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Caryota urens, types of trees mainly kind of raffia, inflorescences contain sugary juice going on wine production. From young leaves palm wine produced fiber used in horticulture for tying plants. Fig, dried fruit (or rather stems) figs. Winnick, a city in Ukraine, Lviv region., Near Lvov. 12.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Tobacco Factory and other enterprises. Founded in the 13th century. Winnipeg, a city in southern Canada, the administrative center of the province. Manitoba. 617 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Transport and industrial center. Food, machinery, etc.. Industry. University. Winnipeg (Winnipeg), a lake in Canada. The area of 24.3 thousand. Km2, depth up to 28 m. Empties Saskatchewan River, Red River flows p. Nelson. Fishing. Shipping. Lake Winnipegosis (Winnipegosis), Lake in Canada, in the river basin. Nelson. The area of 5.4 thousand. Km2, depth up to 12 m. Connect rivers with Lake. Winnipeg and Manitoba. Fishing. Vinnitsa, city in Ukraine, the center of the Vinnitsa region., At p. South. Bug. Railway junction. 380.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food, chemical, light industry, wood processing industry; engineering (in Vol. h. plants tractor units, instrument, electrical, electronic equipment, bearings). 3 university. 2 theater. Museum. Literary Memorial Museum M. Kotsyubinsky Estate Museum of NI Pirogov. Known since 1363 as the Lithuanian fortress. From 1793 to the Russian Empire. Jesuit (17 in.), Dominican (18 in.) And Capuchin (18 in.) Monasteries; Wooden churches - St. George (18 in.) and Nicholas (18 in.). Vinnytsia region, Ukraine. 26.5 thousand. Km2. The population of 1914.4 thousand. People (1991). Adm. c. - Athens. Vinnichenko Vladimir K. (1880-1951), a Ukrainian writer (he wrote in Ukrainian and Russian), politician. Chairman of the General Secretariat of the Central Rada (February 1917 - January 1918), chairman of the Ukrainian directory (November 1918 - February 1919). In 1919 he emigrated in 1920 he returned, he was appointed chairman of the SNK USSR, in the same year he emigrated again. Novels, short stories, essays (1902-06) of the poor peasants, provincial backwater. Impressionistic novels "I want!" (1916), "Notes snub Mephistopheles" (1917) about the "former" revolutionaries who preach self-will. Socio-fiction novel "Sun Machine" (1928), a novel, dystopia "Leprosarium" (1938), a political novel "The word for you, Stalin!" (1950). Plays. Blogs. Tartaric acid one of tartaric acids. Tartaric acids, HOOCCH (OH) - CH (OH) COOH. The greatest practical importance is the dextrorotatory isomer (D-Binnaya acid, tartaric acid), colorless crystals, m.p. 170 ° C. Get in the industry of tartar; use in free form or as esters and salts (tartrates) in the manufacture of soft drinks, biscuits, for dyeing textiles, galvanic tinning in analytical chemistry. Cream of tartar, S4N5O6K, potassium salt of tartaric acid; produced by fermentation of grape juice. Serves as the main source of tartaric acid. Ethyl alcohol, the same as that of ethyl alcohol. WINE, alcoholic beverage obtained full or partial alcoholic fermentation of grape or fruit juice (sometimes with the addition of alcohol and other substances). A special group - wine, carbonated: Sparkling wine (eg. Champagne), sparkling or carbonated (eg., Cider). The wines are divided into vintage (better withstand a few years) and ordinary (extract approx. 1 year). Color distinguish wines are white, pink and red. Standard and sugar alcohol content in ordinary domestic shown in table wines. Grapes, vines genus of the family Vinogradov fruit crops. 60-70 species in the North. America, Eurasia, t. H. 7-8 species in the Caucasus, the Crimea, the valleys of the Dnieper, Dniester and others. 8000 known grape varieties cultural. Grown in many countries. In the fruit (berries) - sugars, organic acids, vitamins C, B1, B2; used fresh and for processing (raisins, juice, wine, etc..). Amur grape and other species - ornamental plants. Grapes Hissar - guarded. Viticulture, crop growers of grapes. Viticulture developed in Spain, Italy, France, Argentina, USA, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova, Ukraine, the Russian Federation and others. GRAPE Zygaenidae butterfly family pestryanok, pest of grapes in the areas of viticulture. Wings are dark brown, with a metallic sheen. Eats (caterpillars) buds and leaves. Snail, terrestrial gastropod Stylommatophora squad. Sink up to 5 cm, width approx. 