pedagogical Institute. NK Krupskaya. In 1942, combined with the Pedagogical Institute. Herzen. Academy of Medical Sciences (AMS USSR), higher medical research institution in 1944-91 USSR (Moscow); in 1992 transformed into the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. Academy of National Economy of the USSR (ANE), founded in 1978 in Moscow (since 1992 under the government of the Russian Federation). Drafting the economic cadres. When ANE Act (1993) Graduate School of International Business, and others. Training units. Azerbaijan Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 in Baku on the basis of Azerbaijan branch of the USSR. In 1991, 6 departments, 29 research institutions. Research centers in Nakhchivan and Ganja. Armenian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1943 in Yerevan, on the basis of the Armenian branch of the USSR. In 1991, 6 departments, 32 research institutions. Academy of Sciences of Belarus, founded in 1929 in Minsk. In 1991, 5 offices, 32 research institutions. Georgian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1941 in Tbilisi on the basis of the Georgian branch of the USSR. In 1991, 9 departments, 49 research institutions. Kazakh Academy of Sciences, founded in 1946 in Alma-Ata on the basis of the Kazakh branch of the USSR. In 1991, six branches (in Vol. H. 1 regional), 31 scientific institutions. ACADEMY OF SCIENCES Kyrgyzstan, based mainly in 1954 in Frunze on the basis of the Kyrgyz branch of the USSR. In 1991, 3 offices, 18 research institutions. Latvian Academy of Sciences, see. The Latvian Academy of Sciences. Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, see. Lithuanian Academy of Sciences. Academy of Sciences of Moldova, founded in 1961 in Chisinau on the basis of the Moldavian Branch of the USSR. In 1991, 3 offices, 16 research institutions. USSR Academy of Sciences (USSR), the highest scientific establishment of the USSR, founded in 1724 (before 1917 Peterburskogo Academy of Sciences, May 1917 Russian Academy of Sciences, USSR Academy of Sciences since 07/27/1925, 1934 in Moscow). 323 academicians, 586 corresponding members and 138 foreign members (1989). 18 branch offices, three regional offices: Siberian, Ural and Far East; research centers; all communication. 295 research institutions, St. 200 scientific councils. Research fleet. Preparing scientific personnel (6.5 thousand. Postgraduate). Through publishing "Science" published scientific literature. Awarded medals and awards for scientific work. The Academy of Sciences scientific societies existed. Presidents: AP Karpinski (1917 - 36), VL Komarov (until 1945), Vavilov (up to 1951), Nesmeyanov (up to 1961), Keldysh (up to 1975), A. Alexandrov (up to 1986), GI Marchuk (1989-91). In 1991 transformed into the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tajik Academy of Sciences, founded in 1951 in Dushanbe, on the basis of the Tajik Branch of the USSR. In 1991, 3 offices, 19 research institutions. Turkmen Academy of Sciences, founded in 1951 in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan on the basis of a branch of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1991, 3 offices, 15 research institutions. Uzbek Academy of Sciences, founded in 1943 in Tashkent-based Uzbek branch of the USSR. In 1991, 7 offices, Karakalpakstan Branch, St. 30 academic institutions, development organizations and 6 others. Ukrainian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1918 in Kiev. In 1991, 13 offices, 6 regional research centers, St. 80 scientific institutions; engineering centers, and so on. n. Estonian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1946 in Tallinn (until 1989 the name of the Academy of Sciences of the Estonian SSR). In 1991, 4 offices, 19 research institutions. Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (USSR APN), higher pedagogical research institution of the USSR, founded in 1943 in Moscow (until 1966 APN RSFSR). In 1992, on its basis the Russian Academy of Education. Academy of Plato, the ancient Greek school of philosophy, founded by Plato approx. 387 BC. e. Athens; existed prior to 1 in. BC. e. The tradition of Plato's Academy in Athens resumed School Middle Platonism (Ser. 1 - 2 cc.) And neo-Platonism (4 - Ser. 6 cc.). In the Renaissance Platonic Academy established in Florence (1459 - 1521) headed by M. Ficino. ACADEMY OF RUSSIAN (Russian Academy), a research center for the study of Russian language and literature in St. Petersburg (1783 - 1841). In 1841 transformed into 2nd Branch, Academy of Sciences, and then in the Department of Russian Language and Literature. Members of the Russian Academy were DI Fonvizin, Derzhavin, PA Vyazemsky, VA Zhukovsky, IA Krylov, Pushkin and others. Russian Academy released the Dictionary of Russian language (1789 - 1794, edition 2, 1806 - 22). Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Lenin All-Union (Academy of Agricultural Sciences), higher agricultural research institution of the USSR in 1929-92 (Moscow). Converted to the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Academy of Technological Sciences of the Russian Federation, founded in 1990. As a part of the Ural-Siberian Academy, Pacific and others. Branch, republican centers, associations, companies. Russian Academy of Arts (founded in St. Petersburg in 1757, the Imperial Academy of Arts since 1764), the supreme institution in the field of plastic arts. In the 18th - early. 19th centuries. played a prominent role in the education of Russian national art frames, became a center of artistic life in Russia. From the middle. 19 in. AH prevailed in conservative tendencies, but thanks to the work of Ilya Repin, AIKuindzhi, Chistyakov et al. artists-teachers, it retained value as a school of professional skills. In 1918 dissolved. In 1992 transformed into the Russian Academy of Arts. AKAYEV Askar (b. 1944), the President of Kyrgyzstan in 1990; physicist, academician (1987) and president (1989-90 in) AN Kyrgyzstan. Proceedings on physical optics and holography. Akaka (d. 488), Patriarch of Constantinople (with 471), a member of evtihianskih disputes. When it happened the first schism between Rome and the Church of Constantinople (480-515). Akaka Apamea, Miletus (d. C. 321), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church on July 28 (August 10). Agathius, Byzantine (d. 303), the Christian martyr, a centurion, who suffered in the persecution of Emperor Maximian Galerius. Memory in the Orthodox and the Catholic Church on May 7. Acacius of Caesarea (d. 363), the disciple and successor of Eusebius of Caesarea in the episcopal chair, a supporter of Arianism. Author interpretation of the biblical book of Ecclesiastes. Acathius of Melitene (3 in.), Bishop, confessor, who suffered in the persecution of Emperor Decius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 15 (28) of September. Acathius of Melitene (d. C. 435), Bishop and Wonderworker. Struggled with Nestorianism on the 3rd Ecumenical Council. Memory in the Orthodox Church 17 (30) of April. New Akaka, Kavsokalivit (d. 1730), Reverend, lived on Mount Athos in the monastery of St. Maxim Kavsokalivita. Memory in the Orthodox Church 12 (25) of April. New Akaka, Syarsky, Athos (d. 1816), Martyr, lived on Mount Athos. Killed by the Turks-Muslims. Memory in the Orthodox Church 1 (14) of May. Akaka Prussia (d. C. 100, for others. According to the - c. 360), a presbyter in Prussia in Bithynia (Asia Minor), the martyr. Memory in the Orthodox Church on May 19 (June 1). Akaka Ptolemaidsky (d. C. 273), the Christian martyr-warrior injured in Ptolemais in the persecution of Emperor Aurelian. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) of March. Akaka Sebaste (d. C. 320), one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Akaka Sinai (d. In the 1st floor. 6 in.), The Christian ascetic monk. Mentioned John of the Ladder as an example of patience and obedience ("Ladder" 4, 110). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 7 (20) July and 29 November (December 12). Akaka Tver and Kashin (d. 1567), Bishop (1522). Memory in the Orthodox Church in the 1st Sunday after June 29 (July 12) (Cathedral of Saints Tver). Akaka Uglich (d. 1609), Martyr, who died in the ruin of Uglich Poles in the Time of Troubles. Memory in the Orthodox Church on May 24 (6 June). Acamas (Akamas), in Greek mythology, son of Theseus and Phaedra. Participated in the embassy in Troy, demanding the return of Helen Menelaus. From Laodicea daughter of the Trojan king Priam, had a son Moonies. Eponym phylum Akamantidy in Attica. Akane is one of Kwa languages. Includes closely related dialects (Ashanti, Fanti et al.). Originally, the term denotes a group of related languages, called "volt-kamoe." Akanistha in Buddhism is one of the celestial spheres, in which resides the Supreme Being. AKANT (acanthus) (Gr. Akanthos), decorative form, going back to the drawing leaf herb of the same name. Acanthus motif widely used in ancient art. Acantharians class (by others. System, detachment) Just subtype sarkodovyh. Dimensions 0.1 - 0.3 cm. They have mineral skeleton and long pseudopodia that can be reduced. St. 140 species are widely distributed in the seas and oceans. AKANTOTSEFALEZY, parasitic diseases (helminthiasis) animals, sometimes human, caused by parasitic worms kolyuchegolovymi - Acanthocephala (acanthocephala). The most common and dangerous for animals macracanthorhynchiasis, polymorphiasis, filikollez. Akane, undifferentiated in unstressed syllables vowels neverhnego recovery. Avg. [vada] [grass], but [water], [herbs]. Characteristic of the Russian literary language, its southern dialects and the Belarusian language. Avg. Ocaña. Acapulco (Acapulso), a city in south-western Mexico, a port on the Pacific approx. 