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Aviary, a fenced playground (with a canopy or open) with acceding to the cells or houses for the content of small animals (rabbits, fur-bearing animals, birds, dogs) in fur farms, zoos, at exhibitions. This hole Mikhail Vladimirovich (1912-92), the Russian chemist and biophysicist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1966). Proceedings in molecular spectroscopy, the physics of molecules and macromolecules, molecular biophysics. USSR State Prize (1950), Volker (Wolker) George (1900-24), Czech poet. Compilations "Guest at the threshold" (1921), "The hour of birth" (1922), the article "Proletarian Art". Wolmar, the official name of Valmiera in Latvia until 1917. freestyle wrestling, the kind of wrestling in which participants were given considerable freedom in the choice of techniques: different grips (in Vol. H. Feet), cuttings and shoving. Modern wrestling originated in England (con. 19 in.). In the International Amateur Wrestling Federation (FILA; founded in 1912) from 112 countries (1992). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1904, the World Championships since 1951, Europe since 1928. freestyle RUSSIAN PRINT, in historical literature as uncensored editions go beyond Russia in Russian in 1849-1917. From the middle. 60s. published mainly in Switzerland, were delivered to the Russian revolutionary organizations. From the beginning. 20 in. the most widely used edition had the Socialist Revolutionary Party and the RSDLP. Freestyle RUSSIAN PRINTING ... 1) Herzen in London in 1853-65 (from 1856 together with the NP Ogarev) in Geneva in 1865-1868. Start the systematic publication of uncensored Russian literature ("Bell", "Polar Star" and others.); leaflets, books, ... 2) YA Sulina and others in Moscow (December 1860 - February 1861), the first illegal in Russia; edition of the works of Alexander Herzen and Ogarev. Freestyle (Wollny) Martin Ewald (1846-1901), a German agronomist and soil scientist, one of the founders of agrophysics. The physical condition of the soils, the effect of vegetation and different processing methods on soil fertility. Freestyle Gennady G. (b. 1939), the Russian sportsman (basketball), Honored Master of Sports (1964), Coach. Olympic champion (1972), World (1967), repeated champion of Europe and the USSR (1959-69). Freestyle Ivan Ye (1885-1931), Russian writer. Autobiographical "The Story of the days of my life" (v. 1-3, 1912-13), devoted to the fate of the peasantry. Vol'nogorskoe, city (1964) in Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk region., Near the railroad Art. Volnogorsk. 25.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Verkhnedneprovsky Mining and Metallurgical Combine (mining and processing of titanium ore); Glass and others. Industry. Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature, Literary Society in St. Petersburg in 1816-25. Among the members: FN Glinka (chairman), K. Ryleev, NA and AA Bestuzhev, VK Kiichelbecker, NI Gnedich, AA Delvig, A. C . Griboyedov and others. Free Society of Lovers of Literature, Science, and the Arts, literary and social organization in St. Petersburg in 1801-25. Among the members: IP Pnin, IM Bourne, VV Parrot, A. Vostokov, NA and VA Radishchevo (sons Radishshev), KN Batyushkov. Free Economic Society (HEO), the first Russian scientific society, founded in 1765 in St. Petersburg. Published the first statistical and geographical study of Russia, contributed to the introduction of agriculture in the new farming techniques, have discussions of economic problems. Among the figures: Bolotov, AA Nartov Admiral AI Sinyavin, GR Derzhavin, Kavelin, Mendeleev, VV Dokuchaev, AM Butlerov, Semenov-Tyan-Shan. Because of the oppression of the authorities actually stopped working in 1915 as a volunteer, a soldier in the Russian and foreign armies in the 19th - early. 20 cc., Volunteered for military service after graduating or secondary education service and carried on preferential terms. Freedmen, in the ancient and early feudal society, slaves have been released or redemption remaining in varying degrees depending on the former owner. LIBERTY poetic permitted in verse traditionally a minor deviation from the norms of language: "From the flame and light born of the word" (Lermontov). Free cities, German, initially (from 13 - beg. 14 cc.) Of the city, freed from the power of the feudal lord, and have achieved self-government. Gradually become equal to the imperial city, became known as a free imperial city (to beg. 19 in.). The longest (and in the 20th century.) Had the status of a free city of Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen. Freelancer (francs-tireurs), type of irregular infantry in France in the 15-19 centuries .; waged guerrilla warfare during the Franco-Prussian War. The name of members of the French Resistance Movement in the 2nd World War (see. Francs-tireurs and partisans). Free cultivators in Russian peasants freed from serfdom according to the ground by the decree of 1803 on the basis of a voluntary agreement with the landowners. By Ser. 19 in. released 151 thousand. males. Free city, in international law - an independent territorial and political neutralized and demilitarized education, the legal regime established by international treaties and guaranteed by States or international organizations. Free City of Kraków were (in 1815 the Treaty of Vienna), Danzig (under the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919). Free verse, in syllabic-tonic versification, mostly in iambic, free alternation raznostopnyh by the number of rows. In Russian poetry normal size fables, many elegies and epistles early. 