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Concordat of Worms in 1122, concluded in the German city of Worms, concluded the Investiture Controversy. Emperor "Holy Roman Empire" refused in favor of the pope from the spiritual investiture; in Germany (but not in Italy and Burgundy) emperor ensured the right to participate in the election of bishops and abbots. Edict of Worms in 1521, issued by the emperor "Holy Roman Empire" by Charles V; Luther declared a heretic and put it outside the law. Announced at the Reichstag in Worms. VORNOSKOV Vasily Petrovich (1876-1940), the Russian master carver and founder Abramtzevo-Kudrino thread. Born in the village of Kudrino Moscow province in the family of a carpenter. He studied at the Abramtsevo village school, in 1887-90 in the joinery workshop rezchitskoy ED Polenova. From 1882 began to work independently, carrying out orders Sergiev Posad workshop. At the same time he is working to improve its special "vornoskovskogo" style carving, studying materials Handicraft and Historical Museum in Moscow, met with rezchitskimi methods other provinces .--- In 1906 Vornoskov opened a school-workshop, where he began teaching woodcarving peasant children indispensable their remuneration. Among the dozens of his students - MV Artemyev, IV Gulyaev, F. Anokhin, his seven sons and a daughter - all subsequently virtuoso carvers .--- On the handicraft exhibition in St. Petersburg in 1902 was awarded a bronze medal carved cabinet VP Vornoskova work, in 1905 he was awarded the bronze medal at the exhibition in Liege (Belgium) in 1906 - a bronze medal in Chicago (USA) and a silver in Milan (Italy). In 1908 at the Moscow Museum of Home-made with the assistance of ST Morozova was organized his solo exhibition - the first exhibition in Russia master craftsman .--- In 1922 Vornoskov becomes a master instructor organized on his initiative cooperative Kudrino thread "Revival", for which he designs and develops technology. Since 1930 works as an instructor lab tree SRI art industry. In 1936, together with his sons Vornoskov performs a unique order - draws one of the entrances to the exhibition of folk art at the Tretyakov Gallery. The author of the sketch was his son Basil. This is the only job Kudrintsy in monumental art. --- Literature --- Arbat YA six gold nests. M., 1961 .--- Vishnevskaya VM Russian folk carving. M., 1961 .--- Masters Abramtzevo-Kudrino woodcarving. M., 1979 .--- Rogov AP Pantry joy. M., 1982 .--- H. B. Gaevskaya --- A. L. Jordan Alexey Vorobyov (b. 1931), the Russian experimental physicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991). Proceedings of nuclear physics and elementary particles. USSR State Prize (1983). VOROBYOV Arkady Nikitich (b. 1924), the Russian sportsman (weightlifting), Honored Master of Sports (1952), Honored Coach of the USSR (1964), MD (1970). Olympic champion (1956, 1960), numerous champion and world record holder, Europe and the USSR in 1950-1959. Vladimir Vorobiev (b. 1929), the Russian ekonomikogeograf, Academician (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Proceedings on economic geography, population geography and cities in Siberia. VOROBYOV Vladimir Petrovich (1876-1937), anatomist, Ukrainian, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences (1934). Studies on the anatomy of the nervous system. Stereomorfologicheskie developed methods of preparation. The author of "Atlas of Human Anatomy" (vols. 1-5, 1938-42). Participated in embalming the body of Lenin. Prize. Lenin (1927). VOROBYOV Vladimir Petrovich (b. 1912), the Russian shipbuilder, Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Chief Designer projects warships. Lenin Prize (1970), the USSR State Prize (1949). Evgeniy Vorobiev Z. (1911-90), the Russian writer. Novels "Height" (1952) about the builders of a large factory, "Wanderlust" (1978). The book "Moscow. Close to the heart" of the defense of the city in 1941-42. VOROBYOV Ivan (b. 1921), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), Colonel (1956). During the Great Patriotic War in attack aircraft, the squadron commander; ok. 400 sorties. VOROBYOV Konstantin Dmitrievich (1919-75), the Russian writer. In an autobiographical novel, marked psychological accuracy, ruthless