515 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). International Airport. International Marine climatic resort. Founded in the 16th century. Acariformes detachment arthropod class Arachnida. Approx. 12,000 species. In the most primitive groups jointed body. Widespread. Many Acariformes - pests of plants and agricultural products (grain, root-knot, spider), parasites of animals (hair, feathers, armored) and human (itch). Acaricides (from Greek. Akari - tick and Latin. Caedo - kill), chemicals from the group of pesticides to kill mites that are harmful to crops and animals. Acarnania, Dr. country. Greece, Epirus. According to legend, got its name from Acarnan. As the saying went love the people of this country to luxury and pleasure, and their ability to think, only six months a year. Acarologists (from the Greek. Akari - tick and ... logy), part arachnology, studies mites. Akashi, city and port in Japan on about. Honshu, a suburb of Kobe. 275 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical, food processing, machinery. Fishing. Resort. AKATUYSKAYA prison convict in Nerchenskom mountain env. Transbaikalia; built in 1888. After the abolition in 1890 Kara katorga one of the centers of political prison. Destroyed after the February Revolution of 1917. AKATHIST TO (pozdnegrech. Akathistos, from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Kathizo - sit down), the Christian church canticle of praise. Executed by all present standing. Acacia moth, butterfly collection ognevok; pest of acacia and legumes. Spread widely. Fore wings yellowish or brownish-gray, back - light gray. Eats (caterpillars) seeds. Acacia, mainly kind of woody plants of the legume family. 750 - 800 species in the tropics and subtropics, more than half - in Australia and Africa. Valuable timber, many acacias in the cortex tanning substances and gum. Acacia dealbata (t. N. Mimosa) - an ornamental plant. Acacia tree called silk kind Albitius, yellow acacia - shrub genus Caragana, acacia - wood kind of locust. Akasha Konstantin (1888-1931), the first commander of Soviet aviation. He studied in Italy and in the Higher School of Aeronautics in Paris at the beginning of the 1st World War, volunteered for the French Air Force. He returned to Russia in 1915, he worked at an aircraft factory. In December 1917 appointed chairman of the All-Russian Collegium Management Air Force, in 1918 he was commander of the air forces of the 5th Army, with December 1918 was appointed chief of the Southern Front air ballooning. In the last years of his life he worked in senior positions at the aircraft plants of Leningrad and Moscow. Repressed. AKBAR Jalal al-Din (1542 - 1605), the ruler of the Mughal Empire. Acquaviva (Aduaviva) Claudio (1543-1615), the fifth General of the Jesuits (1581), under the supervision of which is composed of lead, formed the basis of the Jesuit school. Aquadag, a drug based on the suspension of graphite in water. Used mainly to produce a conductive layer on the inner or outer surface of the electronic devices. AQUACULTURE (from Lat. Aqua - water and cultura - Crop production), breeding and rearing of aquatic organisms (fish, molluscs, crustaceans and algae) in a controlled environment to enhance productivity of water bodies. World aquaculture production is constantly increasing. Breeding organisms in marine or brackish water called mariculture. SCUBA (from Lat. Aqua - water and English. Lung - lung), self-contained breathing apparatus knapsack man under water, consisting of a can of compressed air and breathing apparatus. Invented in 1943 by the French Jacques Cousteau and E. Gagnan. It is used for diving to a depth of 40 m. Aquamarine (from Lat. Aqua marina - sea water), mineral, transparent bluish-green or blue variety of beryl; gem. AKVAMETRIYA (from Lat. Aqua - water and ... meters), methods for the quantitative determination of water in different materials. AKVANITY, water-filled plastic explosives based on ammonium nitrate and TNT. The heat of explosion approx. 4.6 MJ / kg. Insensitive to mechanical stress. Used in mines not dangerous on gas and dust. Akwapim (self), the people of Ghana. The number of 650 thousand. People (1992). Languages Akwapim, Twi (Twi). Believers - Presbyterians, Methodists. Watercolour (fr. Aquarelle, from Lat. Aqua - water), paint (usually with an adhesive), bred in water and is easily washed off by it. Basic quality watercolor - transparent colors, which shine through the tone and texture of the substrate (mostly paper), color purity. AQUARIUM (lat. Aquarium, from aqua - water), 1) container for keeping and breeding of aquatic animals and plants. 