19 in., Verse comedies and dramas. (Do not mix with free verse). Volnjansky, city (1966) in Ukraine, Zaporozhye region. Railway station. 18 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plants: instrumental, plastic products. Volpin Mark E. (b. 1923), the Russian chemist, Academician (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1987). Proceedings on nebenzoidnym aromatic compounds, carbenes. Opened (1964, together with VB Schur) fixation of nitrogen at room temperature low valent organometallic compounds. Lenin Prize (1963), the USSR State Prize (1982). Wols (Wols; pres. Name and fam. Alfred Schulze) (1913-1951) was a French artist. A native of Germany, since 1932 worked in Paris. Also known as a photographer expressive figurative direction. Became in the 1940s. Informel largest master, creating a sort of "psychogram", painting and drawing, penetration transmitting nervous and melancholic life of creative intelligence. Volsinii (Volsinii), Etruscan city (7 in. - 264 BC. E.) In the center. Italy. Remains of fortifications and churches. Wolski, the city (since 1780) in the Russian Federation, Saratov region., A port on the Volga (Volgograd Reservoir.). Railway station (Privolskaya). 65.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Center for the cement industry; plants: "Metalist", leather, tanning extracts, etc.. Theatre. 2 museums. Known since the 17th century. Wolski, ancient tribe Center. Italy is probably related Umbria. In the 2nd floor. 4. BC. e. conquered by the Romans. VOLSKY Anton Nikolaevich (1897-1966), the Russian metallurgist, Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1960). Major works on the theory of chemical equilibria in melts. Lenin Prize (1965), the USSR State Prize (1949, 1953). Arkadi I. Volsky (b. 1932), a Russian politician. From 1955 to the engineering work. Member of the CPSU Central Committee in 1986-91. Since 1991 Deputy Chairman of the Inter-republican Economic Committee. Since 1992, the president of the Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs. USSR State Prize (1971). VOLSKY Victor Vatslavovich (b. 1921), Russian economist, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1984), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Major works on the economy of Latin America and the problems of the world economy. USSR State Prize (1987). VOLT, SI unit voltage, an electrical potential difference, the electromotive force (emf). Named after A. Volta. Denoted B. 1 = 108 / s units. Esu? 1/300 units. Esu = 108 units. Emu, c - the speed of light in vacuum. Volts per meter, the SI unit of the electric field. Denoted by V / m. 1 / m = 1/3 × 10-4 units. Esu? 106 units. Emu. VOLT (Volta), a river in the West. Africa, mainly in Ghana. Formed by the confluence of the White and Black Volta. 1,600 km (from the origins of the Black Volta), basin area 394 thousand. Km2. Flows into the Hall of Guinea. Main tributary - p. Oti. Average water consumption in 1288 m3 / s. Navigable for 400 km from the mouth. HPP. The main ports - Kete-Krachi, Akosombo. Volta, see. Art. Musical notation. VOLT, light silky cotton fabric. VOLT (Volta), Alessandro (1745-1827), Italian physicist and physiologist, one of the founders of the theory of electricity. Created the first chemical current source (1800, voltaic pile). Opened the contact potential difference. VOLT ELEMENT, galvanic cell, which has a positive electrode - copper plate negative - zinc electrolyte - sodium chloride or sulfuric acid; electromotive force of 1.0 V. A A. Volta. Volt-amperes, the SI unit full power electrical circuit AC, t. E. The power electrical circuit when operating amperage 1 A and 1 B. Indicated voltage V • A. Consider also the active power, expressed in watts, and reactive power, expressed in Vary. Current-voltage characteristics, the voltage dependence of the current (or current-voltage) on a plot of the electrical circuit; usually expressed as a chart or table. Voltammetry, electrochemical methods of collection of quantitative and qualitative analysis, based on the definition of the relationship between amperage and voltage polarization during electrolysis solution or melt the material being studied. VOLTAIRE (Voltaire) (pres. Francois Marie Arouet name, Arouet) (1694-1778), French writer and philosopher, educator, deist, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1746). The