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WATER CROSS cross-section of water flow. Distinguish open area where the speed can be measured, and the dead space (with the stagnation of water). Water management, sector of the economy, dealing with accounting, planning and management of complex use, water resource management, protection of waters from pollution and depletion, transporting them to their destination (consumption). Water-skiing, a sport which is based on the movement of the athlete on the water on special skis with the help of the towing boat. As a sport emerged in the 1930s. US. In the International Water Ski Federation (founded in 1947) includes St. 60 countries (1992). World Championships since 1949. Power-boating, technical sport, including the high-speed competition and Tourism of motorized vessels. The International Powerboat Union (UIM; founded in 1922) approx. 50 countries (1992). World championships since the 1920s. in the various classes of ships. In 1908 motorboat sports included in the Olympic program. Water features, seas, oceans, rivers, lakes, marshes, reservoirs, groundwater and water canals, ponds et al., Places of constant concentration of water on the land surface (eg., In the form of snow). WATERWAYS, bodies of water used for navigation and floating timber; the most economical for the transportation of goods and passengers view of Railways. Water resources, suitable for use in the national economy of water in rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, seas and oceans, groundwater, soil moisture, water (ice) glaciers and snow cover; total (one-time stock) water approximately 1.39 billion. km3, of which approx. 1340000000. Km3 - World Water approx. Less than 3% is fresh water (35.8 million. Km3), and available for use by only 0.3%. Theoretically, water resources are inexhaustible, t. To. The rational use they are continuously replenished during the hydrological cycle. However, water consumption is growing at a pace that in many countries there is a shortage of water resources, growing with each passing year. The big danger is the pollution of natural waters caused by the discharge of wastewater. WATER BALANCE OF THE EARTH, a relation between the amount of water flowing on the surface of the earth as precipitation, and the amount of water evaporating from the surface of the land and the World approx. for a certain period of time. In the multi-year average annual rainfall of 1020 mm is equal to evaporation from the surface of the world's ok. 880 mm and 140 mm from the land. Water balance of the Earth - quantification of the hydrological cycle on Earth. It is closely related to the heat balance and along with it - one of the important parameters for the characterization of natural areas. Water Cadastre, systematic collection of information about water resources of the country. Includes hydrological study of the basic hydrological characteristics and surface water resources. See. The inventory also. Water regime, the time variation of the level and volume of water in rivers, lakes and swamps. Annual cycles of water regime of rivers are divided into specific phases: high water, low water (summer and winter), flood. Water transport, see. Maritime transport, river transport. INSTITUTE OF WATER PROBLEMS (IVP), RAS, held in 1968 in Moscow. Study patterns of water exchange and water regime of land, development of scientific bases of protection and use of water. Apron, hydraulic structure in the form of a concrete slab or wood flooring, located behind the weir or spillway. Serves to quench the energy of the flow of water and protection from dangerous river erosion. Conduits, hydraulic structure in the form of the channel tunnel, tray, conduit, and so on. N. To supply water to the place of consumption. Pressurized water reactor, a nuclear reactor in which a neutron moderator - ordinary water, serving as both a coolant. Included in the energy and research facilities. Vodovozov Vasily Vasilyevich (1864-1933), Russian writer, lawyer and economist. Articles on the socio-economic and political history. In 1926 he emigrated. Vodovozov Vasily Ivanovich (1825-86), a Russian teacher, trainer for Russian literature and primary education. Works on the theory of pedagogy, textbooks, books for popular reading. Vodovozova Maria Ivanovna (1869-1954), knigoizdatelnitsa (St. Petersburg, 1895-1900). Published a book about the working class in the West, the trade union movement, works on political economy, the history of the national economy, law and others. Whirlpool area in the flow, characterized by a closed circular movement of the water. Reservoir, permanent or temporary accumulation of closed or delayed runoff waters in natural or artificial cavities (lakes, reservoirs, ponds, digging and so on. D.). In a broad sense - the designation of the seas and oceans. Intake structures (withdrawals), hydraulic structures for the diversion of water from the power supply (rivers, lakes, underground source) in order to use it for hydropower generation, water