image senseless brutality of war ("Scream", 1962; "killed near Moscow", 1963; "It's us, Lord, 'neokoncheno 1943, published in 1986), the tragedy of collectivization (" My each Momich ", 1965, published in 1988). Stories. Maxim Vorobiev Nikiforovich (1787-1855), a Russian painter. The representative of romanticism. Landscapes - architectural views of Moscow, St. Petersburg - combine the accuracy of prospects with a variety of lighting effects. VOROBYOV Mikhail Petrovich (1896-1957), the Russian commander, Marshal of Engineering Troops (1944). During the Great Patriotic War, the chief of the engineering troops Zap. Front, from 1942 - the engineering troops of the Soviet Army (until April 1946). Vorobiev (pres. Fam. Bogaevsky) Nicholas (1908-89), Russian poet. As part of the Don Cossack Corps in 1920 was evacuated to Egypt; later lived in Turkey, Yugoslavia, Germany, USA. Poem "Kondrat Bulavin" (1965) - about the Cossack uprising on the Don. Collections of poetry: "Poetry of different" (1969), "The man from another planet" (1972). VOROBYEVA Emilia Ivanovna (b. 1934), a Russian zoologist, paleontologist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Proceedings of the morphology, evolution and ecology of modern and fossil vertebrates (fish, amphibians, reptiles). Vorobyov, a mineral species beryl pink containing impurities of alkaline elements, manganese. Sparrow bird genus of the family Ploceidae. The length of 12-15 cm. The males of many species of black spot on the throat. 18 species are widely distributed. Almost all of the schooling, and during colonial nesting birds. Some damage crops. Desert Sparrow guarded. Passerine birds squad. Length 9 cm (kinglets) - 70 cm (crows). St. 5 thousand. Species (approx. 3/5 of all species of birds); ok. 4 th. Species belong to Songbird. Widespread. Vorovich Izrailevich Joseph (b. 1920), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Proceedings on continuum mechanics, nonlinear shell theory, the theory of elasticity and others. USSR State Prize (1983). Thieves' LETTERS (ratification), the official government name written requests - calling for an uprising in Russia 17-18 centuries. Among Thieves Vaclav Vatslavovich (1871-1923), Russian politician and publicist. One of the first literary critics Marxist. Since November 1917 Ambassador of the Scandinavian countries, from 1921 Ambassador to Italy. Killed Whites in Lausanne. Vorogushina Nikolai Ivanovich (1889-1938), a scientist in the field of heat, the student NE Zhukovsky. Worked in TsAGI, CIAM, MAI and others. Major works on the theory of aircraft engines. Divination, city (1959) in Ukraine, Sumy region. Railway junction. 9.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). The metal factory, meat; railway transport enterprise. Founded in 1672 as a settlement. Vorozheikin Arseny V. (b. 1912), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944), Major General Aviation (1954). During the Great Patriotic War in fighter aircraft, the squadron commander and deputy commander of the regiment; ok. 300 sorties, shot down 52 aircraft. Vorozheikin Grigory (1895-1974), the Russian commander, Air Marshal (1944). In World War II Air Force commander of the Central Front, Air Force Chief of Staff of the Red Army in 1942-46 1st deputy commander of the Air Force Red Army. Vorozhtcov George N. (b. 1935), the Russian organic chemist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Son and grandson of NN and NNVorozhtsov. Major works on the chemistry and technology of dyes and intermediates for them, heat-resistant polymers, materials for microelectronics. Vorozhtcov Nicholas (1881-1941), the Russian organic chemist, one of the organizers of the domestic industry aniline. Major works on derivatives of naphthalene, azo dyes. USSR State Prize (1952, posthumously). Vorozhtcov Nicholas (1907-79), the Russian organic chemist, academician of the USSR (1966). Son NNVorozhtsov. Developed methods to obtain and study the reaction polyfluoroaromatic compounds. USSR State Prize (1952). RAVEN (Vrana), in Old account 10 million. RAVEN, a device in the form of a massive hook or well "pie" as used in ancient times to the destruction of the fortress walls, landing on the walls of the fortress of armed soldiers and boarded the ship. Raven, Raven bird family. Length up to 70 cm. The bill is massive, legs and all black plumage. In Eurasia, North. America, North. Africa. CROW, river in the European part of Russia, a right tributary Chopra. 