lyrics of the young Voltaire permeated epicurean motifs, contains attacks against absolutism. Mature prose diverse themes and genres: philosophical novel "Makromegas" (1752), "Candide" (1759), "The simple" (1767), a classical tragedy "Brutus" (1731), "Tancredi" (published in 1761), a satirical poem ("virgin of Orleans", 1735, published in 1755), journalism, historical works. Voltaire activities linked to the struggle against religious intolerance and obscurantism, criticized the feudal-absolutist system, "Philosophical Letters" (1733), "Philosophical Dictionary" (1764-69). Played a significant role in the development of the world, in Vol. H. Russian philosophical thought in the ideological preparation of the French Revolution con. 18 in. The name of Voltaire associated spread in Russia t. N. Voltairianism (free-spirit, the pathos of the overthrow of the authorities, the irony) .--- * * * --- VOLTAIRE (Voltaire) (pres. Francois Marie Arouet name, Arouet) (November 21, 1694, Paris - May 30, 1778, ibid) French thinker, writer and publicist of the Enlightenment. His work, to undermine the authority of the absolute monarchy and feudal-clerical ideology, played a major role in the preparation of minds to the French Revolution. It also contributed to the formation of a new type of personality, active, adventurous, to take responsibility for their own destiny and consciously striving to property and public welfare .--- --- Family Mother Voltaire, Marie Marguerite Domar, was the daughter of the Secretary of the criminal court, and his father Francois Arouet - notary and tax collector. Voltaire himself did not like the man and his craft, and later (1744) chose to declare himself illegitimate offspring of a Chevalier de Rochebrune, beggar Musketeers and therefore, the son of a prosperous bourgeois remain .--- Start literary career --- After several years of study in Paris Jesuit college of Louis the Great (1704-11) at the insistence of the young Arouet father began to study law. Soon, he rebelled against the parent's will and without regret traded jurisprudence on the laurels of a daring poet and joy secular life. In May 1717 for the preparation of satire on the Regent of France Duke of Orleans aspiring writer was in the Bastille, but a year of imprisonment not cooled awakened literary fervor. Already in 1718 staged his first major play "Oedipus", favorably received by the public. In the same year, the author made his debut under the pseudonym "de Voltaire." Major epic poem "Henriade", originally called "The League" (1723), strengthened his reputation as a skilled storyteller, and at the same time champion of the idea. Dedicated to the era of religious wars in the 16th. and its main character King Henry IV, poem condemned religious fanaticism kings and despots praised the monarch, who made his reign tolerance slogan .--- stay in England. "Philosophical Letters" --- In the beginning of 1726 there was a skirmish of Voltaire with the Chevalier de Rohan, afford to publicly scoff at his attempt to hide under the pseudonym nedvoryanskyh its origin. Derzsky response ("Sir, my name is waiting for glory, and your - oblivion!") Paid dearly Voltaire: transferred from the lackeys de Rohan beating and subsequent humiliation gave him a feel for the experience that is social injustice. Armed with pistols, he tried to take revenge, but he was arrested, thrown into the Bastille, and at the end of 1726 forced to leave Paris. More than two-year stay in England has strengthened its commitment to religious tolerance and political freedom. His liberal views Voltaire in the famous "Philosophical Letters", published in 1733 in English and in 1734 in French. "Letters" idealized English ways and in the gloomy light painted the state of public institutions in France. In 1734, after returning to his homeland of Voltaire, the book was burned by the verdict of the Paris Parliament, and the author of the threatened arrest Sireysky period .--- --- Deciding not to tempt fate, Voltaire at the same time, in 1734, retired in Ceray located Champagne castle in his beloved marquise du Chatelet. One of the most educated women of that time, she shared fascination with Voltaire metaphysics, natural sciences, as well as interest in the Bible. Reports on the results of the joint laboratory experiments, they were sent to Paris, the Royal Academy of Sciences. Ten years in Siree, proved to be very fruitful for Voltaire: he created there tragedy "Alzira" (1736) and "Mohammed" (1742), "A Treatise on Metaphysics" (1734) and "Fundamentals of Philosophy of Newton" (1738), written most of the historical work "The Age of Louis XIV" (1751). Knowledge acquired in Siree strengthened Voltaire's rejection of traditional Christian view of the world, have increased the critical thrust of his mind, stimulated further searches of rational explanations of natural and social phenomena .