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VIRUMAA (Virumaa) (Vierlande, Viron, Viruyany) drevneestonskaya maakond (land) in the northeast of present-day Estonia with cities Narva and Rakvere. In the 13th century. captured by Denmark, in 1346 ceded the Livonian Order, 1561 - as a part of Sweden, part of Estonia. As a part of the Russian state since 1710; later - in Vezenbergsky. Estonian lips. Virunga (b. Kivu), the National Park in Zaire (809 thousand. Ha) and Rwanda (23 thousand. Ha). Founded in 1925. Savannah, tropical montane and gallery forests. Mountain gorilla, elephant, hippo, buffalo, antelope. VIROLOGY Institute. DI Ivanovsky of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, founded in 1946 (now 1950) in Moscow. Studies on general and molecular biology of viruses, viral diseases. Virology (from viruses and ... logy), the science of viruses. General virology studies the nature of viruses, their structure, reproduction, biochemistry, genetics. Medical, Veterinary and Agriculture Virology explores pathogenic viruses, their infectious properties, developing measures to prevent, diagnose and treat diseases caused by them. Section of Virology, studying hereditary properties of viruses closely related to molecular genetics. Virus infection, see. Bacteriocarrier and of virus. Viruses (from Lat. Virus - poison), the smallest non-cellular particles consisting of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) and protein shell (capsid). The shape of rod-shaped, spherical, and others. Size 15 - 350 nm or more. Open (tobacco mosaic virus) DI Ivanovsky in 1892. Viruses - intracellular parasites: multiply only in living cells, they use their enzymatic unit cell and switch on the synthesis of mature viral particles - virions. Ubiquitous. Cause diseases of plants, animals and humans. Very different from all other life forms, viruses, like other organisms, capable of evolution. Sometimes they are isolated in a special realm of nature. Viruses are widely used in studies on genetic engineering, carcinogenesis. Bacteria viruses (bacteriophages) - classical object of molecular biology. Virchow (Virchow) Rudolph (1821-1902), a German pathologist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1881). Advanced the theory of cellular pathology, according to which the pathological process - the number of violations of life of individual cells. Described Patomorfologija and explain the pathogenesis of the major pathology processes. One of the founders (1861) and the leaders of the German Progressive Party, since 1884 - the Party of Freethinkers. Verse (Pol. Wierszy, from Lat. Versus - verse), 1) in the 16-18 centuries. the name of any of poems (especially for reading, not for singing). 2) In later times - a derogatory name poems (usually bad). Visayas (bisayya), the people of the Philippines. Number 26750000. People (1992). Language Visayas. Believers are mostly Catholics, part adheres to traditional beliefs. WIESBADEN (Wiesbaden), a town in Germany, a port on the Rhine, the administrative center of the state of Hesse. 264 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering, chemical and pharmaceutical, printing, cement, food industry. Spa centers. Vicente (Vicente) (Vicente) (c. 1470 - c. 1536), Portuguese poet, wrote in Spanish. A representative of the Renaissance. The founder of the Portuguese theater. Play "Auto to visit, or shepherd's monologue" (1502), "Fars about Ines Pereira" (1523), "A priest from Beira" (1526) directed against social evils and the church. Visimsky Reserve, in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region., In the Middle Urals. Existed in 1946-51, re-opened in 1971. The area of 13,750 hectares. Mountain taiga. Spruce-fir and birch-spruce derivatives, birch, pine and birch forests. Elk, brown bear, marten, squirrel et al., Found the otter, beaver, mink; hazel grouse. Bizcacha (viskacha) mammal rodent. The body length of up to 66 cm, tail up to 20 cm. It lives in the pampas of Argentina and Paraguay in the south. The object of hunting (meat, skin). WHISKY (Eng. Whiskey, whisky), liquor (40-50% alcohol by volume) obtained by distillation of fermented mash made from dried barley malt, rye or corn. Viskovatov Alexander (1804-58), the Russian military historian. The author of "historical description of clothing and weapons of Russian troops" (2nd ed., Vol. 1-34, 1899-1948) and "The Chronicles of the Russian Army" (Vol. 1-20, 1834-42). Viskovatov Pavel Alexandrovich (1842-1905), the Russian literary historian; methodologically close cultural-historical school. Son AV Viskovatov. Monographic study "Lermontov. Life and Work" (1891). Viskovatov