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Wollaston (Wollaston Lake) (Wollaston) William Hyde (1766-1828), English scientist. Opened (1801), regardless of I. Ritter ultraviolet radiation, designed refractometer (1802) and a goniometer (1809). Discovered palladium (1803) and rhodium (1804), first received (1803), a pure platinum. Wollaston (wooden spar), mineral subclass chain silicates, Ca3 [Si3O9]. White, radiant and shelly units. The hardness of 5-5.5; the density of 2.9-3.0 g / cm3. For contact-metamorphic origin. Raw materials for fine ceramics; sound and heat insulation material. Budgies, parrots bird detachment. Length approx. 20 cm (about half - tail). In the center. Australia. Well propagated in captivity. Plumage is predominantly green. Bred white, yellow, blue, purple and other budgies. Volnovaha, city (1938) in Ukraine, Donetsk region. Railway junction. 26.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). The food, building materials and other industries. Wave optics, physical optics section, the target population phenomena such as diffraction of light, interference of light, polarization of light, in which, the wave nature of light. Wave transmission, manual transmission (gear, friction, spiral); consists of rigid and flexible elements (one of which is attached), and so on. n. wave generator. Due to the special kinematics of the interaction between the wave transmission provides significant ratios (> 100). Wave function (state vector) in quantum mechanics basic quantity describing the state of the system and allows you to find the probability and mean values characterizing the physical quantities. The square of the wave function is the probability of the state, so the wave function is also called the probability amplitude. Waveguide channel having sharp boundaries along which the electromagnetic (for radio) or sound (acoustic waveguide) waves. Wave guide can serve as a metal pipe, dielectric rod, and so on. N .; acoustic waveguide - negotiating pipe on ships layers of air in the atmosphere and ocean water, which differ in temperature (natural waveguide). Wave resistance, ... 1) in acoustics: the gas and liquid - the ratio of sound pressure in a plane sound wave traveling to the particle velocity of the medium, it is equal to the product of the density of the medium on the speed of sound in it; in solids for longitudinal waves characteristic impedance - the ratio of mechanical stress, taken with the opposite sign, to the particle velocity environment .... 2) In fluid mechanics - of the hydro- and aerodynamic drag, which characterizes the energy consumption for the formation of waves, eg., waves formed on the surface of the water when driving the ship, shock waves generated at supersonic flight of the aircraft, and so on. d .... 3) electrodynamics characteristic impedance of transmission lines - the ratio of voltage to current at any point of the line, in which electromagnetic waves propagate ; characteristic impedance of the medium - the ratio of the amplitudes of the electric and magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves propagating in the medium. Wave equation differential equation with partial derivatives of order 2, which describes the process of propagation of disturbances in some medium. Eg., The small oscillations of a stretched string is described by the wave equation where u (x, t) - unknown function - a deviation from the equilibrium position of the string at the point with coordinate x at time t, a - the speed of propagation of the disturbance along the string. The wave number of the wave vector; associated with angular frequency w, the phase velocity of the wave vp and its length ratio: k = 2? / ?? w / vp. In optics and spectroscopy wave number is often called the inverse of the wavelength: k = 1 / ?. Wave vectors, the vectors k, whose direction coincides with the direction of the traveling wave. In isotropic media, along k directed the group velocity and the flow of energy waves. In quantum mechanics, the state of a free particle is also characterized by a certain value of the wave vector associated with the particle momentum p de Broglie relation: p = hk. "Yagi" (Yagi antenna, Uda - Yagi antenna), the antenna in the form of a series of parallel linear electric vibrators length close to 0.5 wavelength coplanar along a line coinciding with the direction of maximum radiation (reception). The main application - reception of television programs. Wave packets, occupying a limited amount