4.5 cm. In Europe (except for the north). It feeds on leaves, in Vol. H. Grapevine. Edible in some countries object breeding. GRAPE mealybugs, insect family mealybugs, pest of grapes in the North. and South. America, Africa and Eurasia. Pink, 3-4 mm long. Eats (larvae and females) juice plants. Grape sugar, the same as glucose. Grapes (until 1946 Sevlyush), a city in Ukraine, Zakarpattia region. Railway junction (Vinogradova, Transcarpathian). 26.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). The food, light industry, electronic industry. Known since 9. Aleksandr Pavlovich Vinogradov (1895-1975), the Russian geochemist, academician of the USSR (1953), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1949, 1975). Proceedings on geological, biogeochemistry and space chemistry; developed the questions of formation of terrestrial shells (Zonal melting), the chemical evolution of the Earth, isotope geochemistry and others. Prize. Lenin (1934), Lenin Prize (1962), the USSR State Prize (1949, 1951 - twice), Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1973). Vinogradov Anatoly Kornelievich (1888-1946), Russian writer. Artistic and biographical books and documentaries: "Three Colors of Time" (1931), "The condemnation of Paganini" (1936), "Stendhal and His Time" (1938). Viktor Vinogradov (1894 / 95-1969), a Russian linguist, literary critic, academician of the USSR (1946). Investigated the Russian language (grammar, vocabulary, etc.), The history of Russian literary language, the language and style of Russian writers of the 19-20th centuries. (Pushkin, Lermontov, Nikolai Gogol, Fyodor Dostoyevsky and others.), Problems of poetics, stylistics. USSR State Prize (1951). Vinogradov Vladimir A. (b. 1921), Russian economist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984). Major works on the economic history of Russia and other countries. USSR State Prize (1982). George Pavlovich Vinogradov (1908-80), Russian singer (lyric tenor), Honored Artist of Russia (1949). He was famous for the performance on the concert stage vocal cycles of Beethoven, Schumann, popular lyric songs of Russian composers - Theological NV ("Dark Night"), MI Blanter ("In the woods near the front"), VP Soloviev-Gray ("The sun polyanochke"), tango, Russian romances. Vinogradov Dmitry Ivanovich (1720? -58), The creator of Russian porcelain. Developed the technology of production and received the first samples of porcelain from domestic raw materials. Vinogradow (1891-1983), Russian mathematician, academician of the USSR (1929), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1945, 1971). Director of the Mathematical Institute of the USSR Academy. Steklov (1932). Creating the classic method of trigonometric sums obtained fundamental results and decided a number of important problems in analytic number theory. Lenin Prize (1972), the USSR State Prize (1941, 1983), Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1971). Vinogradov Igor Ivanovich (b. 1930), the Russian literary critic. In the spotlight - spiritual quest Russian literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. (Lermontov, Dostoyevsky, Tolstoy, MA Bulgakov). Articles and reviews about Russian literature 60-80th. 20 in. Since 1992, the chief editor of "Continent". Vinogradov Michael E. (b. 1928), the Russian oceanographer, Academician (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1990). Major work on the ecology of marine communities, the distribution of plankton, modeling of production processes in the pelagic zone. USSR State Prize (1977). Oleg Vinogradov (b. 1937), the Russian choreographer, painter, People's Artist of the USSR (1983). In 1973-77 chief choreographer of the Leningrad Maly Opera Theater. In 1967-72 choreographer, from 1977 chief choreographer of the Mariinsky Theatre. Credits: "Romeo and Juliet" by Prokofiev, "Lisa and Colin, or Futile Precaution" PL Hertel, "Coppelia" by L. Delibes, "Yaroslavna" Boris Tishchenko, "Inspector" A. . Tchaikovsky and others. VINOGRADOV Paul Gavrilovic (1854-1925), Russian historian, academician of the USSR (1925; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1914, Academician since 1917). In 1902-08 and since 1911 in the UK. Major works on the agrarian history of medieval England (given the classic characteristics of the English-demesne manor), historiography. Sergei Vinogradov Tarkovsky (1869-1938), Russian painter, member of the Union of Russian Artists. Wanderers. Author plein air lyrical landscapes and interiors ("The homestead autumn", 1907), paintings of peasant life. After 1924 he lived abroad. Ampelopsis (ampelopsis), a genus of woody vines of the family Vinogradov. Ok. 20 species in the North. America, Asia, and so on. H. 4 species in the Far East, in Tajikistan. Sometimes called ampelopsis wild grapes. Some species are used as ornamental. Far ampelopsis Japanese guarded. Vinogradsky Sergei Nikolaevich (1856-1953), a Russian microbiologist, one of the founders of microbiology, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1917; corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1894), Honorary Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1923). Since 1922 the head Agrobakteriologicheskogo branch of the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Opened (1887) chemoautotrophic microorganisms and chemosynthesis phenomenon. For the first time (1893) isolated from soil nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Winery, process of making wine from grapes and other fruits and berries. Includes the steps of: crushing raw-stemmed (peduncle), wort, alcoholic fermentation of wort or mash, fortification (in the manufacture of fortified wines), and a special wine extract their processing (topping up, filtration, pasteurization, and so on. N.). Vinodolski Law, a collection of legal norms, compiled in 1288 in Vinodol (Vinodol, reg. In Croatia), one of the oldest monuments of the rights of the South Slavs. VINOKUR Grigory Osipovich (1896-1947), a Russian linguist, literary critic, professor of Moscow State University (1942). Major works on the history of Russian literary language, textual criticism, Culture speech. Explored the language and creativity Pushkin, Alexander Griboyedov, Vladimir Mayakovsky. Alexander Vinokurov (1869-1944), a Russian politician. Doctor. One of the founders of the Moscow and Ekaterinoslav Social Democratic organizations. In the 1918-21 People's Commissar of Social Security of the RSFSR, in 1924-38 chairman of the Supreme Court of the USSR. Vinokurov Eugene M. (b. 1925), the Russian poet. Poems about the people of the war generation, their spiritual maturity. Tends to be philosophical lyrics. Compilations "human face" (1960), "The Word" (1962), "Contrasts" (1975), "The die" (1978), "Genesis" (1982), "hypostasis" (1984). Poem "in the West" (1981). Translations. USSR State Prize (1987). VINSKY Gregory S. (1752 - after 1818), Ukrainian diarist, author notes, "My Time", which cover the 2nd floor. 18 in. (Ukrainian folk life, aristocratic upbringing, metropolitan life). SCREW (Pol. Gwint, from it. Gewinde - cutting, carving) 1) fastener - rod head (usually a screwdriver slot) and carvings. 2) Screw the running - leading element in a helical gear. 3) The screw blade (air, rowing) - shaft with helical blades, enabling the movement of aircraft, helicopter, ship. WINTER Alexander (1878 - 1958), the Russian energy sector, academician of the USSR (1932). Head of Construction Shatura GRES Dnieper (1927-30), and others. Works on the study of energy resources, the structure of the energy system of the USSR and others. Winterthur (Winterthur), a city in Switzerland, p. Tes. 108 thousand. Residents (1986, with suburbs). Machinery, textile, printing industry. Helix, spatial spiral curve, located on the surface of a circular cylinder or a circular cone and intersecting all generators at the same angles. Helical surface (helix), the surface described by a straight line L, which is rotated at a constant angular speed around a stationary axis OO'i simultaneously moves forward with constant velocity along the axis. RIFLE, individual small arms with screw thread in the barrel, which give the pool a rotary motion, ensuring stable flight. Effective range up to 2000 m, rate of 10-12 rounds per minute. The first rifle appeared