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Wilhelm II (Willem) Frederick George Lodewijk (1792-1849), King of the Netherlands since 1840, Grand Duke of Luxembourg. The commander of the Dutch troops at Waterloo (1815). Reformed the constitution, financial and assessor system in a liberal direction. William III of Orange (1650-1702), Stadtholder (ruler) of the Netherlands since 1674, the English king to 1689. Called to the English throne during the coup 1688-89 ("Glorious Revolution"), to the 1694 regulations, together with his wife Mary II Stuart. William Tell, see. Tell V. Wilhelm II EARTH (Wilhelm II Land), eastern part of the territory. Antarctica, between 88 ° and 92 ° E. etc .; Davis washed by the sea. Ice thickness up to 2000 m. Opened in 1902, the German expedition E. Drygalski. Named after the German Emperor Wilhelm (Wilhelmy) Ludwig Ferdinand (1812-64), a German chemist. Exploring the transformation of cane sugar by acids, suggested (1850) mathematical expression for the reaction rate, thereby laying the foundations of chemical kinetics. Wilhelmina (Wilhelmina) (1880-1962), Queen of the Netherlands in 1890-1948. During the Nazi occupation of the country in exile. Abdicated in favor of her daughter Juliana. Wilhelm-ICP-Stadt Guben, the name of the city Guben in Germany 1960-90. Wilhelmshaven (Wilhelmshaven), a city in Germany, Lower Saxony. Approx 91 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Port in the North m. (Turnover of 20 million. Tons per year). Mechanical engineering (in Vol. H. Manufacturing typewriters "Olympia"), nonferrous metallurgy, oil refining, chemical, light industry. WILD Henry Ivanovich (1833-1902), a physicist and geophysicist, academician (1870), honorary member (1895) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Swiss-born, in 1868-94 he worked in Russia. In 1894, he returned to Switzerland. Founded a network of meteorological stations in Switzerland and Russia and organized the processing of meteorological observations. President of the International Meteorological Committee (since 1879). Chairman of the International Polar Commission (1880). Boris Wilde (1908-42), the French ethnographer, a member of the Resistance Movement in France, one of the organizers of the newspaper "Resistance." The son of Russian immigrants. Executed by the Nazis in Paris. Irina Wilde (pres. Name and fam. Daria D. Polotnyuk) (1907-82), Ukrainian writer. The story "The Story of One Life" (1946), the novel "The Sisters Richinskie" (special edition - Vol. 1-2, 1958-64), about family, about the fate of women. Vilde (Vilde) Edward (1865-1933), an Estonian writer. The novel "In the rough country" (1896) depicts the social processes Estonian village. In historical trilogy "Mahtra War" (1902), "Walkers of Ania" (1903), "The Prophet Maltsvet" (1905-08) shows the life of the peasants, riots 50-60th. 19 in. Satirical plays, pamphlets, and stories. Marked by subtle psychological novel "The Milkman of Mäeküla" (1916). VILDRAK (Vildrac) Charles (pres. Name and fam. Charles Messager, Messager) (1882-1971), French writer. In early works - Unanimism ideas. In verses ("Book of Love", 1914) assertion spiritual health of the people, whose generalized image - in the anti-war cycle "Songs Desperado" (1920). The theme of war in the lyrical drama "Steamboat Tinesiti" (1919) and the anti-fascist novel of awakening France "Lazarus" (1943, published in 1946). Novels for young adults, fairy tales. Villiers de l'Isle-Adan (Villiers de l'Isle-Adam) Philippe Auguste Matthias (1838-89), French writer. Anti-bourgeois sentiments (drama "Morgan", 1866; "Rebellion", 1870), bringing it closer to the Communards; the defeat of the Paris Commune led to mysticism and pessimism (drama "Axel", 1872-86). Grotesque, satirical collections "Cruel Tales" (1883), "New cruel stories", "Unusual stories (both - 1888). Villena (Villena) Luis Antonio de (b. 1951), Spanish writer. The rich cultural allusions lyrics (collections" escape from winter ", 1981;" Only death, "1984;" Out of this world ", 1992). burlesque-historical novel" Brothel Lord Byron "(1995). Villena (Villena) Enrique de (1384-1434), Catalan poet . theorist poetry (treatise "The Art of poetry" came in fragments), translator of Virgil and Dante, author of allegory "Proceedings of Hercules" (1417), the legendary magician and magician ("The Book of the evil eye, or about ruining" et al.). Vilkitsky Andrew Ippolitovich (1858-1913), a Russian hydrographer, surveyor general (1910). Head of the hydrographic survey of the mouth of the Yenisei River Pechora. In 1907-13 headed the Main Hydrographic Office. Vilkitsky Boris Andreyevich (1885-1961), a Russian hydrographer surveyor. son AI Vilkitsky. Head hydrographic expedition to North. Arctic. ok. on ships "Taimyr" and "Vaigach" (1913-15). In 1920 he emigrated. Vilkitsky Strait, between the Taimyr Peninsula and on. Bolshevik (North. Earth) connects the Kara and Laptev. The length of 104 km, the smallest width of 55 km, the smallest depth of 32 m. It was named after BA Vilkitsky. Wilke, city (1950) in Lithuania, p. Nemunas, 28 km from the railway Art. Kaunas. 