of moves in space and the wave field. Wave packet can be decomposed into the sum of monochromatic waves whose frequencies lie within a certain range; longer than the wave packet, the longer the interval. In the propagation environment due to wave dispersion wave packet spreads. In quantum mechanics, we consider the field of probability, given by the wave function, and the wave packet is the wave function of a moving particle, which is the ability to localize at any one time is limited to a small region of origin. Center of the wave packet moves with mechanical speed of the particle. A quantum-mechanical wave packet spreads out over time, even in a vacuum. Breakwater hydraulic structure to protect against waves harbor waters. Distinguish breakwaters fencing (surrounded by water space) and bank (located directly at the shore). Volnukhin Sergei Mikhailovich (1859-1921), Russian sculptor. Was close to the Wanderers. Monument to pioneer Ivan Fyodorov in Moscow (1909), portrait busts. WAVE perturbations propagated with a finite velocity in space and carrying with them the energy without transferring matter. The most frequent elastic waves, for example., Sound waves on the liquid surface and electromagnetic waves. Despite the different nature, all the waves obey the general laws. If the perturbation is oriented along the direction of propagation, the wave is called longitudinal (eg., A sound wave in the gas); if the disturbance lies in the plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation, the wave is called transverse (eg., an elastic wave propagating along the string, the electromagnetic wave in free space). In the simplest case of a plane harmonic wave oscillating changes in the value of y at a point at a distance x from the source of disturbance in time t obeys the law: where A - amplitude of oscillation? - Wavelength, T - oscillation period. More complex waves can be represented as a superposition of harmonic waves. De Broglie waves, the universal manifestation of the wave-particle duality of matter: any "particle" with energy E and momentum p corresponds to a wave, called the de Broglie wave, with a length? ? h / p and the frequency v = E / h, where h - Planck constant. De Broglie waves are interpreted as probability waves; their existence, which indicates Louis de Broglie in 1924, confirmed, eg., diffraction particle. Ondes Martenot, an instrument (electrophone) with piano keyboard type. Plays only single notes. Constructed in the 1920s. M. Martin (M. Martenot, France). Used in a number of works by French composers. Moths, butterflies family. Wings span of 25-70 mm. Ok. 3000 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical forests; St. 60 species, mainly in the forests from the Baltic to the Urals, North. Caucasus, South. Siberia and the Maritime Provinces. Many Moth damage to forests and gardens, eg., The gypsy moth, nun. Volobuev Vladimir Rodionovich (1909-87), Russian and Azerbaijani soil scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968), Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan (1958). Proceedings on ecology, classification and diagnosis of soil. Created the theory of leaching. USSR State Prize (1967, 1980). Volobuev Pavel (b. 1923), the Russian historian, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Works on the history of the October Revolution and the theoretical problems of history. Vologda, a city in the Russian Federation, the center of the Vologda region., A marina on the River. Vologda. Railway junction. 290.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, food, light (Flax, knitwear, fur factory), and others. Industry. 3 university. 3 theaters. House-Museum of Peter I, History Museum, Museum of Literature poet Batyushkov (born in Vologda), an art gallery. Old Russian city. Known since 1147. Sophia (1568-70) and the Resurrection (1772-76) churches in the territory of the Bishops' Court; Savior-Prilutskii Monastery (17th c.). Vologdina Alexander Grigoryevich (1896-1971), a Russian geologist and paleontologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Major works on regional geology of the Asian part of the USSR, paleontology (archeocyathids, stromatolites), stratigraphy. Vologdina Valentin Petrovich (1881-1953), a Russian scientist, one of the pioneers of high-frequency technology, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). One of the founders of the Nizhny Novgorod Radio. Created a high engine generators, using the first fixed by radio Moscow - New York (1925); High mercury rectifiers. Under the leadership of Vologdina designed for high-frequency brazing, hardening, and others. USSR State Prize (1943, 1952). Vologda region, in the northwest of the Russian Federation. 