supply and irrigation. DISPLACEMENT, the amount of water displaced by the ship flies; characteristic size of the ship. Distinguish mass displacement equal to the mass of the vessel, ie. E. A body of water, placed in a volume of the underwater part of the vessel, and the displacement volume (the volume of the ship below the waterline). Diving, industry production activities, covering emergency rescue, installation and other work under water and their financial, scientific, technical and medical support. AQUARIUS (lat. Aquarius), zodiacal constellation. AQUARIUS, an ancient vessel for washing in the form of animals, birds, rider, clay or metal. It is widespread in the Middle Ages in many countries, in Vol. H. In Russia. HYDROTHERAPY (hydrotherapy), external application of water to the treatment or hardening. Takes the form of pouring, wiping, wraps, shower, bath, and so on. N. Since the purpose of treatment is used as a bath with a mixture of oxygen, carbon dioxide and others. Skaters, several families of bedbugs. The length of 1-34 mm. Ok. 700 species; live on the surface of fresh and marine waters (sometimes in the open ocean), at least along the banks of water bodies. Walk or a quick slide on the surface of the water (hence the name). Predators, Swarm. Water jets (water jets), ship propulsion, which force driving the ship, created ejected from his jet of water. Installed on vessels sailing in shallow water, or used as a steering device. Water heater, the same as the water heater. Water-bearing rivers, the same as the average long-term consumption of water or long-term mean annual runoff. Aquifer layer or multiple layers of permeable rock, cracks, voids and other voids are filled with groundwater. Dewatering, removal of surface water and groundwater from mines, quarries, mines, pits, trenches, and so on. N. Of water protection forests, forest category allocated in floodplains (along the banks of major rivers and lakes) to improve the water balance, hydrological regime, reducing soil erosion. WATER TREATMENT, complex technological processes to bring the quality of water entering the water supply system from the water supply to the established norms of performance. Waterfalls, a drop of water in the river from the ledge, crossing the river bed. Water may fall on several ledges, forming a series of waterfalls - cascade; less steeply falling waterfalls called rapids. Water treatment, bringing the quality of water used for technological purposes in various industrial enterprises, as well as water and heat supply systems, et al., In line with customer requirements. Water heaters (heater), a heat exchanger for heating water for steam or hot water (or gas) using a heated body, and so on. G. Water heaters are distinguished from the surface by heating (heat transferred to the water in contact with its hot surface elements) and contact heating (heat transferred to the water hot steam or gas). Water-lifting machines (water lift), a device for non-pressure displacement fluid (mainly water). Simple water-lifting machines - Crane and the gate to lift water from the well. Continuous supply of water is water-lifting machines: Archimedes screw, Water-wheel, bucket elevator. Water-wheels, water-lifting machine - wheel diameter of 2-6 m with freely suspended scoops that when the wheel rotates scoop up water and emptied (turning over) on the tray. Sometimes, instead of buckets - rigidly reinforced blades. Receiving waters, watercourse, pond or Hollow taking and discharge water collected by the drainage system by surrounding area. The term "water inlet" are also used to refer to hydraulic intake structures. Water supply, see. Water supply. Water supply network, a set of water lines (pipes) for supplying water to the places of consumption; one of the main elements of the water supply system. Vodop'yanov Mikhail Vasilyevich (1899-1980), Russian pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1934), Major General Aviation (1943). In 1934 the party save the crew of the steamer "Chelyuskin" in 1937 - air expedition to the North Pole. In World War II commander of Air Division. Watershed boundary of the Earth's surface that separates rainfall runoff in two oppositely directed slopes. Watershed groundwater - an imaginary line that separates the flow of groundwater, moving in different directions. Watershed areas in the plains - the area between having no flow in any river system or to the drain, carries slabovrezannymi headwaters of rivers; in the mountains - the central part of the ridge adjacent to the watershed. HYDROGEN (lat. Hydrogenium), H, a chemical element in Group VII of the periodic table, atomic number 1, atomic weight 1.00794. In nature, there are two stable isotopes (deuterium and protium) and one radioactive (tritium). Diatomic molecule (H2). The gas is colorless and odorless; density 0.0899 g / l, B.P. = 252,76 ° C. Connects to many elements such as oxygen to form water. The most common element of the cosmos; is (a plasma) more than 70% of the mass of the sun and stars, the bulk of