Ivan Mikhailovich (? -1570), The Russian diplomat, clerk of the council, the printer (1561). The first head of the Ambassadors of the order, more than 20 years led the Russian foreign policy. During Oprichnina was accused of treason, executed. VISCOSE (from pozdnelat. Viscosus - viscous), a highly viscous solution of the reaction product of alkali cellulose with carbon disulfide (cellulose xanthate) in a dilute aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. Mainly used to produce viscose fibers, films (cellophane), artificial leather (tarpaulin). Viscometer (from pozdnelat. Viscosus - tough ... and meter), a device for measuring the viscosity of liquids and gases. Viscometer, a set of methods for measuring viscosity. The most common methods are: capillary based on Poiseuille's law; falling sphere (see. Stokes law); Rotary (coaxial cylinders) and ultrasound. Viscose fibers, rayon, viscose molded; consists of regenerated cellulose. Easily colored, hygroscopic; shortcomings - a great loss of strength when wet, light creasing, low wear resistance - are eliminated by modifying the viscose fiber (see. eg., polynosic fiber). Due to the availability of raw materials and low cost of reagents production of viscose fiber highly economical. Suitable (sometimes in combination with other fibers) for making apparel fabrics, knitted cord. WISCONSIN (Wisconsin), the state of the northern United States. 145.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 5.0 million. People (1993). Adm. c. - Madison. Visconti (Visconti), a noble Italian race (known from the context. 10 in.), Which belonged to tyrants (rulers) of Milan in 1277-1447 (with 1395 - the dukes). Luchino Visconti (1906-1976), an Italian film director. One of the founders of neo-realism. Member of the Resistance Movement. Movies: "The earth trembles" (1948), "The Most Beautiful" (1951), "Rocco and His Brothers" (1960). Important for Visconti theme - the conflict between the anarchic individualism and humanistic norms of morality - developed a sophisticated skill in plastic film on the issue of the artist and culture, man and his time: "Twilight of the Gods" (1969), "Death in Venice" (1971) "Ludwig" (1972), "Family portrait in the interior" (1974), "The Innocent" (1976) and others. Performances in theaters, opera houses. Vistula (Wisla), the largest river in Poland. 1047 km, the basin area of 198.5 thousand. Km2. Beginning at Zap. Carpathian Mountains and empties into the Bay of Gdansk and the Vistula room. Of the Baltic Sea. The main tributaries - San, the Pilica, Narew. Average water consumption in 1090 m3 / s; freezing unstable. Navigable in the lower and middle reaches, coupled channels with the Dnieper, the Oder, the Niemen. On the Vistula - Krakow, Warsaw, Plock, Torun; Delta - Gdansk. Vistula Lagoon, Lagoon Gdansk Bay of the Baltic Sea. Off the coast of Poland. Part of the Vistula Bay off the coast of the Russian Federation called Kaliningrad hall. Length approx. 90 km long and 2-25 km, the depth of 3-5 m. Separated from the Baltic Sea oblique. In the north of the strait connects with the Gdansk Bay. Ports: Kaliningrad and Baltiysk (Russian Federation). Wislicenus (Wislicenus) Johannes (1835-1902), a German organic chemist. Fundamental works in the field of isomerism. VISLITSKO-Petrokovsky Statute, in Poland collections of laws passed in 1346-47, recording Polish customary law. Issued by King Casimir III. Vistula-Oder operation, 12.1-3.2.1945, during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops of the 1st Byelorussian and 1st Ukrainian Front (Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov and Konev) broke through the defenses of German Army Group "A", with a 26.1 "Center" (Colonel-General Harpe I. with 17.1 - Colonel General F. Schemer) on the Vistula and liberated Warsaw (17.1), surrounded by large enemy force in Breslau and Poznan, western Poland released, crossed the river. Oder and entered the territory of Germany, occupy a favorable position for an attack on Berlin. Vistulans 9 in. West Slavic tribal association (principality) with the center of Krakow in the territory of Poland AM. Participated in the ethnogenesis of the Polish nation. Wismar (Wismar), a city in Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, a port on the Baltic m. 55 th. Inhabitants (1991). Shipbuilding and fish-processing industry. Gothic brick church Nikolaikirche (begun in 1381), Georgenkirhe (Ser. 15 in.), Renaissance palace princes Fürstenhof Mecklenburg (1553-54). BI (lat. Wismuthum), Bi, a chemical element of group V of the periodic system, atomic number 83, atomic weight 208.9804. Silver-white metal, brittle, fusible; density 