145.7 thousand. Km2. Population 1,362 thous. People (1991), urban 65%. 15 cities, 13 urban settlements (1992). Center - Vologda. Surface - hilly plain. The average January temperature - 14 ° C and in July 18 ° C. Precipitation approx. 500 mm. River - Sukhona, South, Mologa, Sheksna. Forests cover approx. 2/3 of the territory. In the Vologda region. - Part of the Darwin Reserve. Industry: ferrous metallurgy, engineering, forestry, woodworking, pulp and paper, chemical, light industry, food (maslosyrodelatelnaya, meat, dairy and canning); production of building materials. Arts and crafts (lace, blackening of silver). Dairy cattle, flax. Grain crops, forage crops. Potatoes, vegetables. Poultry farming. Navigation on the Volga-Baltic Waterway, Northern Dvina water system. VOLOGODSKIJj theater for children and youth, regional, founded in 1976, until 1991 called the Vologda Theatre for Young People. Artistic Director of the BA Pomegranates (1985). Performances: "Forgive me," VP Astaf'eva (1979), "The Lizard" AM Volodin (1985), "Last summer Chulimsk" AV Vampilov (1991), "Inspector" by Nikolai Gogol (1993) and others. Vologda lace, views Russian lace, weaving on bobbins (wooden sticks); distributed in the Vologda region. Fishing has existed since the 1st Thurs. 19 in. Pattern in the form of a continuous smooth line formed vypletennoy braid, speaking at a thin openwork "lattice". In 1968 founded association "Snowflake" (dimensional lace, blankets, towels). Volodarsk (until 1956 the village. Volodar), a city in the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod region. Railway station (Sejm). 10.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food industry. Volodar Rostislavich (? - 1124), Duke of Przemysl. Galicia sought independence from Kiev. Using an alliance with Polovtsy and Byzantium, together with his brother basil successfully fought with the Hungarian and Polish feudal lords. He fought with the princes Svyatopolk II of Kiev and David Igorevich. Established himself with basil in Terebovlya. VOLODIN (pres. Fam. Lifschitz) Alexander Moiseevich (b. 1919), the Russian playwright. Scenes from everyday life in the plays "Factory Girl" (staged 1956), "Five Evenings" (1959), "big sister" (1961), "Lizard" (1982), "Blonde" (1984) and others reveal the social, moral psychological conflicts of contemporary society. Film scripts "ping, open the door" (1965), "Autumn Marathon" (1979) and others. VOLODIN (pres. Fam. Smith) Vladimir Sergeyevich (1891-1958), Russian actor operetta, People's Artist of Russia (1947). In 1929-58 in the Moscow Operetta Theater. Filmed in the movies. USSR State Prize (1951). Volozhin, the city (since 1940) in Belarus, Minsk., 17 km from the railway Art. Volozhin. 11.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Maslosyrodelatelny plant. Portage, ... 1) watershed between the upper portion of the two rivers converge close to their origins, according to which in the old days dragged the court during the transition from one river basin to another .... 2) isthmus or an area of land between the two basins: the river - seas, rivers - the lake. In portage appeared villages and cities (eg., Volokolamsk, Vishny Volochek). Portage, drawing mill working tool; through the hole in the portage (wire drawing eye) stretches the metal processing. NATURAL FIBER (natural fibers), vegetable textile fibers (eg., Cotton, flax, hemp), animal (wool, silk) and mineral (asbestos) origin, suitable for the manufacture of yarn. CHEMICAL FIBERS prepared from the products of the chemical processing of natural polymers (artificial fibers) or synthetic polymers (synthetic fibers). Manufacturing (m. N. Molding) is usually chemical fibers in solution or bursting polymer melt through spinneret orifices in the environment that causes solidification of the formed thin fibers. Such a medium under meltblowing serves cold air from solutions - hot air ("dry" method) or a special solution, ie. N. spin bath ("wet" method). It is produced in the form of monofilaments, staple fiber or bundle of a plurality of fine filaments interconnected by twisting. Fiber reinforced plastics consisting of chopped fibers impregnated with thermosetting synthetic resin. FRP containing cotton or chemical fiber, called organovoloknitami, glass - steklovoloknitami, asbestos - asbovoloknitami. Used in the manufacture of products which have good resistance to shock loads, eg., Housings and covers machines, gears, bushings, building panels. Volokolamsk, a city in the Russian Federation, Moscow region., On p. Horodenka, near its confluence with the river. Lama, 4 km from the railway Art. Volokolamsk. 