2) The agency, which contains representatives from marine and freshwater fauna and flora in order to study and demonstration. The first public aquarium was opened in 1853 in London. The most famous aquariums in Naples and Monaco; large aquariums set up in the United States, Japan and other countries. countries. Large marine aquariums often called Oceanarium. "Aquarium", a Russian group, formed in Leningrad in 1972. B. Grebenshikov. The initial composition: B. Grebenshikov (guitar, vocals), Gunitsky (drums), Romanov (flute, guitar, piano, vocals), Vasilyev (bass, vocals). The first studio album ("Blue Album") (1981). In 1983-85 - the winner of the festivals of the Leningrad rock club ("Grand Prix" of the festival in 1985). Aquarium fish, bred in aquariums with decorative and scientific purposes. Under natural conditions - the inhabitants of tropical and subtropical freshwaters (gourami, Swordsman, neon, nannostomusy, Rasbora, catfish and others.). Many decorative forms and species (barbs, zebrafish, Angelfish, goldfish and its forms - Veiltail, telescope, Shubunkin et al.). Aquatint (ital. Acquatinta), engraving method, based on the acid etching the surface of a metal plate with a build-up asphalt or rosin dust and image applied with a brush with acid-resistant varnish. Waters [from the Latin. aqua - water and (Terry) thorium] section of the water surface area within the established boundaries of the ocean, sea, or reservoir port. They are used for mooring for unloading and loading (harbors), for the completion and repair of vessels (factory area of water), to test equipment (water polygon), and others. AKVAFORTE (ital. Acquaforte), the same as the etching. Akvafortistov society existed in a number of countries (Russian akvafortistov Society founded in 1871 in St. Petersburg, among the members - Ghe, Kramskoy, Ivan Shishkin). Aqueduct (from Lat. Aqua - water and duco - am), the construction of a bridge (or rack) with water conduit (pipe, trays, channel); building at the intersection of conduit to the ravine, gorge, river, road, etc. Aquila (Aquila, pres. the name of Adler) Caspar (1488-1560), one of the closest associates of Luther. Columbines, the same as the watershed. Aquilon Yevgeniy Petrovich (1861-1911), Russian spiritual writer, professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy; 1910 Protopresbyter military and naval clergy. Major works: "The Church. The scientific definition of the church and the apostolic teaching of it as the body of Christ." Aquincum (Aquincum), a city of the Roman period (c. 10 BC. AD - 409 BC. E.), From 107 BC. e. center of the Roman province. Pannonia. Ruins on the territory of Budapest. Remains artisan quarters, amphitheater, defensive walls, plumbing, thermal sanctuaries, Palace with mosaic floors. AQUITAINE (lat. Aquitania), a historical region in southwest France. In ancient times - a Roman province. In the Middle Ages - the Duchy, attached in 1137 to the French possessions in 1154 - the kings of England. From the 13th century. the name of Guyenne. SEKSTIEVY Aqua (Aquae Sextiae), an ancient Roman settlement near the modern city of Aix-en-Provence, near Marseille (France); AKV Sekstievyh about 102 BC. e. Maria Roman army defeated the Germanic tribe of the Teutons. AK-Dovurak, city (1964) in the Russian Federation, Tuva, at p. Khemchik. 15.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Asbestos plant. AKEPSIM Naessonsky (Anissky) Arbelsky, Persian (d. 380), the martyr bishop Naessonsky (in Persia), who suffered in the persecution of Shapur II. Memory in the Orthodox Church 3 (16) of November in the Catholic - on April 22 and November 3. AKEPSIM Antioch, Syria (4 in.), Presbyter, a hermit, had worked as a hermit for 60 years. Memory in the Orthodox and the Catholic Church on November 3. Acker, in Egyptian mythology, god of the earth, the protector of the dead, one of the assistants of Ra in battles with Apep. Depicted as a two-headed sphinx or lion. Acestes (Egest), Virgil Sicilian hero, the son of the river god Krimnisa and Trojan Women Egesty. Hospitably received Aeneas, who arrived in Italy. Founder of Egesty (Segesta) in Sicily. Aquila (L'Aquila) (1 in.), Apostle of the 70, the martyr. Jew, a native of Pontus, banished from Rome during the reign of Claudius. Converted to Christ with his wife Priscilla Apostle Paul in Corinth (Acts 18: 2-3; Romans 16: 3-4). Memory in the Orthodox Church, 4 (17) January 14 (27) July in the Catholic July 8. Aquila Trebizond (d. 305), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of the Emperor Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church on January 21 (February 3).

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ

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