9.80 g / cm3, melting point 271,4 ° C. In dry air is stable. Minerals - bismuthine, bismite etc .; mined mainly in passing with lead, copper. Component fusible alloys, free-machining additive for cutting steel and other alloys to aluminum; bismuth melt - coolant in nuclear reactors. Bismuth compounds - pigments, fluxes in the production of ceramics, glass, antiseptics astringents and in medicine. Native bismuth, mineral composed mainly of Bi. Silvery white with a yellowish tinge phenocrysts, grainy mass dendrites. Hardness of 2.5; density 9.8 g / cm3. Mainly hydrothermal. Bismuthine (bismuth shine), class mineral sulphides, Bi2S3. Impurity Sb, Se. White, often variegated tarnish needles, and other fibrous aggregates. Hardness 3.5; density 6.8 g / cm3. In hydrothermal rarely pneumatolytic fields. The main ore mineral bismuth. Bismuth ORE. The main minerals: native bismuth, bismuthine, tetradymite, cosalite, bismite, Bismuth. Hydrothermal deposits and others. The main producing foreign countries: Australia, Japan, Peru, Mexico, Bolivia, USA. Bismuth shine, the same as bismuthine. Visnapuu (Visnapuu) Henrik (1890-1951), Estonian poet. Creativity, imbued with rebellious sentiments drawn to the fate of the Estonian people, fulfilling the prophecy about his future; poetry collections "Amores" (1917), "Songs of Terra Mariana" (1927), "Two beginning" (1940), a novel in verse "The Shadow of Satan" (1937), a historical drama "The earth instead of freedom" (1938); essays. Since 1944 in exile in the United States since 1949. Wisner Yu., See. Wiesner Yu leap year calendar year containing 366 days (for one day more than a simple year). New Style (see. Calendar) each year, the number is divisible by 4 is a leap year (except for years, the number ending in zero 2, but not divisible by 400, for example., 1700, 1800). Temporal rings, bronze, silver, gold women's jewelry, woven into the hair at his temples. Known since the Bronze Age, were distributed among the Eastern Slavs in the Middle Ages. "Visramiani" Georgian affair 12. Free prose translation of the poem by Persian poet Gurgani "Vis and Ramin" (1048). Vissarion Larissky (16 in.), Archbishop, founder Dusikskogo monastery in Thessaly. Memory in the Orthodox Church 15 (28) of September. Bessarion of Nicaea (c. 1400-1472), the Byzantine church-political and literary figure, scientist. Archbishop of Nicaea. Likely to adopt the union between the Greek and the Latin Church in the Council of Florence 1438-39. After rejecting the union Greeks settled in Italy, became a cardinal. Latin translation of Aristotle, Theophrastus and Xenophon, and the West helped acquaintance with Greek literature and philosophy. He collected a library was the basis of the famous Venetian library of St. Mark. VISCERAL (from Lat. Viscera - internal), in anatomy - splanchnic relating to internal organs, eg., The visceral pleura sheet. Avg. Parietal. Visceroptosis, the same as splanhnoptoz. Suspension system, in Structural Mechanics - a system in which the main carrier, preferably flexible members (wires, cables, chains, etc. membrane. F.) Working in tension. Examples of suspension systems - suspension bridges, cover-span buildings, cable cars, suspension lines. VITALI, Ivan Petrovich (1794-1855), Russian sculptor. The representative of classicism (Fountain on Theatre Square in Moscow, 1835). Accurate characterization portrait busts ("Pushkin", 1837). Vitalism (from Lat. Vitalis - life), in biology for recognizing the presence of organisms immaterial supernatural power ("life force", "soul", "Archean" et al.), Manages the life phenomena. Vitalism elements present in the philosophy of Aristotle (entelechy); the most famous vitalists 17-19 centuries. - J. van Helmont, Stahl, J. Muller, H. Driesch. Vitaly Kerkirsky (d. C. 63), the Christian martyr, conversion to Christ Apostles Jason and Sosipater, whom. Memory in the Orthodox Church on April 28 (May 11). VITALERY (brothers vitalery), Pirates of the Baltic Association (reference point - about. Gotland), and later the North (about. Helgoland) seas (13-15 cc.). In 1389-95 brought the beleaguered Danish troops Stockholm food (Vitalien - hence the name). Enjoyed the support of the poor of the Hanseatic cities. Vitamin A deficiency, a painful condition that occurs when consumption of vitamins in the body exceeds their income (avitaminosis, hypovitaminosis). VITAMIN introduction of vitamins in certain doses to recover their lack (vitamin deficiency), as well as other therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Vitamins (from Lat. Vita - life), low molecular weight organic compounds of different chemical nature, necessary