--- Militant skepticism sireyskogo period manifested in the work of Voltaire's epic poem "Virgin of Orleans", first half which was completed in 1735. The poem for a long time spread in the lists her first pirated edition appeared only in 1755, and the official publication took place only in 1762 in Geneva. Voltaire was not afraid to use the dear French story of Joan of Arc for the new revelations of religious prejudice. He chose for this purpose the most powerful weapon - irony. In an effort to refute the view chroniclers that Jeanne was sent by God, their narrative of her visions and miracles, Voltaire portrayed these aspects of the tradition in a funny way. Donated and notorious virginity Jeanne, for Voltaire hated the idea, if this is the virtue of the heroine has become the key to the salvation of France. The true reason for its success, he saw that Jeanne believed in themselves, and their confidence was able to convey to the king and the army. The tragic death of Maid of Orleans encourages Voltaire to drop irony; replaced by the anger that falls on the head of the executioners of Jeanne - fathers inquisitors .--- Voltaire-court --- In 1744 began a brief and unsuccessful career Voltaire-courtier. Literary fame and influential patrons ensured him a place of court historiographer of France (1745). In 1746 he made his election to the French Academy, but he never managed to ingratiate himself with the king, despite all the flattery writer .--- The coldness of Louis XV, Versailles disappointment in the yard, the death of the Marquise du Chatelet (1749) Voltaire declined to accept the invitation of Frederick II , to the court that he was in 1750. a friendly correspondence with Voltaire, Frederick began in 1736 with an enthusiastic letter of a young crown prince. In the following decade, they have met several times. Relying on the proven years of affection and generosity "philosopher-king", Voltaire hoped to settle down in Prussia. But near it opened in Frederick not only a sharp mind, but hypocrisy and despotism that was the reason for the departure of Voltaire in 1753 from Prussia .--- Voltaire and the "Encyclopedia" --- In December 1754 Voltaire arrived in Switzerland, where he was spend most of the rest of his life. In the vicinity of Geneva, he bought a small estate, which he called "Delis" ("Joy"). Voltaire began working in the "Encyclopedia" Diderot and d'Alembert. His first article appeared in 1755 in the 5th volume of "The Spirit", "Eloquence," "Grace". Already by 1756 because of his pen came a dozen encyclopedia articles that are more daring. For example, in the article "History" (1756), he expressed doubts about the authenticity of many historical tales, in Vol. H. Tales of miracles, and in the article "Idol, idolater, idolatry," written in 1757 and published only in 1765 8 th volume "Encyclopedia", claimed that Christians are in fact no less idolatrous than pagans. It is supported by d'Alembert, Voltaire in his intention to publish a famous article "Geneva" (1757, 7 m.). Praise the republican system and freedom-loving Genevans heard it as a criticism of the French reality. Calvinist pastors of Geneva were presented almost as Deists, which is not consistent with the truth, but the violence of the Servetus Calvin has been likened to a terrible massacre of St. Bartholomew. Strong protest themselves pastors and the University of Geneva Swiss friends put the "Encyclopedia" in a difficult situation, they recognized the article failed Ferney period .--- --- After all that has happened, Voltaire decided to protect themselves from the wrath of the clergy of Geneva. At the end of 1758 he rented a mansion tour, and at the beginning of 1759 and has become even Ferney estate located on both sides of the border with France, the Canton of Geneva. Ferney became his "independent principality", which he ruled as an enlightened sovereign. Finally, Voltaire could afford a luxurious lifestyle. His condition is replenished from a variety of sources: Houses of nobles, the legacy of his father, the fees for the publication and republication of works, the proceeds from selling his positions and on financial speculation. In 1776, the annual income of Voltaire was two hundred thousand livres, which makes Ferney patriarch of one of the richest men in France .--- Ferney became a place where for 20 years unfolded educational activities Voltaire. Here he received visitors from all over Europe. Pilgrimage to Ferney became almost mandatory for every enlightened traveler. Hence Voltaire carried on an extensive correspondence. Among his correspondents belonged to the Prussian King Frederick II, the Russian Empress Catherine II, King of Poland, Stanislaw August Poniatowski, the Swedish King Gustav III, the Danish King Christian VII. In its 65 years, and then he continued to send hundreds of letters to produce many literary, journalistic, philosophical and historical works, one of which is "The History of the Russian Empire under Peter the Great" (1759-63). Commissioned by the Russian government, "History" glorified the king of the reformer, sharp ascent from savagery. Among other fruits Ferney period - the philosophical novel "Candide" (1759) and "The simple" (1767), "A Treatise on Toleration" (1763), "An Essay on the general history and customs and the spirit of the people" (1756-69), "Pocket philosophical Dictionary "(1764)," Questions about the "Encyclopedia" (1770-72) .