454 km, the basin area of 13.2 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of 41.5 m3 / s. VORONEZH, a city in the Russian Federation, the center of the Voronezh region., At p. Voronezh. Railway junction. 902 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering (machine tools, aircraft, excavators, electronic industry products and others.), Chemical and pharmaceutical, wood processing, food processing, light industry. 9 universities (in Vol. H. University), 4 theaters. Museums: Art, local history, fine arts; The house-museum of the poet Nikitin and AV Koltsov. Birthplace of Ivan Bunin, A. Platonov. Founded in 1585 as a fortress. VORONEZH, river in the European part of Russia, a left tributary of the Don. Formed by the confluence of the Forest and Polnoye Voronezh. 342 km, the basin area of 21.6 thousand. Km2. Navigable for 271 km from the mouth. Reservoir, Lipetsk. Voronezh Oblast in the Russian Federation. 52.4 thousand. Km2. Population 2,475 thous. People (1992), urban 62%. 15 cities, 22 urban-type settlements (1991). Center - Voronezh. The surface is flat; in the west - the Mid Upland. The average January temperature -9 ° C and in July 20 ° C. Precipitation approx. 500 mm. Bass River. Don. Voronezh and Khopersky reserves. Mechanical engineering (machine tools, electronic, aviation, agricultural engineering, etc..), Chemical (synthetic rubber, tires, etc..), Chemical and pharmaceutical, food and light industry. Novovoronezh NPP. Wheat, rye, barley, corn, buckwheat, sugar beet, sunflower. Potato. Vegetable. Fruit. Cattle, pigs, sheep; Stud Management. VORONEZhSKAJa TYAZHELOUPRYAZHNAYA horses, local, bred and bred in the Voronezh region. Animals are large, hardy, undemanding, workable. The Voronezh "part of the mound," Scythian burial (41 mound) near the city of Voronezh. Burial in wooden chambers under mounds with tools, weapons and other. VORONEZhSKIJj Drama Theatre. AV Koltsov, founded in 1802 as the Voronezh public theater, from 1978 Academic. Actors: SI popes, AP Chernov, LS Armour, RA Manukovskiy, LA Kravtsov, VA Sokolov et al. Directed by: VM Engelkron, G. B. Drozdov, AV Ivanov (1987). Performances: "The Rose Tattoo" A. Arbuzov (1985), "The Marriage" by Nikolai Gogol (1987), "The Suicide" H. Erdman (1989) and others. Voronezh Reserve Biosphere along the border Voronezh and Lipetsk reg., in the watershed of the rivers Voronezh and Usman. Founded in 1927. The area of 31,053 hectares. Forests, groves, alder. Aboriginal colony of beavers, deer; crane, owl and others. VORONEZhSKIJj RUSSIAN FOLK CHOIR, founded in 1942. The first head (up to 1964) - KI Massalitina. Since 1987 academic. VORONEZhSKIJj CONGRESS members "Land and Freedom" (19 participants; .6.1879 18-21), decided to change the organization's program. Include a clause to the political struggle and terror. Temporary compromise between "politics" and "village" does not prevent the split that occurred in August 1879. VORONEZhSKIJj PUPPET THEATRE "jester", founded in 1925 as an amateur, a professional since 1944, until 1992 called the Voronezh Regional Puppet Theater. Artistic director Volhovsky VA (1987). Performances: "Lake boy" Vezhinova P. (1987), "From the Life of Insects" K. and J. Čapek (1992), "Arturo Ui" by Brecht (1993), and others. Voronezh Opera and Ballet Theatre, opened in 1961 musical Theatre (based on the established in 1931 musical Comedy Theatre), since 1968 the present name. Voronezh State University, founded in 1918 to train specialists in physical and mathematical, biological, chemical, geological and geographical sciences, history, philology, economics, law. In 1990, approx. 13 thousand. Students. Voronel Nina Abramovna (b. 1932), the Russian writer. Since 1974 in exile in Israel. Began to be published as a translator and author of children's stories (collections: "Crossroads", 1965, "Turmoil", 1967). In the drama, depicting Soviet reality of the 1960s - early. 