18.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Weaving factory, foundry-mechanical plant; food and other enterprises. Known since 1135. In November 1941, 7 km from the city, in Dubosekovo accomplished a feat 28 Panfilov. Resurrection Cathedral (15 in.), The Church of the Nativity on Vozmische (16 in.). 20 km north of Volokolamsk - Joseph Volokolamsk Monastery. Fiber optics, optical section, which examines the propagation of light and transmission of information along optical fibers. Methods of fiber optics are used in optical communications, medical devices (lighting nasopharynx, stomach, and so on. D.), A high-speed filming, in nuclear physics (registration of tracks of nuclear particles) in telephoto and telemetry (code converters and encryption devices), in computer engineering, acoustics, and so. d. fiber-optic cables, made on the basis of optical fibers; used in optical communications systems (in the frequency range 1013 - 1015 Hz). Characterized immune to various types of noise, low loss. In multichannel communication systems allows to form hundreds of thousands of telephone channels. Scraper, ... 1) the implement for seedbed preparation (squared scraper, scraper - gvozdevka), selection of hay and straw from the rolls (rake scraper) or cleaning Copen straw (rope or framework Frameless, trailed or mounted) .... 2) The wheel-less carriage with trailing ends of the elongated shafts. Gian Maria Volonte (1933-1994), Italian actor. In the cinema in 1960. He is famous, acting in political films of different genres. Involved in politics and in life. The most significant work: "Four Days of Naples" N. Loy, 1962; "A Fistful of Dollars" S. Leone, 1964; "Seven Brothers Worms" Lidzani K., 1968; "It Citizen Above Suspicion" Petri, 1970; "Christ Stopped at Eboli" Rosie F., 1979, and others. VOLUNTEER (fr. Volontaire) (Ustari.), Volunteered for military service. Volunteering (Volontir) Mihai (b. 1934), the Moldovan actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1984). Since 1957 in the Balti Theater. B. Alexander. Starred in the films "Dimitrie Cantemir", "In the area of special attention," the TV movie "Gypsy" and others. Bootes (lat. Bootes), a constellation of the northern hemisphere with the bright star Arcturus. Nematomorpha, ornamental stone, clear quartz with inclusions of rutile needles, less goethite. Hair-class worms nematelmintov type. Hairlike body length of 1.5 m, the thickness of 0.5-2 mm (popular name - "live hair"). Ok. 300 species. Adults live freely in the water, the larvae are parasitic in the body of aquatic invertebrates, replacing in the development cycle of the two hosts. For a person harmless. HAIRY rhino extinct equids mammal. Lived in the Late Pleistocene in Europe and North. Asia. The height of more than 2 m. The body was covered with thick hair. Had two horns (front up to 1 m). Bones and even hairy rhino carcasses found in frozen soils (Siberia), a hardened oil - Ozokerite (Rec. Ukraine). Wild rye, the same as Ostrets. Volosnikov, silk cap of married Russian women (16-18 cc.), Sometimes quilted, wear a scarf or Ochipok. Hairline defect rolled or forged metal products (mainly steel) in the form of thin, well-defined cracks along the direction of metal flow during deformation (along the fiber). VOLOSTEL in Russian principalities (11 in.) And in the Russian state (up to ser. 16 in.) The person who heads the parish and implement administrative, financial and judicial functions. Local court, a body of local self-government in the Russian peasant 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th centuries. Consisted of a rural municipality, village chiefs and other officers elected parish gathering. Rural municipality in Russia elected official agricultural management. Headed the parish gathering. Elected for 3 years gathering, affirmed conciliator, then sheriff of. Had the administrative and police powers. Parish court, electoral court peasant body for analysis of small civil and criminal cases in Russia 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th centuries. Could be sentenced to corporal punishment, fines, brief conclusion. Volostnov converge, a body of local self-government in the Russian peasant 2nd floor. 