in small quantities for normal metabolism and functioning of living organisms. Many vitamins - precursors of coenzymes in the composition which participate in various enzymatic reactions. Man and Animals not synthesized or synthesized vitamins in their insufficient and therefore should receive vitamins with the food. The primary source of vitamins are usually the plant. Some vitamins are produced by intestinal microflora. Long-term consumption of food, devoid of vitamins, causes diseases (hypo- and avitaminosis). Many vitamins are used as drugs, is prepared by chemical or microbiological synthesis. Essential vitamins: A1 (retinol), B1 (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B3 (pantothenic acid), B6 (pyridoxine), B12 (cyanocobalamin), Sun (folic acid), C (ascorbic acid), D (calciferol) E (tocopherol), H (biotin), PP (niacin), K1 (phylloquinone). Vitas (Vitas) Juozas (pres. Fam. Valunas name, Valunas, Jonas) (1899-1943), one of the leaders of the anti-fascist underground in Lithuania in the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965, posthumously). Since 1940 the chairman of the Vilnius City Council, in 1943 secretary of the underground city party committee and the head of the underground "Union of Liberation of Lithuania". Executed by the Nazis. Vitachek Franzevich Eugene (1880-1946), the Russian master of stringed instruments, Honored Artist of Russia (1932). Since 1919, the keeper of the State Collection of Unique Musical Instruments. Witbank (Witbank), coal basin in South Africa, prov. Transvaal. Ok. 55 thousand. Km2. Carboniferous coal-bearing deposits - Triassic. The total reserves of 51.1 billion. M. Coal tar, coke (in the southern part - anthracite). Heat of combustion 17,3-32 MJ / kg. Underground mining approx. 100 million. T (con. 1980.). The main center - Witbank. Vitberg Lavrent'evich Alexander (1787-1855), a Russian architect. Design of the monument-ensemble in honor of the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 in Moscow (founded in 1817, is not carried out) in the forms of the Empire; pseudo Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Vyatka (1839-64, not preserved). Whitby (Witbooi) Hendrick (c. 1840-1905), Manager (since 1888), anti-colonial struggle Hottentots (Nama) in the South-West. Africa (Namibia). In 1904, again led them to Nama and Herero uprising of 1904-07. Killed in action. Witwatersrand (Witwatersrand), the world's largest zolotouranosoderzhaschy pool, in South Africa (prov. Transvaal, Orange). Developed since 1886. Since 1952, simultaneously extracted uranium. Ore-bearing sedimentary metamorphogenic conglomerates. Until 1976 produced Au approx. 33 th. T. The total reserves of Au approx. 16 thousand. Tonnes with an average grade of Au 9,3 g / t. 10 developed horizons, depth of development up to 4000 m. Total reserves of U3O8 128 thousand. T, the content of 0.02-0.04%. Witwer Ivan Alexandrovich (1891-1966), the Russian ekonomikogeograf, Doctor of Geographical Sciences. Professor (1935), Moscow State University and the Moscow Institute of International Relations. Major works on the theory of economic geography and historical geography of the countries Zap. Europe and Latin America. Author of a textbook on economic geography of foreign countries for secondary schools (16 edition 1935). USSR State Prize (1951). Whitworth (Whitworth) (Whitworth), Joseph (1803-87), English engineer and industrialist. Suggested (1841) profile screw thread (Whitworth thread). Created by the sounding of high precision machine (1851), has developed a system of standardization and thread gauges. Wittgenstein (Wittgenstein) Ludwig (1889-1951), Austrian philosopher and logician, a representative of analytic philosophy. Since 1929 in the UK. Put forward a program of constructing an artificial "ideal" language, the prototype of which - the language of mathematical logic. Philosophy understood as a "critique of language." Developed the doctrine of logical atomism, which is a projection of the structure of knowledge on the structure of the world. Peter Hristianovich Wittgenstein (1769-1843), His Serene Highness Prince (1834), Russian Field Marshal (1826). In the Patriotic War of 1812, the corps commander in the St. Petersburg area. In April - May 1813 commanded the Russian-Prussian army in Germany. At the beginning of Russian-Turkish war of 1828-29 in chief. Vitebsk region, in north-eastern Belarus. 40.1 thousand. Km2. The population of 1434.2 thousand. People (1991). Adm. c. - Vitebsk. Principality of Vitebsk, Old, by Zap. Dvina, with the Principality of Polotsk from the beginning. 