--- best known for 1760-70-ies. Voltaire has brought its participation in the protection of the good name of the victims of religious and political persecution, as Kalas , Sirven, the Chevalier de La Barre, the Comte de Lally. Call Voltaire: "Crush the vermin!", was first performed in a letter to D'Alembert in October 1760, was directed against the all-powerful Catholic Church. However, it is less known for his other catch phrase relating to 1769: "If God did not exist, it should have been invented." He did not call to abandon religion altogether - it still had to be a bridle for the people .--- Return to Paris. --- on Death declining years, when Voltaire turned 83 years old, he decided to once again be the last, to see Paris. February 10, 1778 the patriarch of the French Enlightenment arrived in the French capital, where he waited for an enthusiastic meeting. He attended the four sessions of the French Academy, looked staging of his play "Irene" (1776) in the "Comedie Francaise" and even joined a Masonic lodge of the Nine Sisters. Three months later he died of his death .--- Even Voltaire struck by Catholicism. Deism thinker was widely known. Voltaire God who created the universe, but who did not have nothing to do with miracles, nor the sacraments, different from God's faithful Catholics. However, Voltaire did not want his body, the body of a heretic, dumped in a landfill, and formally confessed before his death. Paris Archbishop Christophe de Beaumont considered these things remains inadequate and refused Voltaire Christian burial. They were secretly taken from Paris and buried in Champagne. Such treatment is proud to undermine the authority of the Church of France and caused justifiable outrage. Voltaire had once again triumphant return to Paris in 1791, and find rest in the crypt of the national outstanding people - Pantheon Works .--- --- God and people: Articles, pamphlets, letters. M., 1961. T. 1-2 .--- Orleans virgin. Mohammed: Philosophical story. M., 1971 .--- philosophical writings. M., 1988 .--- Oeuvres completes. Paris, 1877-1885. V. 1-50 .--- Oeuvres completes. Geneve; Oxford, 1968-. Of the 150 planned volumes published 77 edition continues; Voltaire's own writings occupy vols. 1-84 Indices - t. 136-150, all correspondence has been published in vols. 85-135. In 1997, all released volume will appear on the CD-ROM production of the Oxford Voltaire Foundation and companies Chadwick-Healey Literature .--- --- Voltaire in Russia: Bibliographic Index 1735-1995 .--- Russian writers of Voltaire. M., 1995 .--- Spear FA Bibliographie analytique des ecrits relatifs a Voltaire 1966-1990. Oxford, 1992 .--- Voltaire en son temps / Sous la dir. de Rene Pomeau. Paris; Oxford, 1995. V. 1-2 .--- Inventaire Voltaire / Sous la dir. de J. Goulemot, A. Magnan, D. Masseau. Paris, 1995 .--- C. J. Karp Volterra (Volterra) Vito (1860-1940), an Italian mathematician, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1908), a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1926). Proceedings on Mathematical Physics, integral and integro-differential equations, functional analysis. Voltigeurs (fr. Voltigeurs), type of light infantry in France in 1804-71, trained in marksmanship and conducting reconnaissance. VAULTING (Nitra) ... 1) the type of equestrian sports and equestrian circus (skipping, hop rider to the partner from horse to horse, etc.) .... 2) Type of dynamic acrobatics, gymnastics (throwing of partners, on a flight from a trapeze trapezoid, and so on. d.). VOLTMETER, a device for measuring the electromotive force or voltage (in mV, mV, V, kV) in electrical circuits; connected in parallel with the load. Voltaic arc is the same as the arc. Booster transformer, an electrical transformer with a variable transformation ratio, activated its secondary winding in series with the secondary winding of the other (ground) of the transformer for regulating or stabilizing the voltage in the load circuit. Volturno, see. Heb. WOLF (Wolff) Wilhelm (pseudonym. Lupus, Lupus) (1809-64), German revolutionary. Participated in the founding of the Communist League, was a member of its Central Committee in June 1848 with one of the editors of the "Neue Rheinische Zeitung". Wolf is dedicated to the "Capital" of Marx. Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1734-94), one of the founders of embryology. German by birth, in Russia from 1766, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1767). Wolf's classic work "The theory of nucleation" played a major role in the fight against preformation and ideas about the immutability of species, justification epigenesis. Laid the foundations of the theory of individual development of organisms - ontogenesis. WOLF (Wolf) Conrad (1925-82), German film director. Son F. Wolf. Movies: "Lissy" (1957), "Professor Mamlock" (1961, the drama F. Wolf), "I was 19" (1968), "Goya" (1971, co-production of the USSR and the GDR), "Mama, I'm Alive "(1977, co-production of the USSR and the GDR)," Solo Sunny "(1979)," Bush Sings "(1982) and others. WOLF Christa (b. 1929), German writer. Story "Broken Sky" (1963), "Reflections on Christa T." (1968) about the intelligentsia of the German Democratic Republic; story "No place. Nowhere" (1979) on H. Kleist; action-story "Crash. Chronicle of the Day" (1987); psychological novel "Images of Childhood" (1976). Stories (the collection "Unter den Linden", 1974). Essay. WOLF Mauritius Osipovich (1825-83), the Russian publisher (St. Petersburg, 1853). Let the scientific literature (mainly in translation), the works of Russian writers, the magazine "Around the World" (1861) and others. In 1882 he organized the "Partnership MO Wolf" (existed until 1918). WOLF (Wolf) Rudolph (1816-96), a Swiss astronomer. Works on research of sunspots and the history of astronomy. To characterize solar activity has entered t. N. Wolf number. WOLF Ferdinand Bogdanovich (1796 or 1797-1854), Decembrist, head doctor. A member of the Southern Society. Sentenced to 20 years hard labor. From 1827 to Nerchinsk mines, from 1835 to the settlement in Irkutsk Province. Tobolsk. WOLF (Wolf) Friedrich (1888-1953), German writer and public figure. In 1933-45 in the antifascist emigration. Organizer and prominent predstavitl German revolutionary proletarian theater: the play "Cyanide" (1929), "The men of Katarr" (1930) and others. Antifascist play "Professor Mamlock" (1934, staged in the USSR in 1938), "Floridsdorf" (production and publication of 1935), the story. Comedy "Burgermeister Anna" (1949, published in 1950), the historical tragedy "Thomas Müntzer" (1953). WOLF Friedrich August (1759-1824), a German classical scholar, teacher, member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences (since 1808). In his work "The Science Museum of Antiquities" (1807-10) expressed understanding of philology as a universal classics - an independent science of antiquity with the universal historical-cultural program and proposed a system of classical education for the Prussian gymnasiums, was in the 19th century. impact on secondary school in many countries. Marked the beginning of the Homeric subject (see. Homer). WOLF (Wolff) Christian (Christian) (1679-1754), German philosopher, representative of rationalism, and popularizer of digester ideas of Leibniz, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1725). The philosophy of Wolff and his school prevailed in the German universities until the appearance of "critical philosophy" of Immanuel Kant. WOLF (Wolf) Hugo (1860-1903), Austrian composer and music critic. The representative of late romanticism. He worked mainly in the genre of song-romance. Songs on poems by E. Merike, J. Eichendorff, Goethe, and others. (C. 300), the opera "Corregidor" (1895) and others. Wolf - Rayet STAR, young hot stars with broad emission lines in the spectrum, have a large mass (M ~ 10M? - solar masses), high luminosity L (an average of 400 L?) and extended atmosphere. The effective temperature of the Wolf - Rayet stars approx. 50,000 K. Wolf numbers (denoted by W), characterization (index) of solar activity: W = f + 10g, where f - the total number of sunspots, g - the number of groups formed by them, observed on the sun at any given time. Wolf numbers introduced by R. Wolf (1848). Wolf (Wolfen), a city in Germany, Saxony-Anhalt. 43.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Production of film and photographic materials (plant OTDR), dyes, chemical fibers and others. Volfkovich Semen Isaakovich (1896-1980), the Russian chemical engineer, academician of the USSR (1946), one of the organizers of the fertilizer industry, and Pest Control. USSR State Prize (1941). Gold Medal. MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1977). Tungsten (lat. Wolframium), W, chemical element of group VI of the periodic system, atomic number 74, atomic weight 183.85. Name from the German Wolf - Wolf and Rahm - cream ("wolf foam"). Light gray metal, most of the refractory metals, density 19.3 g / cm3, melting point 3380 ° C. In air at ambient temperature is stable. The main minerals - wolframite and scheelite. Component heat-resistant super-hard steels (instrumental, high-speed) and alloys (win, Stella et al.); pure tungsten is used in electrical engineering (filament bulbs) and Electronics (cathodes and anodes of electronic devices). Wolfram von Eschenbach (Wolfram von Eschenbach) (c. 1170 - c. 1220), German poet minnesinger. The preaching of religious redemption in verse romances "Parsifal" (1198-1210; the opera by Richard Wagner). Tungsten Carbide, WC, gray crystals at 2720 ° C decomposed. Basis of cemented carbide; used for alloying in the manufacture of elements of drill bits. TUNGSTEN OXIDE, WO3, lemon-yellow crystals; mp 1470 ° C. Not soluble in