70s., Puts the current socio-political issues. Playbook: "Dust and Ashes" (1977), "Six eight - forty-eight" (1987), "The cashier of Eternity" (1987) and others. Burnished obtained by thermal or chemical treatment on the surface of steel or cast iron decorative items (brown, navy blue, black) or a protective layer of iron oxide (0,004-2,5 mm). Kind of oxidation. Voronin Alexander (b. 1937), the Russian biologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Basic research on the genetics of microorganisms. Work on biotechnological methods of environmental protection. Voronin Vladimir Ivanovich (1890-1952), the Russian captain of the icebreaker fleet. Member of rescue expedition U. Nobile (1928). Captain "Sibiryakova" (1932), "Chelyuskin" (1933-34), the icebreaker "Ermak" (1934-38). Headed the Soviet whaling fleet "Glory" (1946-47). Grigory Ivanovich Voronin (1906-87), the Russian scientist, a specialist in the field of cryogenic vacuum technology and air-conditioning, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1951), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1967), Hero of Socialist Labor (1961). In 1939-85 - the chief designer. Under his leadership the air conditioning system to maintain the pressure, temperature, humidity and air purity in the aircraft cabin. Lenin Prize (1966), the USSR State Prize (1949, 1952). Voronin Leonid G. (1908-83), Russian physiologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968) and the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (1968). The main work on conditioned reflexes, physiology and evolution of higher nervous activity. Voronin Mikhail Stepanovich (1838-1903), a Russian botanist and mycologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898). Explored the development cycles of fungi, fungal diseases of crops. One of the first described nodule bacteria (1866). Voronin Mikhail Y. (b. 1945), the Russian sportsman (gymnastics), Honored Master of Sports (1966), Honored Coach of the USSR (1980). Absolute world champion (1966), Europe (1967, 1969) and the USSR (1967-71); Olympic champion (1968), World (1966), Europe (1967-71) and the USSR (1966-72) in certain types of all-round. Nikolai Voronin (1904-76), the Russian archaeologist, historian of architecture. Discover and explore the palace in Bogolyubov (12 in.). Works devoted to the architecture of the North-eastern. and Zap. Rus. Lenin Prize (1965), the USSR State Prize (1952). Paul A. Voronin (1903-84), Major General Aviation Engineering Service (1944), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1941, 1982). Since 1940, the Deputy Commissar of Aviation Industry of the USSR, 1946 Director and CEO of Aircraft Production Association. Lenin Prize (1976). Voronin Sergey (b. 1913), the Russian writer. The novel "In My Homeland" (Vol. 1-2, 1948-52), the story of "unnecessary Glory" (1955), "Honey you're mine ..." (1976) about the people of the collective farm village, about moral education. The novel "Two Lives" (1961). "Narrative of the Life of Pavlov" (1984). Notes "Good light" (1986-89). Stories. Voroninsky Reserve, in the Russian Federation, Tambov region. Founded in 1994. The area of 10.8 thousand. Ha. Forest-steppe landscapes in the valley. crow; bayrachnye groves, pine forests, steppe areas. muskrat; bustard, little bustard, a golden eagle. Andrey Nikiforovich Voronikhin (1759-1814), a Russian architect, representative of the Empire. Works in St. Petersburg - Kazan Cathedral (1801-11), which initiated the largest urban ensemble on Nevsky Prospect, The Mountain Institute (1806-1811) - marked a monumental and austere solemnity. Participated in the creation of architectural ensembles and Pavlovsk Peterhof. Michael G. Voronkov (b. 1921), the Russian organic chemist, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Major works on silicon and organic sulfur compounds. Funnelbeaker culture (archeology), Neolithic (4 - 3rd thousand. BC. E.) In the North. and the Centre. Europe. Named for the characteristic form of ceramics - a cup with the funnel-neck. Burial under mounds, in the dolmens and others. The economy: agriculture and animal husbandry. Voronov Abner Abramovich (1910-92), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1970). Major works on the theory of automatic control, the synthesis of digital computers for software control. Lenin Prize (1988). Voronov