19 - early. 20th centuries. Consisted of elected rural and township officials and peasant householders. Exercises limited administrative and judicial, fiscal and police functions, controlled by the conciliator and rural chiefs. Townships, administrative and territorial unit of Russia. In Dr. Russia - the whole territory of the land (Duchy); semi-independent inheritance; rural area subordinate to the city. From the end. 14 in. - Part of the county. From 1861 - a unit of peasant birth control. Abolished the administrative-territorial reform 1923-29. Hair, horns derivatives of the skin, forming a hair in mammals and man. Contain pigments that determine their color. Protect the body against mechanical damage and heat loss. The lower tier of hair in many mammals forms undercoat. In some animals (elephants, rhinoceroses) skin is almost devoid of hair. With hair usually associated sebaceous and sweat glands are sometimes. In many mammals occurs in spring and autumn moult. The life expectancy of human hair on the average 2-4 years. Coma (lat. Coma Berenices), a constellation of the northern hemisphere; Coma is visible to the naked eye star cluster. Hair mites, ticks family unit acariform. Length 0.1-0.7 mm. Mouthparts adapted for attachment to the hair of the host animal. 300 species. Parasites in the fur of mammals. Chesotkopodobnoe can cause skin irritation. Volotovo, a village near Novgorod; in Volotovo outstanding monument of Russian art - Church of the Assumption (1352 painting between 1363 and 1390). Cubic domed church with two porches; destroyed by German invaders, restored (after 1964), in Vol. h. mural. Wolof (Wolof), the people in Senegal (4.1 million. People). They also live in Mauritania, Gambia, Mali, and others. The total number of 4,360,000. People (1992). Language Wolof. Believers mostly Sunni Muslims. Wolof, refers to the West Atlantic languages. Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet. Volohov (Vlachs), East Romanesque nation, the ancestors of modern Romanians and Moldovans. Volokhonskaya Girshevich Henry (b. 1936), the Russian writer. Since 1973 in exile in Israel, then in Germany. Poems (collections of "Poems", 1983, "Igraine Book", 1984) and prose (novel "Roman pokoynichek", 1982) characterized by irony, parody and grotesque. Book "The skin of the tambourine", "Form" (both 1986), and others. Volochaevka, railway station approx. Khabarovsk (now township Volochaevka-2, 2.1 thousand. Residents in 1991). 5-12.2.1922, during the Civil War, about Volochaevka People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic (Commander Blvukher) broke through the defensive positions of the White Guard troops then seized Khabarovsk (Feb. 14). Drawing, drawing rolled or pressed metal workpieces or round shaped profile (mainly bars, rods, tubes) through the hole dies to reduce their cross-section, or give them a more accurate size and smooth surface. Drawing machines, machines for metal drawing. Consists of the die and the pulling device. Distinguish mills with rectilinear motion of metal and metal-wound (drums). Volochysk, city (1970) in Ukraine, Khmelnitsky region., At p. Zbruch. Railway station. 25.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Engineering, food and light industry. Wallach Reform, measuring and redistribution of land in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania on the "Charter for the die" (1557). Strengthened the feudal exploitation. Voloshin (pres. Fam. Kiriyenko-Voloshin) Maximilian Alexandrovich (1877-1932), Russian poet, art critic. In poetry - filial sense of nature as a cosmic whole, the tragic experience of the historical fate of Russia: collections "Iverni" (1918), "deaf Demons" (1919), a book of poems "Burning Bush", a series of philosophical poems "Ways of Cain" (1921-23 ), the poem "Russia" (1924). Known as a watercolorist. Volta Redonda (Volta Redonda), a city in south-eastern Brazil. 180 thousand. Inhabitants (1980). Ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy, cement, chemical industry. Magi, in the name of Dr. Russia servants of pre-Christian cults, healers, magicians were considered, sometimes - Oriental sages, astrologers. Volkhov (until 1940 Volkhovstroy), city (1933) in the Russian Federation, the Leningrad region., A marina on the River. Volkhov. Railway junction (Volkhovstroy I). 50.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). HPP. Aluminum plant, chemical, cement industry. Volkhov river in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Federation. 