2.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Vilkija population are employed by Kaunas. VILKOMIR, the official name of the city of Ukmerge in Lithuania until 1917. VILKS J., See. J. Wilkes. Wilma Fedor (1845-93), the Russian inorganic chemist. Works on chemistry of platinum metals. Got (1883) rodiehloristy ammonium (salt Wilma). A method for producing pure palladium. Vil'mont (William-Vil'mont) Nicholas (1901-86), the Russian literary critic, translator, cultural historian. Works on the German classical literature and philosophy (Goethe, Schiller, Kant). Articles about Soviet poets (in Vol. H. Memories of Boris Pasternak, published in 1987). Leveque de Vilmorin (Vilmorin), a family of French breeders: 1) Philippe Victoire (1746-1804), one of the founders of the breeding and seed company "Vilmorin - Andrieux" (1774). 2) Louis (1816-60), the grandson of Philip, the founder of scientific breeding of sugar beet, the author of a number of valuable varieties. 3) Henry (1843-99), son of Louis; first applied the method of artificial mating (mainly wheat) for practical purposes. 4) Roger (1905-80), a botanist, a foreign member of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1957); director of "Vilmorin-Andrieux" (1925-62), which introduced into the culture in France St. 450 species and varieties of agricultural plants. Major works on acclimatization of crops, conservation. Villeneuve, the official name of the city until 1939. VILNIUS Vilnius (Vilnius), the capital of Lithuania, on the river. Neris. 590 thousand. Inhabitants (1993). Railway junction. Mechanical engineering (machines, tools, fuel equipment, electric motors, electric welding and shop equipment, radio devices, agricultural machinery, etc..) And metal; developed chemical, light and food industries. Academy of Sciences of Lithuania, 5 universities (in Vol. H. University Conservatory), 5 theaters (in Vol. H. Lithuanian Opera and Ballet Theatre). 12 museums (in Vol. H. Art gallery, folk art, historical and ethnographic). Mentioned in 1323. The capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Since 1795 a part of Russia. In 1920-39 a part of Poland. Since 1940, the capital of Lithuania. Remains of the Upper Castle (14-15 cc.), The Old Town with houses of 15-18 centuries. Anna Church (16th c.), Peter and Paul (17 in.), The cathedral and the town hall (18 in.). Among the new residential areas - Lazdynai (finished in 1973). Vilnius University, founded in 1579. In 1832, closed. Restored in 1919. It prepares specialists in mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, economics, etc .; training and retraining of medical and teaching staff. In the beginning. 90s. approx 17 thousand. students. Vuillaume (Villaume) (Vuillaume) Jean-Baptiste (1798-1875), a French master tool. Imitations of famous violins of Guarneri and Stradivari. Valued his bond. WILSON (Wilson) (Wilson) Harold (1916-1995), the British Prime Minister in 1964-70 and in 1974-76. The leader of the Labour Party in 1963-76. WILSON (Wilson), Kenneth (b. 1936), American theoretical physicist. Major works on the quantity theory of phase transitions. Contributed to the study of critical phenomena. Nobel Prize (1982). WILSON (Wilson) Robert Woodrow (b. 1936), American radio astronomer. Nobel Prize (1978, together with A. Penzias) for the discovery in 1965 of the microwave background radiation (the CMB). WILSON (Wilson) Woodrow (1856-1924), 28th president of the United States (1913-21), the Democratic Party. Held a number of liberal laws. Even before the US entry into the 1st world war (April 1917) put forward the idea of creating the post-war alliance of states, most fully be reflected in t. N. "Fourteen Points" (January 1918); advocated the establishment of the League of Nations. The Nobel Peace Prize (1920) .VILSON (Wilson), Thomas Woodrow Wilson Woodrow (December 28, 1856, Stanton, Virginia - February 3, 1924, Washington, DC), statesman, 28th President of the United States (1913-21), with his name is associated with far-reaching reforms in the American society and approval of the United States as a world power. Career Wilson was born