the gas of the interstellar medium and nebulae. On Earth, a part of the water, living organisms, coal and oil. Used in the production of ammonia, hydrochloric acid, hydrogenation of fats et al., In welding and cutting metals. Is part of the synthesis gas. Promising as fuel (see. Hydrogen Energy). Hydrogen peroxide (hydrogen peroxide), H2O2, colorless, viscous liquid; density 1.45 g / cm3, mp = 0,41 ° C, boiling point = 150,2 ° C. Is easily decomposed into water and oxygen. Used as an oxidizing agent, a polymerization initiator, for bleaching hair, fur, silk, in medicine as an antiseptic, hemostatic and deodorant. Available in a 30 - 90% aqueous solution (30% solution called perhydrol). Hydrogen bomb, formerly known as the nuclear bomb of great destructive force, the effect of which is based on the use of the energy released by the fusion of light nuclei (see. Thermonuclear reactions). First hydrogen bomb was tested in the USSR (1953). Hydrogen bonds form of chemical bond type A - H ... A '; is formed by reacting hydrogen atom bound covalently to an electronegative atom A (N, O, S et al.), and the unshared pair of electrons of another atom A '(usually O, N). Atoms A and A 'can belong to one or different molecules. Hydrogen bond association leads to the same or different molecules in the complexes; largely determines the properties of water and ice, molecular crystals, the structure and properties of many synthetic polyamides, proteins, nucleic acids, and others. Hydrogen Energy, involves the preparation of H2 from water and other natural resources with the expenditure of solar, nuclear or other. energy storage and use as a fuel, as well as methods of chemical transfer of energy. Main advantages: high calorific value (143.06 MJ / kg) as compared with the hydrocarbon fuel (29.3 MJ / kg); unlimited supplies of raw materials, if considered as raw water and environmental safety, ie. to. its combustion products - water. Hydrogen energy has not yet received the mass application. The main problems: the development of cost-effective process instrumentation for H2, eg., Electrolytic, plasma torches; ways to store it in the gaseous and liquid state or in the form of synthesized compounds, eg., the hydrides of intermetallic compounds; transport with small losses. Hydrogen index (pH) characterizes the concentration (activity) of hydrogen ions in solution; numerically equal to the negative decimal logarithm of the concentration (activity) of hydrogen ions [H +], expressed in moles per liter: pH = -lg [H +]. Aqueous solutions may have a pH of from 1 to 14; in neutral solutions pH = 7, in acidic <7, alkaline> 7. hydrogen cycle (proton-proton chain), the chain of thermonuclear reactions convert hydrogen into helium without catalysts. Hydrogen cycle - the main energy source of the majority of stars in Vol. H. The sun. Hydrogen electrode electrochemistry generally platinized plates immersed in an acid solution with a certain concentration of H + ions and washed with hydrogen gas. At a hydrogen pressure of 0.1 MPa and thermodynamic activity of its ions, equal to one, the potential of the hydrogen electrode conventionally assumed to be zero. This is called the standard hydrogen electrode, it serves as a reference electrode, which is counted from the potentials of the other electrodes. Hydrogen-like atoms, ions and H atom, consisting as H, from the nucleus and one electron (eg., Singly ionized He, doubly ionized Li). For hydrogen-like atoms also include atoms and ions with a highly excited (Rydberg) electron. Spectra of hydrogen-like atoms are similar to the spectrum of H. algae, aquatic plants of the lower group, usually containing chlorophyll and producing organic matter through photosynthesis. Body algae - thallus having no real roots, stems and leaves, from sub-micron to 60 m. Acellular, unicellular, multicellular, colonial organisms. Asexual reproduction, vegetative and sexual. Departments (or types) of algae: green, brown, red, gold, yellow-green, diatoms, and others. Approx. 30 thousand. Species. Blue-green algae are increasingly seen as cyanobacteria and referred to as Monera. Algae - the main producers of organic matter in fresh waters and seas. Part of the plankton and benthos. Some are edible (eg., Kelp, porphyry), others - the raw material for fodder, agar, carrageenan, iodine and others. (Many of them - the object of aquaculture). A number of algae are tested as components of biological complexes belonging to the life-support system of the spacecraft. Some unicellular symbiotic algae and fungi form lichens. Catchment (Orlik, Aquilegia), a genus of perennial herbs of the family Ranunculaceae. Ok. 100 species in the temperate zone of Eurasia and America; in Vol. h. 27 species - in East. Siberia, Wed. Asia and the Caucasus. Some - decorative. Catchment area (catchment, catchment area), the area from which surface water and groundwater flow into certain body of water. Spillway (spillway), hydraulic structures, designed to clear excess (flood) water from the reservoir, as well as the passage of water in the tailrace. Spillway with surface water is called a pass-notch, with a deep - water outlet. Capybara (capybaras), a genus of rodents. The body length of up to 1.3 m, weight 60 kg or more (the largest of modern rodents). 