12 in. Since 1320 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the original inheritance, later province. Vitelli (Vitellius) (15-69), Roman emperor in 69, proclaimed legions. Died in the fight with another contender for the throne - Vespasian. Vytenis (Vytenis) (Vytenis) (? - C. 1315), the Lithuanian Grand Duke (from 1293), brother of Gediminas. Made several major campaigns in the land of the Livonian Order, released in 1307 by the Teutonic Knights Polotsk. Viteri, class mineral carbonate, BaCO3. White, gray, yellow, spherical aggregates, less crystals. Hardness of 3.5; density approx. 4.3 g / cm3. Hydrothermal deposits. Barium ore and its salts. Viti Levu (Viti Levu), an island in the Pacific approx., The largest group in the Fiji Islands. 10.5 thousand. Km2. Height up to 1322 m. The main town and port - Suva. VITILIGO (from Lat. Vitiligo - zoster) (Pes), the formation of white (depigmented) patches on intact skin. Can be a symptom of neuro-endocrine disorders. In many cases, the reason is unclear. Vitim River in East. Siberia, right tributary of the Lena. Formed by the confluence Vitimkana and Ranks. 1837 km, the basin area of 225 thousand. Km2. Flows through the Vitim plateau becomes plateau and the outskirts Patom Highlands. Forms rapids. Average water consumption in 1520 m3 / s. Regular shipping to 300 km from the mouth. At p. Vitim - Bodaibo. In the basin of the river. Vitim - deposits of gold, mica. Vitim Reserve, in the Russian Federation, Irkutsk, in the middle reaches of the river. Vitim. Founded in 1982. The area of 585,000 hectares. Larch forests, thickets of dwarf Siberian pine. Sable (valuable Vitimsky subspecies), brown bear, musk deer, and others. On migration waterfowl. Vitim plateau, in Transbaikalia, in the upper river. Vitim, mainly in Buryatia and the Chita region. Wide ridges (height up to 1753 m) alternate with intermontane depressions. In Mesopotamia - larch taiga, in depressions - bushes, meadows and marshes. Vitichev, ancient Russian town of 10-13 centuries., On the right bank of the Dnieper (now s. Vitachev Kiev region.). Collection point for merchant ships bound for Byzantium. In 1100 Viticheve held princely Congress. Archaeological excavations. Development, the speaker, the person skilled in eloquence (obsolete or ironic). Ornate - flowery, intricate (about style, style of speech, handwriting, and so on. N.). Witkiewicz (Witkiewicz) Stanislaw Ignacy (1885-1939), Polish writer and artist. Grotesque plays, anticipating the European drama of the absurd (in Vol. H. "Shoemaker", 1948). In the novel "Farewell to Autumn" (1927), "Gluttony" (1930) in the abstract and utopian form depicted historical drama of humanity and the collapse of modern civilization. Proceedings of painting and theater. Among the paintings dominated by portraits and fantastic expressionistic compositions ("Black signalman with Puribonga towers and monsters do not exist," 1928). Witkowski Vasily Vasilyevich (1856-1924), a Russian surveyor, Lieutenant-General. Professor Department of the Academy of the General Staff of the geodesic (1897). Author of tutorials on the topography, geodesy and cartography. Vytautas (Vytautas) (Vytautas) (1350-1430), Grand Duke of Lithuania (from 1392), the son of Keistut. Three times invaded Muscovy (1406-08), captured Smolensk. One of the organizers of the defeat of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald 1410. VITOL (Vitols) (Vitols) Jazeps (1863-1948), Latvian composer and music critic, one of the founders of the Latvian professional music. Cantata "Northern Lights" (1913); "Dramatic Overture", "Latvian Rural Serenade" for orchestra (1895, 1934) and others. Professor of the St. Petersburg Conservatory (1901-18), among students - Sergei Prokofiev, Nikolai Myaskovsky. One of the founders, the rector (1919-44, with a break), professor of the Latvian Conservatory (now his name). Vitorgan Gedeonovich Emanuel (b. 1939), Russian actor, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation. In 1971-82 at the Moscow Drama Theater. Stanislavsky. Since 1984, the Moscow Academic Theatre. Ow. Mayakovsky. From 1968 to act in films. Filmed in the movies: "The Casket of Maria de 'Medici (1981)," The conflict "(1981)," On Deribasovskaya good weather on Brighton Beach Raining Again "(1992)," The Code of dishonor "(1993) and others. Vitoria (Vitoria), a city in northern Spain, the administrative center as well. o. Basque Country and the province. Alava. 205 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Metallurgy, chemical industry, food industry. Cathedral (14 in., 15 in the portal.) Palaces in the style of "plateresque" (16 in.). Founded in the 6th century. Vitoria, a city and port on the south-eastern Brazil, the administrative center piece. Espirito Santo. 