to a Presbyterian preacher Scotch-Irish descent. At the beginning of the 1880s. He refused to use the name Thomas. In 1879 he graduated from Princeton University. He studied law at the University of Virginia. In 1882-83 practiced law in Atlanta (GA). Since 1883 engaged in the historic seminar Herbert B. Adams at Johns Hopkins University, in 1886 received his doctorate in philosophy for the book "The Board of the Congress" (1885). In 1885-88 - teacher of history in women's college Bryn Mawr (Pennsylvania), in 1889-90 - at Wesleyan University (CT). Since 1890 - professor of law, political economy and political science at Princeton University, with its president 1902-10. Published several popular works on history and government United States. In 1911-13 - the governor of New Jersey, which has carried out an extensive program of progressive reforms. In 1912, as a representative of the Democratic Party of the United States under the slogan of "new freedom" won the presidential election of Theodore Roosevelt and WH Taft. Secondary elected in 1916 under the slogan "He kept us from war" policy .Vnutrennyaya Wilson took the White House, believing that the US entered the most important since the Civil War period in its development. He was convinced that history - is "the era of reform, but not a revolution." In its policy guided by the principle: "the state exists for society, not society to the state." So he played for maximum equality of opportunity for all citizens in the country and unlimited access to world markets. As part of building a "new democracy" implemented tariff (1913) and banking (1913) reforms pushed through antitrust laws (1914). Also held a number of social reforms in the interests of farmers and wage-earners. Foreign Policy Wilson pursued an active policy aimed at strengthening America's position in the Caribbean and Mexico, strongly encouraged the Anglo-American rapprochement. After the start of the 1 st World War 1914-18 was trying to mediate between the European powers. In 1917, Wilson won the US entry into the war, suggesting acquire a decisive voice in determining the fate of the postwar world. In 1917, sought to develop cooperation with the Provisional Government of Russia, nurtured the idea of union "of two great democracies of the world." After the victory of the Bolsheviks made a peace plan ("Fourteen Points", January 1918), seeing it as an alternative to the international influence of Bolshevism. Wilson was one of the main authors of the Versailles Peace Treaty of 1919. However, the treaty was never ratified by the Senate SShA.Osenyu 1919 as a result of the strong surge Wilson paralysis. He was forced to stop the active state activities. Before the expiration of his term the most important political decision on the merits took his wife - Edith Wilson. Nobel Peace Prize (1919, for his contribution to the Treaty of Versailles 1919) .Despite on various personality assessment activities and Wilson, he is recognized as one of the key figures in the history of SShA.Sochineniya: State. Past and present constitutional institutions: Trans. from English. M., 1905.Novaya freedom: Trans. from English. Odessa, 1905.Literatura: Gershov ZM Woodrow Wilson. M., Z. 1983.Freyd, Bullitt W. Thomas Woodrow Wilson, twenty-eighth president of the United States. Psychological investigation. M., 1992.Baker R. S. Woodrow Wilson. Life and Letters: 8 v. Garden City, 1927-29.Link AS Wilson: His Life and Work. Princeton, 1964-67. V. 1-5.Papers of Woodrow Wilson / Ed. by A. S. Link. Princeton, 1966-84. (Edition continues) .Clements K. Presidensy of Woodrow Wilson. Lawrence, 1992.V. Vladimir Noskov WILSON (Wilson) Charles Thomson Rees (1869-1959), English physicist. Invented a device to monitor tracks microparticles (Wilson cloud chamber). Nobel Prize (1927). E WILSON. B. - see. Wilson EB WILSON chamber, a first track detector of charged particles. Invented by Charles Wilson in 1912. Wilson Action Camera is based on the condensation of supersaturated vapor (the formation of small droplets of liquid) ions occurring along the track (track) of a charged particle. Later replaced by other track detectors. Wilczek EARTH, an island in the arch. Franz Josef Land in the Russian Federation. 