in the 16th century., Spread in the 19th century. In 1891, Russia adopted the rifle (7.62 mm). Mosin. After the 2nd World War II rifle supplanted submachine gun, gun, automatic rifles and carbines, including self-loading. For educational and sporting purposes, there are sporting rifles. Helical motion, the motion of a rigid body, which is composed of a rectilinear translational motion and rotation about an axis parallel to the direction of forward velocity. Propellers (downhole), the mud motor displacement type, multiple-working parts which are designed using the planetary gerotor mechanism, actuated by the energy of the washing liquid. Screw conveyor (screw) shaft with helical protrusions and drive mechanism. Mainly used for transportation of bulk bodies at relatively short distances. Screw pumps, rotary pump with the working bodies in the form of one master and two slaves usually screws meshing. When rotating screws liquid severed in the valleys screw thread moves along the screw and pushed into the discharge nozzle. Submission to 0.25 m3 / s, pressure of 35 MPa to 95% efficiency. Rotorcraft, the aircraft heavier than air with vertical takeoff and landing, having rotors and propellers (propellers, jet engines). Lifting force in horizontal flight rotorcraft rotor creates and wing. Restrictions apply. Horned goat (markhor), cloven-hoofed animals kind of goats. The body length of up to 1.7 m. Horns twisted. In the mountains of Asia - Afghanistan, Pakistan, on the north-west of India; in the southeast Wed. Asia. Throughout small in numbers, is protected. Vincent of Beauvais (fr. Vincent de Beauvais; lat. Vincentius Bellovacensis) (c. 1190-1264), a French Dominican monk, author of "The Great Mirror" (published in 1473, vols. 1-4) - a comprehensive encyclopedia of medieval knowledge, enjoyed the very popular. Vinzenz (Vincenz) Stanislav (1888-1971), a Polish novelist, essayist, translator. Since the late 1930s. in exile, died in France. Author of the novel chronicles "at high Polonyna" (ch. 1-3, published in 1936-79), a book of essays "dialogue with the Council" (1966), "Jewish theme" (published in 1977), "The post-war vicissitudes of Socrates" (published in 1985), "Atlantis" (published in 1994). Vinci, Neolithic archaeological culture (con. 5th - 4th thousand. BC. E.) In the Balkans, in the basin of the Morava and Vardar. Name in Tieliu Vinca near Belgrade. Remains of settlements, stone tools, ceramics, clay figurines. Economy: agriculture, animal husbandry, fisheries. WINCHESTER, store name, and later rifles, produced with Ser. 19 in. US firm firearms (named after its founder O. Winchester) and common name of hard disk drives (Winchester drives). Vinh (Vinh), a city in the central part of Vietnam, the administrative center of the province. Ngetin. St. 154 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Woodworking, mechanical, food enterprises. Seaport Vinh - Benthyuy. Vinh was born near Ho Chi Minh vignetting (from the French. Vignette - saver), the restriction orifice of the dipped-beam optical system. Vignetting leads to a drop in light image from the center to the edge of the field of view. Vignette (fr. Vignette), decoration in a book or manuscript: a small drawing or pattern at the beginning or end of the text. Vigny (Vigny) Alfred Victor de (1797 - 1863), French writer-romantic. In the poem "Eloah" (1824), "Moses" (1826), "The Flood" (1826) - the chanting of ideal love, suffering, disillusioned hero; godless motives. In the psychological drama "Chatterton" (1835), the poem "Death of the Wolf" (1843) - a tragic loneliness chosen souls in the world uncomprehending their "vulgar crowd." Poems. The book "Diary of a poet" (published in 1867). Vignola (Vignola) (pres. Fam. Barozzi, Barozzi) Giacomo da (1507-73) was an Italian architect. Palaces (Farnese in Caprarola, 1558-73), Villa (Pope Julius III in Rome, 1550-55), churches (Il Gesu in Rome, 1568-84) combines the principles of Renaissance architecture with elements of baroque and classicism. Architectural theorist ("Rule five orders of architecture", 1562). Viña del Mar (Vina del Mar), city and seaport in Chile, part of the agglomeration of Valparaiso. 