2 species in the central part of the South. America, on the banks of ponds and forest swamps. Swim well. The object of hunting (meat). Blessing of the Waters, the Christian Church ceremony of consecration of water (in the temple, houses, rivers, wells, and so on. D.). The Orthodox Church distinguishes between t. N. great blessing of the waters (on the eve of the Epiphany, or Epiphany, and in the feast) and a small blessing of the waters (usually twice a year, on the day of the temple festival and at any time at home at the request of the faithful). Weir, the barrier (threshold), through which poured water flow. In hydraulic engineering overflow spillway is called with a free overflow water through its crest. WATER, a set of measures to ensure the water to various customers - public, industry and others. The complex engineering structures and devices that provide water supply (in Vol. H. The water from natural sources, its treatment, transportation and supply to consumers) is called the water system, or running water. The floodgate, spillway with a deep pass water, made usually in the form of a tubular channel in the dam body. Used to drain water from the reservoir bottom flushing pumps hydro, water passage to the downstream in the construction and maintenance periods. Watercourse, water flow with the movement of water in the direction of the slope in deepening the earth's surface (river, stream, canal). Water-tube boiler, steam boiler, in which water and steam mixture moves on steel pipes, bordering the outside of the gaseous products of combustion. The most common drum water tube boilers with a vertical pipe and direct flow. Impermeable formation (aquitard), waterproof layer of rock, bounding from below or above an aquifer. Water balances, the relationship between the arrival (precipitation, return water from the sewer systems, with irrigated fields, and so on. P.) And consumption (evaporation, irrigation, water supply and so on. N.) Of water on any part of the earth's surface (river basins , inland seas) for some time, taking into account human activities. Evidence of water supply basin; with a negative water balance - the need to cover events on water scarcity. Reservoir, a large artificial reservoir capacity, usually formed in the valley water retaining structures to regulate its flow and further use in the economy. Reservoir may exclude lakes, mode levels are artificially modified and regulated by hydraulic structures. The most negative effects of the creation of reservoirs: flooding, waterlogging, flooding and other land. Water-based paint, the same as emulsion paints. Vodskaya Pyatina, administrative-territorial unit of the Novgorod land (in the Novgorod Republic and to beg. 18 in.) Between the rivers Volkhov and meadows. In the 16th century. divided by the Karelian and Poluzhskuyu half. In the beginning. 18 in. entered the St. Petersburg Province. Votian, Vod language, refers to the Finnic branch of the Finno-Ugric languages. WATER land waters of rivers, lakes, reservoirs, swamps, glaciers and underground water (total of approx. 35.8 million. Km3). Water mainly fresh sushi. Vod (self - vadyalayn), the people in the Russian Federation. Staff - less than one hundred (1992). Language Votian. Believers - Orthodox. Water curtain mountainous area of the water droplets in the mines to collect dust in the path of the dust-laden mine air. Created nozzles, foggers and others. Water Vole (water rat), mammal rodent. The body length of up to 24 cm, tail up to 15 cm. It lives on the banks of ponds in Europe, North and East (up to Lena and Lake Baikal) and partly in Asia Minor. Good swims and dives. The main carrier of tularemia. A water jacket, the cavity of the water or the like. Liquid environment subjected to heating elements of machines and equipment, eg., Internal combustion engines, metallurgical furnaces (in this case called a water jacket caisson) for cooling them. Water turbines, the same as the hydraulic turbine. Crowberry (crowberry, shiksha), a genus of evergreen shrubs vodyanikovyh family. 