water. The intermediate product in the production of tungsten, tungstates, yellow pigment for ceramics and glass, and a hydrogenation catalyst for cracking hydrocarbons. Tungstate, tungstic acid salts (eg., N2WO4). Na2WO4 used in the production of pigments. CaWO4, BaWO4 and MgWO4 - phosphors. Tungstates rare earth elements - components of laser materials. NATURAL tungstate, a group of minerals, salts of tungstic acid N2WO4. The basis of the structure - octahedra [WO6] tetrahedra and [WO4]. The main minerals - wolframite and scheelite. Found in pneumatolytic and hydrothermal deposits. Tungsten mineral group tungstate, (Fe, Mn) [WO4]. Impurities: Zn, Mg, Ta, Nb etc. Species: Gyubnera Mn [WO4], reddish color, density 7.2 g / cm3; ferberite Fe [WO4], black density 7.6 g / cm3. The hardness of 5-5.5. Occurs in greisens and high-temperature hydrothermal veins, placers. Summary of tungsten ore. Tungsten ores. The main minerals wolframite, scheelite, Gyubnera. The minimum content of WO3 grade of 0.4-0.5%. Major impurity: Sn, Mo, Be, Au, Cu, Pb and Zn. The main producing foreign countries - the United States, Republic of Korea, Bolivia, Thailand, Canada, Australia. WOLFSBURG (Wolfsburg), a city in Germany, Lower Saxony. 129.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Car factory "Volkswagen", sewing, canning industry. VOLYUMORETSEPTORY (from the French. Volume - volume and receptors), sensory nerve endings in various organs and blood vessels respond to stretching their walls. Voluntarism (from Lat. Voluntas - will; term was introduced in 1883 by F. tennis) ... 1) direction in the philosophy that considers the will as the supreme principle of existence. Voluntarism characteristic of the philosophy of St. Augustine, Duns Scotus, and others. As an independent branch first took shape in Schopenhauer .... 2) The activities are not considered with the objective conditions characterized by arbitrary decisions of persons engaged in it. VOLYUPTAS (lat. Enjoyment), in Roman mythology (version Apuleius) daughter of Psyche, the personification of pleasure. Volute (ital. Voluta, letters. - Curl), an architectural motif in the form of a spiral curl with the "eye" in the center. An integral part of banker's capitals; architectural detail of cornices, portals, doors, windows. Will the ability to choosing activities and internal efforts necessary for its implementation. Specific act, irreducible to consciousness and activity as such. Carrying out an act of will, a man confronts the authorities directly perceived needs, impulsive desires: for an act is not specific experience of "I want" and experience "should," "I," the awareness of values characteristic purpose of the action. Volitional behavior includes decision-making, often accompanied by a struggle of motives (the act of choice), and its implementation. "WILL RUSSIA" Russian periodicals: weekly (1920-22), weekly (1922-24), a monthly socio-political and literary magazine (1924-32), Prague. Among the editors - ML Slonim. Published works of writers emigrants and Soviet writers. PTO (Wohmann) Gabriel (b. 1932), German writer. In the novels, "Now and ever" (1958), "Paulinhen was home alone" (1974), "Walking with the mother" (1976), stories (the collection "Solitude", 1982) - the problem of the modern family, the human understanding. Wombats family marsupial mammals of the order. The body length of approx. 1 m. 2-3 species in Australia and Tasmania. 1 species in the Red Data Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Vompersky Stanislav E. (b. 1930), the Russian lesoved, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Research on the structure, dynamics and biological productivity of forest and wetland biogeocenosis. Vondel (Vondel) Joost van den (1587-1679), Dutch poet and playwright. A prominent representative of classicism. Drama "Easter" (1612), the tragedy of "Mary Stuart" (1646), "Lucifer" (1654) historical and biblical subjects. Collection of "different elements" (1644-47) patriotic character. Wonju, a city in the Republic of Korea. 173 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Transport hub. Light and food industries. Boniface (Bonifatii) Tarsus (d. 290), the Christian martyr who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian, the Roman slave Aglaidy. Memory in the Orthodox Church on December 19 (January 1), the Catholic May 14. "VONKISTY", members of the Liberal Party in Belgium in 1787-90. Named after the leader of the JF Wonka (JF Vonck). Participated in the Brabant Revolution 1789-90. Vonnegut (Vonnegat) (Vonnegut), Kurt (b. 1922), American writer. The novel "Player Piano" (1952, Russian translation - "Utopia 14", 1967), "Cat's Cradle" (1963), "Slaughterhouse-Five" (1969), "Balagan" (1976), "Prison Bird" (1982 ), "Galapagos" (1985) reveal the cruel paradoxes STR, debunk the concept of scientism and technocracy, the implementation of which is fraught with social upheavals and moral degeneracy. Prose combines the techniques of science fiction with the traditions of the