305 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Climatic resort. Tourism center. Sugar, textile, chemical, oil-refining industry. Viollet-le-Duc (Viollet-le-Duc) Eugene (1814-79), a French architect, historian and theorist of architecture. Restorer of Gothic cathedrals and castles. CELLO (ital. Violoncello), a musical instrument of the violin family Baso-tenor register. Appeared in 15 - 16 centuries. Classic designs created by the Italian masters of the 17th - 18th centuries .: A. and N. Amati, J. Guarneri, A. Stradivari and dr.VIOLONChEL (ital. Violoncello), a musical instrument of the violin family Baso-tenor register. Appeared in 15 - 16 centuries. Classic designs created by the Italian masters of the 17th - 18th centuries .: A. and N. Amati, J. Guarneri, A. Stradivari and others. Viola (ital., Ed. H. Viola), a family of stringed bowed musical instruments, rasprostrennyh in 15 18th centuries. in the West. Europe. Similar in shape, vary in size, proportions, tessitura, system, number of strings. Soprano and alto viola, in Vol. H. Viola d'amore (fr. Viole d'amour), a game held horizontally at the shoulder (generic name viola da Braccio, Italy. Da braccio), tenor and bass - vertically. The most common type - viola da gamba (Ital. Da gamba), close in size cello. Viola candles, Viola unit, old unit of luminous intensity equal to the power of the light emitted by 1 cm2 of surface hardening platinum in the direction normal to the surface. Proposed by the French physicist L. J. Viola (LJ Violle, 1841-1923) in 1881. The current SI unit of luminous intensity candela (candle) is approximately 1/20 Viola candles. Viotti (Viotti) Giovanni Battista (1755-1824) was an Italian violinist and composer. He lived in the UK and France (led by "Grand Opera"). One of the founders of the French violin school. 29 concertos for violin and orchestra, string quartets and others. Viper, the same as the viper. Whipper Boris R. (1888-1967), a Russian art historian, museum worker, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1962). Son RY Wigner. Proceedings contain the analysis and synthesis problems of the theory and history of art (mostly Western European 16-18 cc. And 18 in Russian.). Whipper Robert Y. (1859-1954), Russian historian, academician of the USSR (1943). Works on the history from antiquity to modern times. The author of history textbooks for middle and high school. Whipper Yuri (1916-91), the Russian literary critic, academician of the USSR (1987). Son BR Wigner. Proceedings in French literature (Renaissance, in Vol. H. Pleiades poetry, classicism, the Enlightenment, critical realism). PIRA, in ancient Rus fine in favor of the prince for the murder of a free man. For injury were paid poluvire. Viraj, in Vedic and Hindu mythology, female divinity, the personification of the creative forces of the cosmos. Virage (fr. Virage), 1) turn. 2) maneuvers - a complete reversal of the aircraft in the horizontal plane. 3) Reagent for virirovaniya - conversion of black and white photographic images in monochrome color (monochrome). See. Also Staining photographic images. Virbalis (Virbalis) (until 1917 Verzhbolovo), a city in Lithuania, near the railroad Art. Kibartai. 1.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Metal production and dairy products. Known since 1593. Virginia, Virginia (Virginia), the staff in the eastern US. 105.7 thousand. Km2. The population of 6.5 million. People (1993). Adm. c. - Richmond. VIRGIN ISLANDS (Virgin Islands), a group of small islands in the West Indies. British possession [153.4 km2, population 13 thousand. People (1987); adm. c. - Road Town] and the USA [355 km2, 104 thous. People (1984); adm. c. - Charlotte Amalie]. Virgo (lat. Virgo) in Other. Rome the name of the Greek goddess of Astrea. Also - one of the nicknames of Diana. Lasse Viren (b. 1949), Finnish athlete. Olympic champion (1972.1976) in the women's 5,000 and 10,000 meters. Virial equation of state, the equation of state of a real gas in which the gas pressure is presented in the form of a polynomial - the expansion in powers of the density of the gas. The expansion coefficients are functions of temperature and are called virial coefficients. Virial equation of state allows us to explain many experimental results based on simple models of intermolecular interactions in gases. Viriato (Viriathus) (? -139 BC. E.), The shepherd