Vladimir Ilyich (b. 1930), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1988). The main area of interest - Russian literature of the 20th century. Books: "True century. About the writer - the winner of the Lenin Prize" (1963), "Faces of national life" (1972), "Anatoly Aleksin" (1973), "Chingiz Aitmatov" (1976), "Artistic Vision: From the experience of Soviet prose 60-80th. "(1984). Voronov Gennady I. (b. 1910), a Russian politician. In 1948-55 1 st Secretary of Chita, in 1957-61 Orenburg Regional Party Committee. In the 1962-71 chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. In the 1971-73 chairman of the People's Control Committee of the USSR. Member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1952-75, member of the Political Bureau (Bureau) CPSU Central Committee in 1961-73. Voronov Nicholas (1899-1968), the Russian commander, Chief Marshal of Artillery (1944), Hero of the Soviet Union (1965). During the Great Patriotic War, the chief of artillery and artillery commander of the Red Army, the representative of the Supreme Command at the front during a series of operations. In 1953-58 chief of the Artillery Command Academy. Voronov Nikolay Pavlovich (p. 1926), the Russian writer. In novels and short stories (collected "springtime", 1955, "Running in the Night", 1965, "Man-echo", 1985), the novel "Youth in Zheleznodolsk" (1968), "The Crown of Summer" (1976) - the lives of workers and the modern city. Dystopia novel "SAM" (1988). Voronov Yuri Petrovich (1929-93), Russian poet, journalist. From 1959 to the journalistic and political work. Books of poetry: "Blockade" (1973), "Rossi Street" (1979), "Libra" (1986). Voronov (corvids), a family of passerine birds. Length up to 65 cm. St.. 100 species, almost everywhere. By the raven are gray and black crows, raven, crow, rook, magpie, jay and others. Feodosevich Ravens George (1868-1908), Russian mathematician, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1907). Works on the theory of numbers. Yuri Voronov (1895-1961), a Russian surgeon. The world's first (1933) carried out in the clinic cadaveric kidney transplant patient. Funnel (martin), a bird of the family of swallows. Length approx. 13 cm. In Eurasia, North. Africa. Destroys harmful insects. Voronsky Alexander Konstantinovich (1884-1937), Russian critic and writer. Editor of "The Red Virgin Soil" (1921-27). The articles on Soviet literature (the collection "Art to see the world", 1928, "Literary Portraits", vols. 1-2, 1928-29) advocated realism, classical traditions; emphasized the role of intuition in art. Autobiographical novel "For the living and the dead water" (1927), "Bursa" (1933). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. VORONTSOV Alexander Romanovich (1741-1805), Count, Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1762-64 Minister Plenipotentiary in England in 1764-68 in the Netherlands, in the 1773-94 president of the College of Commerce in 1802-04 Chancellor. VORONTSOV Vasily Pavlovich (1847-1918), Russian economist, sociologist, one of the ideologues of liberal populists 80-90th. 19 in. Opposed the Russian Marxists. VORONTSOV Kutuzov (1714-1767), Count, Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1741 palace coup participant and the arrest of Anna Leopoldovna. From 1744, Vice-Chancellor, the Chancellor in 1758-62. Mikhail Semenovich Vorontsov (1782-1856), Russian statesman, General Field Marshal (1856), His Serene Highness Prince, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1826). In 1823-44 Novorossiysk and Bessarabian Governor-General. Contributed to the economic development of the region. In 1844-54 the governor of the Caucasus. VORONTSOV Nicholas (b. 1934), Russian statesman, a biologist, Academy of Natural Sciences (1991). In 1991, the Minister of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the USSR. In the 1990-93 People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. USSR State Prize (1990). Prize. Bruno-X. Schubert for outstanding achievements in the field of environmental protection (1990; the prize was awarded the Max Planck Society). Semyon Romanovich Vorontsov (1744-1832), Earl (1797), the Russian diplomat. 