2 thousand. Km2. Height up to 606 m; almost entirely occupied by covering the ice. Willstätter Richard Martin (1872-1942), German chemist and biochemist, a foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1923), a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Since 1939 in Switzerland. Pioneer studies of plant pigments (in Vol. H. Of chlorophyll and anthocyanins). Proceedings on alkaloids, enzymes, photosynthesis. Nobel Prize (1915). VILLA (Villa), Francisco (pres. Doroteo Arango name, Arango; also known under the name of Pancho Villa) (1877-1923), leader of the peasant movement in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution of 1910-17. In 1916-17 participant in the struggle against foreign intervention. Killed. VILLA Jose Garcia (b. 1911), a Filipino poet, writing in English. Lives in the United States. Collections of poems, "I came here I" (1942) and others. Imbued with the spirit of rebellion against tradition and canon. No stranger to the influence of modernism (a collection of poems "Appassionata", 1980). Villaverde (Villaverde) Cirilo (1812-1894), Cuban writer and journalist. Realistic historical novel "Cecilia Valdes, or Hill of Angels" (ch. 1-2, 1839-82) from the life of Havana, to protest against slavery; historical novel "repentant" (1841). Romance novels, journalism. Villaviciosa (Villaviciosa) José de (1589-1658), Spanish poet and priest. Mock-heroic "Muhiada" (1615). VILYAMEDYANA DE TASSIS-And-PERALTA (Villamediana de Tassis y Peralta) Juan, Count (1582-1622), Spanish poet, courtier. Was known as a wit. Friend and literary companion of L. de Gongora-and-Argote. Author complicated metaphor for sonnets, mythological poems, plays extravaganza for the Royal Theatre "Glorification of Nicaea." The circumstances of his death at the hands of an assassin is not clarified. WILLIAMS (Williams) Albert Rees (1883-1962), American journalist. In June 1917 - August 1918 in Russia. In February 1918 created the international group for the protection of the Soviet regime, the Civil War. Books: "Lenin. The man and his work" (1919), "The masses in the Russian Revolution" (1921), "Russian. The country, the people and for which he fights" (1943). WILLIAMS, Alberto (1862-1952), Argentine composer, educator, social activist. Concerts as a conductor and pianist. The founder of the national school of composition. Founder and Director (1893-1940) Conservatory in Buenos Aires. 9 symphonies, orchestral, piano works and songs. WILLIAMS (Williams) Amancio (p .1913), an Argentine architect. United in their works traditions of local architecture and the latest technology to achieve ("House-bridge in Mar del Plata, 1943-45). Basil R. WILLIAMS (1863-1939), the Russian soil scientist, academician of the USSR (1931), Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1929) and the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1935). Proceedings on the agronomic soil science. Developed grassland farming systems. Prize. Lenin (1931). WILLIAMS (Williams), William (p .1942), American painter generation lyrical expressionist early. 1970 -x years. Using the two-part composition, creates a variation theme in one painting ("Batman," 1979). WILLIAMS, Peter V. (1902-47), a Russian painter and stage designer, Honored Artist of Russia (1944). Member of the OST (1925 -31). historical and revolutionary paintings, portraits. Since 1941 the chief artist of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, has created an emotional, stylistically whole design of the ballet "Cinderella" (1945) and "Romeo and Juliet" (1946) Prokofiev. State Prize USSR (1943, 1946, 1947). A Williamson. W., see. AW Williamson. VILJANDI (Viljandi) (until 1917 the official name of Fellin), a city in Estonia, on the shore of the lake. Viljandi. Railway station. 23 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Machine-Building Plant; light, woodworking, food industry. Theater. Museum. Castle 13. Known since 1211. Villanueva (Villanueva) Carlos Raul (1900-75), the Venezuelan architect. Campus (1944-57) and a number of residential complexes in Caracas; dynamic composition, expression of reinforced concrete structures are complemented by sculptures, paintings, mosaics. Villa Cisneros (Villa Cisneros), formerly known as the city of Dakhla, in the West. Sahara. VILYAURRUTYA (Villaurrutia) Xavier (1903-50), a Mexican writer, literary figure. Imbued with existential motifs lyrics (collections of "Nocturne", 1933; "Dejima-Death", 1941. Ostrokriticheskie drama "Poor Bluebeard" (1946), "Dangerous Game" (1949). Translations, in Vol. H. Of William Blake . Viluy river in the west of eastern. Siberia, left tributary of the Lena. 2650 km, the basin area 454 thousand. km2. It flows to the Central Siberian Plateau and Tsentralnoyakutskoy plain. Average water consumption in 1480 m3 / s. The main tributaries: Markha, tyunge - left, Chon , Ulakhan-Botuobuya, Ochchuguy-Botuobuya - on the right. at the village. Chernyshevsky - HPP and water reservoir. It is navigable for 1,371 km from the mouth, with releases from the reservoir - to Chernyshevsky. Vilyuiskaya, a city in the Russian Federation, Yakutia, a marina on the River. Viluy. 