of the Lusitanian tribe, the leader of the anti-Roman revolt in 147-139 154-133 in Spain; approximate killed, bribed Rome. VIRILAD Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), a prison guard, suffered along with forty-five Christian martyrs in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. Virilism (from Lat. Virilis - men), the appearance of women of male secondary sex characteristics (body type, voice, mustache, beard, and so on. N.) Caused by endocrine disorders. Virions fully formed virus particles comprising nucleic acid and a protein shell (capsid). Stores and transfers the genetic material of the virus from one cell to another. VIRIROVANIE, the same coloration as photographic images. Bathsheba, the Bible is one of the wives of King David, Solomon's mother. VIRSALADZE Bagrationovich Simon (1908 / 1909-89), a Russian theater artist, People's Artist of the USSR (1976), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1975). Colorful, emotional design of the ballet "Spartacus" AI Khachaturian (1968), "The Golden Age" Shostakovich (1982) at the Bolshoi Theater. Lenin Prize (1970), the USSR State Prize (1949, 1951, 1977). VIRSALADZE Eliso K. (b. 1942), the Russian and Georgian pianist, People's Artist of the USSR (1989). Since 1959, soloist of Tbilisi, Moscow Philharmonic from 1977. Since 1967, teaches at the Moscow Conservatory. 1st prize at the International Competition. Schumann (Zwickau, Germany, 1966), 3rd prize at the International Competition. Tchaikovsky (Moscow, 1962). Wirski Pavel Pavlovich (1905-75), Ukrainian choreographer, People's Artist of the USSR (1960). Organizer Folk Dance Ensemble of Ukraine (1937; 1955 head). USSR State Prize (1950, 1970). WIRTH (Wirth) Carl Joseph (1879-1956), the German chancellor in 1921-22. In 1922 he signed (together with V. Rathenau) Soviet-German Treaty of Rapallo. In 1930-31, the Minister of Interior. After the 2nd World War, advocated the establishment of friendly relations with the USSR. International Lenin Prize (1955). VIRT Alekseevskii (1906-76), the Russian writer. Novels: "Solitude" (1935), which treats of doom officiously Antonov, "Evening Bells" (1951). Plays. USSR State Prize (1941, 1948, 1949, 1950). VIRTANEN (Virtanen) Artturi Ilmari (1895-1973), Finnish biochemist. Created (1928-1929) method of preserving green fodder ("AIV-method"). Developed methods for preserving milk and dairy products, improved production technology cheeses. Nobel Prize (1945). VIRTANEN Jalmari Erikovich (1889-1939), Karelian poet. Poems about work and the northern nature (collections "At leisure", 1930, "Red kantele", 1937). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Virtual memory (apparent computer memory) storage system organized so that the programmer can treat them as a single large memory, which greatly simplifies the process of programming for multiprogramming computer. Virtual displacements, the same as the possible movements. Virtual particles in quantum field theory (QFT), the particles in the intermediate states, exist for a short time? T, which is related to their energy E uncertainty relation? T ~ ž / E, where ž - Planck's constant. According to quantum field theory, the interaction of particles is carried out thanks to their different exchange of virtual particles (eg., Virtual photons with electromagnetic interaction of charged particles, virtual intermediate vector bosons for weak interaction). VIRTUOSO (ital. Virtuoso, from Lat. Virtus - courage, talent), artist (usually musician), expertly wielding technique of art. A man who has attained in the highest degree of skill. "Moscow Virtuosi" chamber orchestra. Created in 1979 in Moscow. Artistic director and conductor - VT Spivakov. The repertoire - works of Western European and Russian classics, contemporary composers. VIRTUS (lat. Virtus - valor), in Roman mythology, the goddess, the personification of valor and military courage and civic duty. VIRULENCE (from Lat. Virulentus - poisonous), the degree of pathogenicity (pathogenicity) of the microorganism. Depends on the properties of the infectious agent and the susceptibility of the infected organism. Artificial change in the virulence of microbes used in the preparation of vaccines.
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