1782 Minister Plenipotentiary in Venice in 1784-1806 in London. VORONTSOV Fedor (Diemid) S. (? - 1546), Boyar, 1543 with the de facto ruler of the Russian state under Ivan IV. Intensify the fight against the Khanate of Kazan. Accused of treason. Executed. VORONTSOV Julius M. (b. 1929), the Russian diplomat. Since 1952 in the diplomatic service. Since 1977, the Soviet Ambassador in India, since 1983 - in France. Since 1986, the 1st Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, in 1988-89 at the same time the Soviet Ambassador to Afghanistan. Since 1990, the permanent representative of the USSR to the United Nations. Since 1994, Russian Ambassador to the United States. Vorontsov-Velyaminov Boris Aleksandrovich (1904-94), the Russian astronomer, Professor (1934), corresponding member of the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR (1940). Proved the existence of the interstellar medium, obscuring the stars (with R. Trumpler 1930), the rotation of the nuclei of comets (1930), a method for determining the distances to planetary nebulae and temperature of their nuclei (1933), opened the 1200 system of interacting galaxies (after 1958). Carried out a detailed morphological study of galaxies (1960.). Author of many monographs and textbooks on astronomy. Vorontsov-Dashkov Hilarion Ivanovich (1837-1916), Count, Russian statesman, cavalry general (1880), Adjutant General (1875). In 1881-97 the Minister of the Imperial Court and principalities, one of the organizers of the "Sacred Congregation." In 1905-15 the governor of the Caucasus. In 1914-15 Chief of the Caucasian Front. Raven, two closely related species of birds of the family Raven - gray and black crows. Length up to 56 cm. In Europe, Asia (except South. And the south-east.) And North-eastern. Africa. Capable of complex behaviors. Voronko Plato Nikitivich (1913-88), Ukrainian poet. Collection of poems "Carpathian raid" (1944), "Dear friends" (1959), "In the name of your will" (1974), "Riptide" (1983), poems for children. USSR State Prize (1951). Raven, the river on the Kola Peninsula. 155 km catchment area of 9940 km2. Average water consumption 114 m3 / s. Follows from the Lovozero, flows into the Barents Sea. The rapids and waterfalls. At p. Crow - Serebryanskoye, Padunskie reservoir. Voropayev Grigory (b. 1932), the Russian hydrologist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1976). Works on the reclamation of hydrology and water resources management. GATES, simple lifting appliance consisting of a drum with manual transmission and a rope or chain is wound onto the drum. GATES, ... 1) a narrow mountain pass or narrowing of the river valley with high steep slopes (eg., The Iron Gates of the Danube) .... 2) Short sea strait (eg., The Kara Gate). VOROTAN (Bargyushad), a river in the Caucasus, a left tributary of the Aras. 178 km, the basin area of 5,650 km2. HPP cascade. Used for irrigation. Vitaly Collar (b. 1926), the Russian political figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1986). Since 1975, 1st Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. Since 1979, the Soviet Ambassador to the Republic of Cuba. Since 1983 the chairman of the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR. In the 1988-90 chairman of the Presidium of the RSFSR Supreme Soviet. Politburo member in 1983-90. Gate of the circulatory system, blood is carried out between the two veins, and not between an artery and a vein. Gate system of the liver (in humans, vertebrates and Amphioxus) provides deposition of nutrients (glycogen), neutralization of toxic metabolic products; door system of the kidneys (in vertebrates other than mammals and cyclostomes) carries venous blood from the organs of movement through the capillary filter kidneys. Vorotynsk Ivan Mikhailovich (? - 1535), Duke, service feudal prince in Lithuania, with 1487 in the Russian state. Governor in Russian-Lithuanian Wars game. 15 - 1st quat. 16th centuries. and in military operations against the Crimea. Vorotynsk Mikhail Ivanovich (c. 1510-73), prince, lord and governor. In 1572 in the Battle Molodinskoy (50 km south of Moscow) defeated the Crimean Tatars. Accused of treason, died from torture. Vorotynsk principality, one of the Upper Oka Principalities. Voroshilov, the name of Ussuriysk in the Primorsky Territory 1935-1957. Kliment