224 km, the basin area of 80.2 thousand. Km2. Outflow from the lake. Ilmen, flows into Lake Ladoga. Average water consumption 593 m3 / s. Shipping. On the Volkhov - GES; city - Novgorod, Kirishi, Volkhov, N. Ladoga. Volkhov hydropower plant on the river. Volkhov in the Leningrad region. Was built in 1921-26 on the plan for electrification. Power 66 MW. The average annual production of 385 million. ?? KW h. Head 13.5 m. The capacity of the reservoir 4.3 km3 (including Lake. Ilmen). Volkhovstroy name Volkhov until 1940. lupus erythematosus, a disease of the connective tissue group. Includes cutaneous form with benign course and systemic failure of the connective tissue and blood vessels, exciting many internal organs. A transition of the first form into the second. TUBERCULOSIS erythematosus, a severe form of tuberculosis of the skin, where its thickness, mainly on the face, there are bumps, decomposes with the formation of ulcers and scarring. Volchanskiy, city (1956) in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region. Railway station (Forest Lupus). 14.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Brown coal mining. Volchanskiy, city (1780) in Ukraine, Kharkiv region., At p. Wolf. Railway station. 24.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food, light industry (shoe, cotton) industry; Furniture Factory and others. Founded in 1674. Boris VOLCHEK Izrailevich (1905-74), the Russian cinematographer and director, Honored Artist of Russia (1958). Made the film, directed by Romm: "Vaseline", "Lenin in October" and "Lenin in 1918", "Dream", "Secret Mission". Since 1943 Professor of the All them. Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. USSR State Prize (1946, 1948, 1951, 1971). VOLCHEK Galina (b. 1933), the Russian actress, director, People's Artist of the USSR (1989). Daughter BI Volchek. Since 1956 the Moscow theater "Contemporary", from 1972 chief director. Credits: "Ordinary Story" by Ivan Goncharov (1966), "Echelon" Roshchina MM (1975), "Whirlwind" by E. Ginsburg (1989) and others. Filmed in the movies. USSR State Prize (1967). Top, the same as the small bitterns; cm. Bittern. Volchkov Nicholas (b. 1910), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1974). Since 1937 in Dushanbe Russian Drama Theatre. Mayakovsky. Wolf's (canines, dog) family of mammalian order Carnivora. The body length of 0.4-1.6 m. 11 genera (approx. 35 species), in Vol. H. Maned wolf, red wolves, foxes, raccoon dogs, Fenech (all 1 species), wolves, foxes, etc. . widespread. Some species - the object of the fur trade and farming. Eat harmful rodents. Can be carriers of rabies. 8 species and subspecies of 2 in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Cleft palate, see. Cleft palate. Bagpipes, folk reed wind instrument with air reservoir (fur). Common in many nations under different names: begpayp, Hyde, duda, dudelzak, goat, Sarnano, cimpoi, shuvyr et al. Volynov Boris V. (b. 1934), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1969), Colonel, Hero Soviet Union (1969, 1976). Flying on "Soyuz-5" (January 1969), "Soyuz-21" and orbital station "Salyut-5" (July - August 1976). Volyn Upland, in the west of Ukraine, between the rivers Zap. Bug and Korchik (bass. P.) Happen. Height up to 341 m. Steeply sloping terrain and ravines. Volyn region, in north-western Ukraine. 20.2 thousand. Km2. Population 1,069 thous. People (1991), urban 49%. 11 towns, 21 townships (1991). Center - Lutsk. Located mainly within the Polesie Lowland. The average January temperature -5 ° C and in July 18 ° C. Precipitation approx. 650 mm. The main rivers - Pripyat and West. Bug. Food (sugar, meat, milk, etc..), Light industry (textile, footwear and others.) Industry. Mechanical engineering (cars, appliances, agricultural machinery, bearings, etc..), Woodworking, building materials industry. Coal mining (Lvov-Volyn bass.). Wheat, rye, sugar beet, flax; potatoes, vegetables, fruit. Arrays of drained land. Dairy and beef cattle, pigs, sheep. Navigation on the river. Styr. Volyn Akim L. (pres. The name Chaim Leibowitz Flexer) (1861-1926), the Russian literary critic and ballet, art theorist; one of the pioneers of modernist criticism in Russia. A leading critic "Northern Herald" (1891-98). Articles (collections of "Russian criticism" 1896; "The struggle for idealism", 1900) - the search for new aesthetic orientations, revaluation heritage VG Belinsky, Chernyshevsky and others. Books "Leonardo da Vinci" (1900) "Fyodor Dostoyevsky" (1906), "The Book of rejoicing. The ABCs of classical Dance" (1925). Volyn Artemy Petrovich (1689-1740), Russian statesman and diplomat. In 1719-30 the governor of Astrakhan and Kazan, in 1738 cabinet minister of the Empress Anna Ivanovna. Opponent "Biron". At the head of the circle of nobles prepares draft of state reconstruction. Executed .