2 species (according to other sources, 15-16), in the taiga and tundra zones of the northern hemisphere, southern South. America and nearby islands. Sometimes it grows on sandy spits and dunes, alpine mountain belt. Fruit (drupe yagodovidnaya) black crowberry eaten. Edema, accumulation of fluid in body cavities, subcutaneous tissue and other tissues in diseases of the heart, kidneys, toxicosis pregnant women and others. As late toxemia of pregnancy is characterized by the appearance of swelling in the legs, in the area of the external genitalia and abdomen. Waterwheel, simple hydraulic motor - wheel with blades rotating flow of water. Water heating, space heating supply them heat through the heaters (radiators, convectors, panels, etc.), Heated with hot water. Distinguish water heating systems with natural and artificial water circulation, with top and bottom location of a dilution line, double-tube and monotube. WATER in folk beliefs demon in the form of an old man, living in whirlpools, wells and other water bodies, sometimes in the sea (in Russian folklore - king of the sea). Water seal, hydraulic device to prevent backflow of gases in pipelines. It is used in sanitary engineering to prevent sewer gases into the room through the sanitary equipment (toilets, sinks), as well as welding equipment. WATERMARK (filigree), seen against the light image on the paper. Applied with a roller (dandy roll) with a wire shape watermark. Used for production of documents, money, securities in order to avoid fakes. Filigranografiey studied. In bibliology helps to date the manuscripts and early printed editions. WATER Michael G. (1924-87), the Russian actor operetta, People's Artist of the USSR (1976). Since 1946 in the Odessa Theatre of Musical Comedy (in 1979-83 artistic director - director). Filmed in the movies. Water opossum, the same as floaters. Water chestnut (water chestnuts, rogulnik), the genus of aquatic annual grasses rogulnikovyh family. Several dozen species (sometimes combined into one polymorphic species, sometimes emit up to 200) in Eurasia and Africa; in Russia, mainly in the south of the European part, in the South. Siberia and the Far East. Grow mainly in small and slow-standing fresh waters. Fruits rich in starch ("nuts" with horn projections) are edible raw or cooked (taste like chestnuts); feed and also have medicinal value. Asellus aquaticus, crustaceans from the order of isopods. Length 12-20 mm. It inhabits fresh water. Sometimes there is a large number; serves as food for fish. Water spiders, spider only freshwater. The length of the male 15-20 mm, females 10-12 mm. Breathes the air by a pair of lungs and trachea. Widespread in Europe. Scuba builds a nest that fills the air, borne on the hairs of the abdomen. Water pepper, plant of the genus mountaineer. Nepidae, family bedbugs. The length of 15-50 mm. Ok. 200 species. Widely distributed, mainly in tropical areas. Live in fresh stagnant water. predators; attacking the fish fry harm pond fish. Governor, military leader, ruler of the Slavic peoples. In Russia, has been known since the 10th c. In the Russian state - led Regiment Detachment (con. 15 - beg. 18th c.), City (ser. 16 in. - 1775), the province (1719-75). Voevodin Valentin V. (b. 1934), Russian mathematician, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Proceedings on numerical methods of algebra. Vojvodina (Vojvodina, Vojvodina), an autonomous province in Yugoslavia, as part of the Republic of Serbia. 21.5 thousand. Km2. The population of 2.01 million. People (1991), Serbs, Croats, St. 1/5 Hungarians. Adm. c. - Novi Sad. Inhabited by Slavs in the 6th century. In 1526-1918 the territory of Vojvodina, entrance from the 10th century. of the Hungarian kingdom, ruled by the Habsburgs. Since 1918 in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (from 1929 - Yugoslavia). In 1941 occupied by Germany and Hungary. The fall of 1944 freed the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia. In 1945-63 Autonomous Region, Autonomous Region since 1963. Voevodskii Vladislav V. (1917-67), the Russian chemist, academician of the USSR (1964). Developed the basic theory of the hydrogen oxidation and the first quantitative theory of cracking of olefin hydrocarbons. Investigated the radical reaction methods of radio spectroscopy. USSR State Prize (1968, posthumously). Province, the main administrative and territorial unit in Poland. Voeikov Alexander Ivanovich (1842-1916), a climatologist and geographer, founder of climatology in Russia, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1910). Proceedings of the "climate of the globe, particularly in Russia" (1884). Studies of the interaction of climate with other components of nature, gave a classification of rivers on the hydrological regime. Voeikov Alexander Fedorovich (1779-1839), Russian poet, publisher and journalist. Satirical pamphlet "Madhouse" (c. 1815), a parody (in the spirit of "Arzamas") "Parnasskii Address-calendar" (1818-20, both of which were distributed in the manuscripts, during his lifetime were not published). Translations. Military Publishing, Publishers, Moscow. Founded in 1919. The military-scientific, military-technical, military-political and fiction. Paramilitary Mountain Rescue PARTS, specialized form created on mining operations to rescue people in case of accidents, to prevent and eliminate accidents. Manual operational and technical activities of rescue teams made the headquarters of paramilitary mine rescue parts of the mining basin, region or country. Military administration, 1) the system of military administration of the State, the state apparatus of military control. 2) The military administration of the territory occupied during the war or occupied by the war.
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