254 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). International Airport. Textile, food, leather and footwear industry. University. Museum of Art and History. Vitos (Witos) Wincenty (1874-1945), Prime Minister of Poland in 1920-21, 1923, 1926. One of the leaders (1913-31) of the "Piast". Since 1926, in opposition to t. N. "remedial" mode. In 1945 Krajowa Rada deputy chairman Narodowej. Vitosha mountain range in Bulgaria, near Sofia. Height up to 2290 m. Deciduous and coniferous forests, meadows. Mineral springs. National Park (includes 2 reserve). STAINED GLASS (fr. Vitrage, from Lat. Vitrum - glass), ornamental or decorative composition plot (window, door, as an independent panels) made of glass or other material that transmits light. Stained glass in the windows (eg., In the Gothic cathedrals) create a play of light colored interior. Vitry (from Lat. Vitrum - glass), shiny black fragile component of fossil coal characteristic humolites. Forms in layers and layers of the lens; the main carrier of the sintering properties of coals. Vitruvius (Vitruvius), the Roman architect and engineer 2nd floor. 1. BC. e. Author of the treatise "De architectura" where considered urban, engineering and artistic questions, summed up the experience of Greek and Roman architecture. Vitruk Nikolai (p. 1937), Russian statesman, lawyer. Since 1981, the Academy of the USSR. Since 1991, members of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. WITT Adol'fovich Alexander (1902-38), the Russian physicist, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. Major works on the theory of nonlinear oscillations. One of the authors of the classic book "Theory of oscillations" (2nd ed., 1959). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. WITT (Witt) Jan de (1625-72), the de facto ruler of the republic of the United Provinces in 1650-1672 (1653 Grand pensionary), a protege of the Dutch merchant oligarchy. Achieved dismissal of the Prince of Orange from the management of the country and the abolition of the post stathaudera. During the popular uprising was a mob. Sergei Witte Yul'evich (1849-1915), Earl (1905), Russian statesman, an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1893). Minister of Railways in 1892, Finance since 1892, Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers in 1903, the Council of Ministers in 1905-06. Initiated the liquor monopoly (1894), the currency reform (1897), the construction of the Siberian railway. d. Signed by the Portsmouth Peace Treaty (1905). Author Manifesto of October 17, 1905. He developed the basic provisions of the Stolypin agrarian reform. Sought to attract entrepreneurs to cooperate with the government. The author of "Memoirs" (vols. 1-3, 1960). Witten (Witte) Emmanuel de (c. 1617-92), Dutch painter. Genre paintings, interiors, fish markets ("Market in the port", 1668-69) differ democracy images, freedom of spatial composition. Vittel (Vittel), spa resort in France, to the south-west of the city of Nancy. Wittelsbach (Wittelsbacher), South-German family, who ruled in 1180-1918 in Bavaria. The genus Wittelsbach belonged to Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria. Witten (Witten), a city in Germany, the land of North. Rhine-Westphalia. 105 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Machinery, metallurgy, chemical industry. Wittenberg (Lutherstadt) (Wittenberg, Lutherstadt), a city in Germany, Saxony-Anhalt, on p. Elba. 49.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical, rubber, electrical industry. University. First mentioned in 1180. From the 13th century. residence of the Dukes of Saxe-Wittenberg, then the Saxon electors. In the 16th century. one of the main centers of the Reformation (here in 1517 made his theses Luther). Tomb and Museum Luther. Wittenberg (Wittenberge), a city in Germany, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Port on the river. Elba. 29 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical, machinery, garment industry. Witten (Vitti) Monica (pres. Name and fam. Maria Luisa Checharelli, Cecirelli) (p. 1931), the Italian theater and film actress. Known was, acting in films directed by M. Antonioni: "Adventure", "Night", "Eclipse," "Red Desert". Wittig (Wittig) George (1897-1987), a German organic chemist. Major works on the chemistry of organophosphorus compounds. Opened (1954) method for the production of olefins from carbonyl compounds and alkilidenfosforanov ("Wittig reaction"). Nobel Prize (1979, together with G. Brown). VITTOVA dances, the same as chorea.
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