9.1 thousand. residents (1992). it was founded in 1634. in 1872-83 in prison Vilyui exiled NGChernyshevsky. in the area - gas field. Vilyuiskaya lowlands, the same as Tsentralnoyakutskaya lowland. Vilyuiskaya exile in Russia political space (with the beginning. 19 in.) references to the territory Vilyui env. Yakut region. in 1872-83 in Vilyuiskaya link was NGChernyshevsky, in 1889-98 - the participants of Yakutsk tragedy (1889). Vilyuiskaya dress, raised portion Central Siberian Plateau in the upper watersheds of the Viljui. The length of 400 km. Height up to 962 m. Vilaka (Vilaka) (until 1917 the official name Mariengauzen), city (1945) in Latvia, on the shore of the lake. Viļaka, 8 km from the railway Art. Vetsumi. 2.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Lnoobrabotka; light and food industries. Known since the 13th century. Wag (Vilani) (until 1917 the official name Veleny), city (1928) in Latvia, at p. Malta. Railway station. 4.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). peat mill; food industry. Known since 1495. Vimalakirti (Skt. Illustrious purity) in the Buddhist bodhisattva mythology, famous for the art of debate. Wim (Skt.) In Indian architecture sanctuary temple or its principal part. Viminal Hill (Viminalis), one of the seven hills on which there was Dr. Rome. Vimpergov (Ger. Wimperg), pointed decorative pediment finishing doorways and window openings Gothic buildings. Vimpergov decorated with openwork or relief carving. VIMFELING (Wimpheling) Jacob (1450-1528), German humanist. Denounced the abuse and ignorance among the Catholic clergy, promoted humanistic principles of education. WINE (Wien), Wilhelm (1864-1928), German physicist. Proceedings on blackbody radiation; brought (1893) and the laws of radiation bias named after him. Nobel Prize (1911). Wine, right - a necessary condition to prosecute. There are two forms of guilt: intent and negligence. Crime committed intentionally, is punishable by more strictly. WINE (Skt.), Indian 7-stringed (plektorny) musical instrument. Has many varieties. WINE radiation law, establishes the energy distribution in the spectrum of a blackbody as a function of temperature. A special case of Planck's radiation law for higher frequencies. Launched in 1893 by W. Wien. WINE displacement law: the wavelength at which the maximum energy in the spectrum of blackbody radiation is inversely proportional to the absolute temperature of the emitting body. Launched in 1893 by W. Wien. Vinal, in Dr. Rome festivals and wine grape harvest (April 23 and August 19). Associated with the cult of Jupiter and Venus. Vinaya, one of the three main sections of the Buddhist canon ("Tripitaka"), dedicated to the rules of conduct Buddhist believer. Winberg Georgy (1905-87), the Russian hydrobiologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Works on the theory of the biological productivity of ecological systems. Vingranovsky Nikolai Stepanovich (b. 1936), Ukrainian poet and filmmaker. Collection of poems "Nuclear foreplay" (1962), "One Hundred Poems" (1967), "Capricorn" (1977). Writing for children. Movies: "Coast of Hope" (1967), "The Ballad of British women" (1970). Vindava, the official name of the city of Ventspils in Latvia until 1917. Windaus (Windaus) Adolf (1876-1959), German chemist and biochemist. Investigated the structure of steroids. Opened the formation of vitamin D in the ergosterol under the action of ultraviolet rays. First synthesized histamine. Nobel Prize (1928). Windelband (Windelband) Wilhelm (1848-1915), German philosopher, head of the Baden school of neo-Kantianism. Defined philosophy as the doctrine of values ("Prelude"). Share on nomothetic science dealing with the laws and ideographic studying isolated, unique phenomenon. Works on the history of philosophy. Windsor (New Windsor), (Windsor, New Windsor), a city in the UK, to the west of London, Boris, on p. Thames. 28 thousand. Inhabitants (1981). Old royal residence. Royal Castle (11 in., 13-19 cc.), St. George's Chapel (1474-1528) - a masterpiece of late Gothic architecture. House of Windsor, the British royal dynasty, ruling from 1901 (until 1917 called Saxe-Coburg-Gotha). Representatives Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, George VI, Elizabeth II. Vindication (lat. Vindicatio, from vindico - declare the claim required) (replevin), in civil law claim of the owner or person in possession of the property legally, for the recovery of it from illegal possession. Windsurfing (Eng. Windsurfing), a kind of sailing: racing on a special board (or windsurfer surfer; length 3.7 m, width 0.65 m, weight 27 kg) with a strengthened her freely rotating mast (height 4.2 m) for sails (area 5.2 m2). Originated in the US (1968). European and World Championships since 1973; carried out according to the rules of sailing regattas. International Windsurfing Association (IWA) was founded in 1973. WINDHOEK (Windhoek), the capital of Namibia. 