Voroshilov (1881-1969), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935), Hero of the Soviet Union (1956, 1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1960). Since 1918 the commander of the Revolutionary Military Council and a member of a number of armies and fronts. Since 1925, the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR; 1934 People's Commissar of Defense of the USSR. Since 1940 Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In the 1953-60 chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Council. Member of the Political Bureau (Bureau) of the Central Committee in 1926-60. He was a near political environment Stalin, one of the most active organizers of mass repressions of the 1930s - early. 1950 .--- * * * --- Kliment Voroshilov [January 23 (February 4) in 1881, the village of Upper Bakhmutsky County Ekaterinoslav province - December 2, 1969 in Moscow], Soviet party, military and statesman, president of the Presidium Supreme Soviet of the USSR (1953-60) .--- Childhood and proletarian youth --- Father Voroshilov was a miner, due to violent temper was succeeded in his life a lot of mines mother worked a day laborer. As a child, my sister and I went Klim beg to 7 years in the mines collected pyrite, tending cattle. Since 1893 two winters was in the County school, where his teacher was SM Ryzhkov (later Trudovik, 1st deputy of the State Duma), which had a decisive influence on the formation of Voroshilov as a revolutionary. V1896 began proletarian life as a laborer, then he was a mechanic, crane operator at factories Lugansk .--- underground revolutionaries --- From 1899 Voroshilov was involved in the labor movement, organized strikes, in 1903 he joined the RSDLP. During the first Russian revolution of 1905-07, at the head of the Luhansk Bolshevik committee and Board of Workers' Deputies, Voroshilov created fighting squads procured weapons for them in Finland. In 1906 participated in the Stockholm Congress of the RSDLP, where he met with Lenin and Stalin. In 1907, at the party congress in London took the side of the Bolsheviks. Prior to 1917, Voroshilov led the life of a professional revolutionary: involved in the preparation of strikes in the Donbass, led underground work in Baku (which became close friends with Stalin) and St. Petersburg, he was repeatedly arrested and exiled .--- During the Civil War --- During the February Revolution of 1917 Voroshilov was elected to the first part of Petrograd Soviet. Later headed the Luhansk Bolshevik Committee, was chairman of the City Council and the Council. In October 1917, elected a member of the Central Executive Committee, in November became Commissioner of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee, participated in the creation of the Cheka. --- In the Civil War Voroshilov commanded the 5th Ukrainian army. The summer of 1918 led the defense of Tsaritsyn, during which together with Stalin organized mass executions of military experts (former officers of the tsarist army). On the 8th Party Congress (1919) joined the "military opposition", tried to justify their guerrilla actions in Tsaritsyn. In 1919, Voroshilov was one of the organizers of the 1st Cavalry Army (until May 1921 a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the Army), which won several victories over the White Army on various fronts of the Civil War. In 1921, commanded by the delegates of the 10th Party Congress, during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion .--- Actions Voroshilov as command differs determination and perseverance. However, it is poorly versed in military strategy and tactics. Revvoentribunal, considering the case of delivery in 1919 Denikin parts of the 14th Army under the command of Kharkov Voroshilov, acknowledged that the military commander of knowledge does not allow to trust him even battalion. In 1920, together with Budionov and EA Shchadenko Voroshilov authorized the execution of the legendary commander of the corps BM Dumenko .