--- * * * --- Volyn Artemy Petrovich [1689 - June 27 (July 8), 1740, St. Petersburg], a descendant of an old noble family, Volyn was born in the same year, when the independent reign of Peter I .--- The first years of life --- For 15 years the young man began to serve in the cavalry regiment, and in 1711 a captain participated in the Prut campaign. Apparently, at this time the energetic captain and was seen by the king, who thought it possible to give him various diplomatic missions. In 1712 Volyn, accompanying the Vice-Chancellor P. Shafirov to Turkey, appeared with him in captivity Istanbul (1715-18), and after the liberation in the rank of lieutenant colonel was sent envoy to Persia. This mission, as well as the subsequent appointment of Volyn governor of Astrakhan, were associated with the preparation for the Persian campaign of 1722-23. Volyn, turned out to be so in the midst of major political events, could count on the successful continuation of a brilliant career started. But soon he was accused of serious abuses in the service, simply put, was caught stealing. For this Peter I, according to legend, "treated" old favorite of his famous club. Volyn did not save even the fact that he was married to a cousin of the king AL Naryshkina .--- Only death interrupted Peter started the investigation, and gracious to Volyn Catherine I even awarded him the rank of general and appointed governor in Kazan. However, Astrakhan lesson did not go to the benefit of Volyn. After a while it began to receive new denunciations and complaints. Above him again threatened court. This time he was rescued, apparently due at the court. But again interrupted careers and, as it seemed, forever. It took another few years before in 1733 the fate of Volyn sharply again changed and he went back up the hill .--- New takeoff career --- This time it happened, probably thanks to the intercession of his relatives SA Saltykov, who recommended Artemy Petrovich favorite of the Empress Anna Ivanovna EI Biron, needs to be active and loyal to him personally people .--- First Volyn again came as a military inspector of the army, under the command of Field Marshal where Minich participated in the Polish campaign, denouncing hard while in The Cabinet of Ministers of all the blunders of his boss. Diligence was noticed and soon found himself in Volyn Konushennaya Office in St. Petersburg. It was a real stroke of luck, since the Empress and Biron was a passionate lover of horses, and everything connected with them, was given at the time a truly national importance. Do not waste time, Volyn started for exposing abuses in the royal stables, presenting Anna Ivanovna and her favorite explanatory reports on a horse farm, and many have succeeded: in 1736 with the rank of full general, he was appointed Chief Master of the Hunt yard. This meant that from now on he is responsible for the hunt - one of the main royal entertainments. In his new role Volyn worked tirelessly, however, and while performing a variety of other tasks. So, in 1737 he was a member of the Russian delegation to the Congress and Nemirovsky of the judges over the prince DM Golitsyn. In 1738 his career reached its climax: thanks to the patronage of Biron he became cabinet minister .--- In a complex political struggle, which was conducted at the St. Petersburg court, Volyn designs in Biron was given a definite place: he was supposed to be "his own man" in the Duke Cabinet of Ministers, as opposed to AI Osterman. But Biron did not consider the excessive ambition of his protege. A proud man, short-tempered, with more samomneniem, Volyn belonged to those people who quickly forgets owes its patrons, and begins to count the successes of their official result only of their own achievements. Once on the top of the career ladder, taking advantage of the trust of Empress (he was the main organizer of the wedding jester, described in the novel I. Lazhechnikov "Ice House") and being really able administrator, Volyn has lost touch with reality. It seemed to him that he could become the first person of the state and that his ability to be compared