grotesque and the parable of literature. A collection of essays, "Palm Sunday" (1981). Wonsan, city and port in North Korea, in the Japanese m., Administrative center of the province. Gangwon-do. 274 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Mechanical Engineering; construction materials, food; non-ferrous metals. Fishing base. Vonsovskii Sergey (b. 1910), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1969). Chairman of the Presidium of the Ural Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1971-86). The founder of the school on the theory of magnetism. Works on the theory of solids, magnetic phenomena, theory of metals and alloys, semiconductors, superconductivity. USSR State Prize (1975, 1982). Imagination (fantasy), mental activity, which consists in the creation of ideas and mental situation, do not generally perceived by the person in real life. Distinguish reproductive imagination and creative imagination. Armed forces of the structure of the state associated with the implementation of its external functions (national defense and others.). One of the most important elements of the military organization of the state. To 20. The armed forces include land army and navy. Modern armed forces consist of various branches of the Armed Forces (Army, Air Force, Navy, and others.), Some military organizations of the state (eg., In the US - National Guard), the supreme bodies of military control of the rear. Types of Armed Forces are divided into combat arms (sort of forces in the Navy, born aviation) and special troops. The Armed Forces are completed on the basis of universal conscription or on a contract basis. UN forces are created in accordance with the UN Charter to maintain or restore international peace and security in the framework of the collective security system. The Security Council may establish armed forces of the United Nations in different parts of the world to prevent the resumption of hostilities, to promote the restoration and preservation of law and order, the return to normal conditions of life, as well as to confirm the separation and withdrawal of the warring parties, monitoring of the ceasefire and the Armistice Agreement . UN forces were sent to Palestine (1948), Cyprus (1964), Lebanon (1978), Iraq (1991), in Yugoslavia, in a number of other regions. The Nobel Peace Prize (1988). "THE ARMED FORCES OF THE SOUTH OF RUSSIA" (VSYUR) White Guard troops during the Civil War. Created in January 1919 by merging under the command of Lieutenant-General AI Denikin Volunteer Army and the White Cossack Don Army. The structure also included VSYUR Crimean Azov Volunteer Army (January-February 1919), the Turkestan Army (January 1919 - February 1920), the third separate Army Corps (March - December 1919), the troops of the North Caucasus (March 1919), Caucasian army (May 1919), the Black Sea Fleet. In the context. July 1919 totaled VSYUR St. 160 thousand. Man. In 1919-20 were defeated; VSYUR remnants retreated to the Crimea, where they based Lieutenant General PN Wrangel was created t. n. "The Russian army." Armed neutrality ... 1) The armed neutrality 1780-83, Union of Russia, Denmark and Sweden in order to protect merchant shipping neutral countries during the war, the British colonies in North. America for independence .... 2) An armed neutrality in 1800, the same with the participation of Prussia, created on the initiative of Paul I of Russia after the 2nd anti-French coalition. Directed against England. After the death of Paul I no longer valid. Problems, Russian Society (All-Union Association) proletarian architects in 1929-32. Members of the Issues (KS Alabyan, AV Vlasov, AG Mordvinians), similar in its ideological and artistic installations Rapp and Proletkult, declared the establishment of proletarian class architecture, designed to serve a new collective life. Question mark, punctuation mark (?), Putting at the end (in some languages, eg., In Spanish, and in the beginning, upside down) interrogative sentence. Blubber, formerly known as the fat of marine mammals and some fish (cod, and others.). VORVULEV Nikolai (1917-67), Belarusian and Ukrainian singer (baritone), People's Artist of the USSR (1956). Since 1946, the Belarusian, 1957 in Ukrainian Opera and Ballet Theatre. Wordsworth (Wordsworth) (Wordsworth), William (1770-1850) was an English Romantic poet. The representative of the "lake of the school." "Lyrical Ballads" (with ST Coleridge, 1798), the poem "Prelude" (published in 1850). Poetic language closer to the spoken language. Vorkuta city (since 1943) in the Russian Federation, the Republic of Komi, above the Arctic Circle, on the river. Vorkuta. Railway station. 116 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Center of the Pechora coal basin (Works "Vorkutaugol"). Mechanical, mechanical repair, cement, wood and other plants. 2 theater. Worms (Vormsi), an island in the Moonsund Arch., In the Baltic m., As part of Estonia. 93 km2. Fishing.
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