--- "Red Marshal" --- In the 1920-30s. due to its proximity to Stalin, Voroshilov held senior command positions in the Red Army. Since 1921 he commander of the North Caucasus, in 1924 the Moscow Military District, from 1925 the People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs and Chairman of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. In 1934 -40 held the post of Commissar of Defense. In all these positions Voroshilov mainly served as the political head of the army and hardly worked on military doctrine. In the 1930s. task management and technical equipment of the Red Army complicated, however, inhibited motomehanizatsiyu Army Commissar, as is still believed that a decisive role in the coming war will play a large cavalry units .--- Since the late 1920s. Voroshilov one of the first to unrestrained praise Stalin as a great commander. During the struggle with the opposition, he always supported Stalin, fully contributing to strengthen the regime of his personal power. Stalin did not stay in debt: according to his instructions was created the legend of the Voroshilov - issued a "work-commander". In 1935 he was among the first military commanders were awarded the title of Marshal Voroshilov .--- entered the inner circle of Stalin. During the "Great Terror" (1936-38) with his active participation was carried out bloody "purge" command of the Red Army, a number of senior officers was arrested on the direct instructions of the People's Commissar. --- However, it soon fell out of favor Voroshilov to Stalin because of defeats the Red Army during the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40. At the beginning of the Great Patriotic War, he returned to the senior military leadership, became a member of the State Defense Committee and the General Headquarters, as well as commander of the troops of the North-West direction .--- But here discovered failure to marshal commanding large operations. As a result of heavy defeats troops under the command of Voroshilov Leningrad was completely blocked by the enemy from the land. In September 1941 he was recalled from the Leningrad front, and he was instructed to supervise the preparation of the reserves of the Red Army. After the war, he retains the confidence of Stalin, staying among the top Soviet leaders .--- --- After Stalin's death in March 1953 Voroshilov became chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Later he participated in a conspiracy against Beria. In 1957 supported the action against Khrushchev's "anti-Party group" (Malenkov, LM Kaganovich, Molotov), but at the last moment, sensing defeat, took the side of Khrushchev. However, at the 22nd Congress of the Party (1962) was subjected to merciless criticism and charged that bears personal responsibility for their participation in the mass repressions. In subsequent years, he withdrew from political activity, lived out his life on the dacha outside Moscow. After Khrushchev in 1964 to provide new leadership was Voroshilov attentions. In 1968, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the Soviet Army, he becomes twice Hero of the Soviet Union (the first star of the Hero was in 1956). Were published memoirs "Tales of Life" (1968), there were publications, reanimates the Stalinist legend about the "red marshals" and "working-commander" Literature .--- --- Medvedev R. A. They surrounded Stalin. M., 1990 .--- Letters Stalin, Voroshilov and Budionov --- each other (1921-23) // Military Archives Rossii.1993. Vol. 1 .--- C. 404-411 .--- Khorev Difficult parting with descriptions // Reference (Moscow) .--- 1996. №5. S. 65-68 .--- A. Molchanov Vorochilovgrad name g. Lugansk in Ukraine in 1935-58 and 1970-90. Voroshilov, the name of the city of Stavropol in 1935-43. Voroshilov, the name of Alchevsk in Ukraine in 1931-61 and 1992. "Voroshilov Sharpshooter" in the USSR in 1932-41 honorary title and icon, established by the Central Council Osoaviahima to meet established standards in rifle shooting. Named for Voroshilov. Pile (from Wed-pers. Wars - hair), fluffy layer on the surface of the fabric, knitted fabric. See. Vorsovannaya fabric, pile fabric. Villi, microscopic growths shells of several organs, mainly in the higher vertebrates, including man. The villi of the intestinal mucosa to increase its suction surface (in humans it is approx. 43 m2).
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Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.
Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.