145 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). International Airport. Center of trade. Food, clothing, mashinosborochnye enterprise. Vindhya mountains in India, in the north of the Indian Peninsula. Height up to 881 m, the southern slopes are steep. Dry deciduous tropical forests. Shivpuri National Park. Wiener (Wiener), Norbert (1894-1964), American scientist. In his work "Cybernetics" formulated the main provisions of cybernetics. Proceedings of mathematical analysis, probability theory, the electric grids and computing. Vinyl acetate SN3SOOSN = CH2, colorless liquid, boiling point 73 ° C. Applied to obtain polyvinyl acetate and various copolymers, eg., Styrene, ethylene, vinyl chloride, used in the manufacture of emulsion paint, floor coverings and other records. Vinylidene chloride, CH2 = SCl2, colorless liquid, boiling point 31,7 ° C. Mainly used for polyvinylidene chloride and copolymers of vinylidene chloride, eg., Vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile. Vinylpyridine rubber, copolymerization products of dienes with vinylpyridine, butadiene mainly 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine. Rubber of vinyl pyridine rubbers oil, gasoline and hardy, have good adhesion to various materials. Used primarily in the form of latex for tire cord impregnation. Vinyl chloride, CH2 = CHCl, colorless gas, boiling point 13,8 ° C. It is used for PVC and vinyl chloride copolymers, eg., Vinyl acetate, acrylonitrile. Vinyl plastic, rigid plastic polyvinyl chloride. It is produced in the form of sheets, plates, pipes, rods et al., And granules. It is used as a corrosion-resistant (in the production of tanks, pipes), decorating and roofing (construction) material; vessels, bottles of vinyl plastic - for packing household goods. VINITI, see. Scientific and Technical Information Institute. Vinius Andrei Andreyevich (1641-1717), Russian statesman and organizer of the mining and metallurgical industry in Russia. Son AD Vinius. In the 60-70-ies. 17 in. the diplomatic service, in 1695-1703 head of the Siberian, in 1701-03 Artillery orders. Supervised the construction of mining and metallurgical plants in the Urals. The conversion of military and technical works. Vinius Andrew Denisovich (? - C. 1652), a merchant and industrialist. Dutchman by birth. Since 1627 led a large grain trade in Arkhangelsk. In 1632, the government's loan started construction of metallurgical plants near Tula, then in other areas. Winitzki Vsevolod (b. 1915), a test pilot. Member of the Great Patriotic War, from 1950 engaged in testing of the Mi-1, Mi-4. Developed a set of aerobatic maneuvers; performed the first long-distance flight by helicopter from Moscow to Petrozavodsk and Moscow. Winkelmann (Winckelmann) Johann Joachim (1717-68), a German art historian. Analyzing educational positions with the history of ancient art, to find the ideal of noble, sublime sculpture of Greek classics. Its appearance was explaining political freedom. The founder of the aesthetics of classicism. Winkelried (Winkelried) Arnold (Ernie), the Swiss national hero of the 14th century. According to legend, in 1386 at the Battle of Sempach cost of living Swiss secured the victory over the army of the Austrian duke. WINKLER (Winkler) Johann (1897-1947), a German pioneer of rocketry. 03/14/1931 made the first in Europe to launch a liquid rocket engine. WINKLER Clemens Alexander (1838-1904), German chemist. Opened (1886) predicted by Mendeleev element ekasilitsy who called germanium. Developed (1875) industrial method of producing sulfur trioxide, initiating the production of sulfuric acid by contact method. WINKLER Hans Günther (b. 1926), German athlete. Olympic champion (1956, 1960, 1964) and the world (1954, 1955), Europe (1957) in individual and team competitions in equestrian (overcoming obstacles). Vinland (Vinland - Country grapes), the name given by the Normans of the northeast coast of North. America, open Leif Eyriksonom approx. 1000. wine monopoly, the exclusive right of the state or individuals (see. The mercy of) the production and sale of alcoholic beverages.
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