with the very Biron. But the struggle was unequal. In the summer of 1739 Volyn dared to submit a letter Anna Ivanovna, exposes, in his view, surrounding the Empress deceivers. It was written in such an instructive tone, that it could not but arouse the wrath of the sovereign. At the beginning of the next 1740, on the orders of Art Petrovich was severely beaten VK Trediakovskii. Perhaps it would have gone cabinet minister with it, if not for the fact that the poet was forced to put out of receiving Biron, where he came to complain about the Volyn. Biron was outraged arbitrariness, found it for insulting and apparently finally realized that it was the former protégé dangerous. In early April 1740 Volhynia was established over a new investigation. --- Opala and death --- Hard to say, as fate would have dared Volyn this time, if during the investigation it became clear that a circle of close friends, which belonged to J. Eichler, AF Khrushchev F . Soimonov, PI Musin-Pushkin, P. Eropkin, Artemy Petrovich openly criticized the Empress and her favorite, built bold plans to change the control system and read out excerpts from his "General project of the corrected internal affairs of state." In the project is approved the idea of monarchy relying on the nobility, it was proposed to limit access of foreigners to the highest public office based in Russia schools and colleges. Volyn puts the blame and composed his family tree, by which underlines its kinship with the royal family, and then he, according to investigators thought of seizing the throne. In conversations with his "confidant" Volyn repeatedly stressed his notable compared to Osterman and Biron origin waiver for this reason to obey them. All this and decided the fate of Volyn: Court, composed of nobles, sentenced Volyn and his entourage to death .--- Death Volyn tragedy was the last reign of Anna Ivanovna, who appeared for posterity as a symbol of all the dark, what happened in Russia in this decade. In memory of the people Volyn was a martyr who died in the struggle for justice, that is most clearly reflected in the novel I. Lazhechnikov where painted romanticized and very far from the reality of the image Literature .--- --- Anisimov EV without Russia Peter. SPb., 1894 .--- Gauthier V. "project of public affairs, as amended" Artemia Volyn // makes the days. 1922. Pr. 3 .--- Bushev PP Artemia Volyn Embassy in Iran in the 1715-18 biennium. M., 1978 .--- A. B. Kamensky Volyntsevo settlements and cemeteries, Slavic tribe northerners 8. at p. Volintsev in Sumy region., Ukraine. Remains of half-dugouts and workshops, cremation urns in. VOLYN (Volyn land), historical region of 9-18 cc. in the basins of the southern tributaries. Pripyat and the headwaters of the West. Bug (modern territory of Volyn, Rivne, Zhytomyr, northern parts of Ternopil and Khmelnytsky region. Ukraine, the eastern part of the Lublin region of Poland). The oldest population - Duleby, Buzhans, Volhynians. From the 10th century. in Kievan Rus, a con. 12 in. in the Galicia-Volyn principality, from the 2nd floor. 14 in. in Lithuania and Poland. From 1793-95 in the Russian Empire. Volhynians (velynyane), the association of various tribes of the Eastern Slavs in the upper watersheds of the West. Bug in the 10-11 centuries. "VOLVO" (Volvo), the Swedish car company in the automotive industry leading Scandinavian countries. Founded in 1929. With sales of 14.6 billion. Dollars. (1st in the country), net profit of 730 million. US., Edition (1987) of passenger cars 424 thousand. Pc., 46 thousand trucks. Pcs., The number of employed 78.6 thous. People (con. 1980 .). Volvox, a genus of green algae. Movable colonial organisms (spherical colonies 3 mm in diameter). Ok. 20 species. Live in stagnant fresh water, giving them a green color. Wohlgemuth (Wolgemut) Michael (1434-1519), a German painter and printmaker. The representative of the Nuremberg school. Preserving the principles of late Gothic painting altars in Zwickau (1479), Feuchtwangen (1484), Schwabach (1508). The largest monument of early printing - illustrations for the "World Chronicle" Mr. Schedel (1491-94). In the workshop Wohlgemuth in 1486-89 studied A. Durer. Voldemaras (Voldemaras) Augustinas (1883-1942), a Lithuanian politician, professor. In 1918 the Prime Minister of Lithuania. In 1926, the organizer of the coup, until 1929, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The leader of the right wing tautininkov.
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