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Vizier see. Vazir. VISIT (fr. Visite), visit predominantly official. MAIN, single-breasted coat with rounded front radiating floors. Business cards, a card with the name and surname, indicating the official position, address, phone number and other information about the person handing or leave it at the official acquaintance, visiting someone, and so. N. WYZNER (Wiesner) (Wiesner) Julius (1861-1928), an Austrian botanist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1912). Proceedings on plant physiology and anatomy. Investigated the ontogeny of plant transpiration, chlorophyll and heliotropism phenomenon. Tropism found in plants under the influence of red and infrared rays, explained this phenomenon in response to thermal stimulation. Studied the structure of cell membranes. Visualization (from Lat. Visualis - eye), methods of transformation invisible to the human eye field of radiation (infrared, ultraviolet, X-ray, ultrasound, and others.) And visible (black and white or color) image of the emitting object. There are several imaging techniques: photographic (see. The electro-optical converter), thermal imaging methods, the transformation of the invisible laser radiation in the visible, and so on. D. The visualization is widely used in medicine, flaw detection technique (see. Introscopy Tomography). Visual magnitude (mn), magnitude, determined by direct observation and the corresponding spectral sensitivity of the human eye (maximum sensitivity occurs at a wavelength of 0.55 microns). Visual poetry, an art form that combines verbal and visual creativity - a poem whose rows form a decorative or endowed with sense emblematic figures and signs. Among the specific examples - the poetic art of calligraphy (especially in Muslim and Far Eastern cultures), which are linked indistinguishable pattern and meaning; visual poetry Mannerist and Baroque eras. Of this kind, often deliberately "abstruse" verbal-visual experience, fond of representatives of Futurism and Dadaism, thereby updating the modern print design; special trend of visual poetry and postmodernism. VISUAL (from Lat. Visualis - eye) visible. Visual observations - produced by the naked eye or with an optical device (eg., The telescope). Viipuri, the Finnish city of Vyborg in 1918-1940. VIY in the East Slavic mythology, the spirit that carries death. With huge eyes with heavy lids, the Wii is killing my eyes. Viidumäe, nature reserve on the island. Saaremaa in Estonia. Founded in 1957. The area of St. 1 thousand. Ha. Pine forests with an admixture of oak. Endemic and rare plants: ezelsky rattle, rowan Aria et al. Villeurbanne (Villeurbanne), city, suburb of Lyon in France. 115 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Autostructure, silk, chemical industry. "Théâtre de la Cité". Villon (Villon) Francois (1431 or 1432 - after 1463) was a French poet. In the poem "Little Testament" (1456), "The Great Testament" (1462), saturated autobiographical allusions are reflected scenes of Parisian life baseman; motives of death are combined with bold glorification of earthly pleasures, ironic denial of asceticism and hypocrisy. Viira (Viira) Augusta (1853-1919), Estonian director. In 1878-1903 headed the theater "Vanemuine" (Tartu). Viiralt (Viiralt) Edward (1898-1954), Estonian schedule. In the stress-dramatic grotesque sheets revealed the ugly side of life in the city ("Cabaret", 1931). The images of women and children pronounced national character ("Estonian Girl", 1942). VIC (Vic), the German and Swedish name drevneestonskoy land Läänemaa. Vick, a genus of perennial and annual herbaceous legumes; fodder crop. Ok. 150 species in the temperate zones of the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. In the culture of 10 species - fodder grasses. Often cultivated vetch seed and hairy vetch (usually in a mixture of oats and barley) - 200-250 quintals per 1 ha of green mass, more than 20 quintals per 1 ha of grain. VIKALLOY, hard magnetic alloy containing 52-54% Co, 14% V, remainder Fe. Mainly used for the manufacture of permanent magnets used in measuring instruments, electric micromotor and others. Vicariate (from Lat. Vicarius - replacement), a phenomenon in which closely related species of plants or animals (called vicarious species) occupy different regions of distribution (geographical Vicariate) or live in the same area, but under different environmental conditions (environmental Vicariate). Eg., In sandy deserts inhabited legged jerboa, and in the same places, but in clay deserts - small (environmental Vicariate). Vicario (from Lat. Vicarius - deputy, governor) in the Orthodox Church deputy bishop, the bishop of the diocese without. In the Protestant church - assistant priest. Vincent of Lerins (Vincentius Lirinensis) (d. C. 450), the Christian church writer, a monk of the island Lerin. In the essay "The first warning, or a treatise in defense of ancient and universal Catholic faith against all the godless heretic innovations" formulated the criterion of the truth of ecclesiastical tradition, "what they believed everywhere, always, everything." Memory in the Catholic Church on May 24. Vikzhel (All-Russian Executive Committee of the Railwaymen's Union) (August 1917 - January 1918), the central professional body on the railroad. October 29, 1917, threatening a general strike of railway workers, demanded the creation of "homogeneous socialist government" representatives of all "Soviet parties" - from the Bolsheviks to the Popular Socialists, replacing Lenin as Chairman of People's Commissars. Ultimatum Vikzhel caused the first crisis of the Soviet government. "Viking" (Viking), American automatic orbital and landing station for Mars exploration. Consists of the orbital unit conducting research areotsentricheskoy orbit (orbit around Mars), and planting unit committing a soft landing on the Martian surface. In 1975, the station launched 2 "Viking 1" and "Viking-2" landing blocks which reached Mars in 1976 and was first handed phototelevision image surface. VIKINGS (al., Scand.), Scandinavians - participants maritime trade and grabitelnyh and conquests in the context. 8 - Ser. 11 cc. in European countries. In Russia they were called Vikings, and Zap. Europe - Normans. In the 9th century. captured the North East of England, in the 10th century. - North. France (Normandy). Reached the North. America. Vickers method defined indentation hardness Matalla in the test sample diamond pyramid. Vickers hardness is measured in units HV (Hardness Vickers). Name from the English military-industrial concern "Vickers". Wycliffe J., See. J. Wycliffe. VICO (Vico) Giambattista (1668-1744), Italian philosopher, one of the founders of historicism. The historical process, in Vico, has an objective and providential (see. Providentialism) character; all nations are developing a cycle consisting of three eras: the divine (stateless state, the subordination of the priests), heroic (aristocratic state) and human (democratic republic or representative monarchy). Main essay "The New Science of Giambattista Vico" (1725). Viscount (fr. Vicomte), a title of nobility in the West. Europe. Vikram (Wickram) Jorg (c. 1505 - ok.1562), German novelist and poet Meistersinger. Author burgher edifying novels feudal orientation "Golden Thread" and "Mirror of youth" (both 1554), a collection of stories and Schwank "road book" (1555). VIKS (Vix), a village near the town of Chatillon (France), where the opening (1953) burial priestess (line 6-5 cc. BC. E.) In a chariot, placed in the grave under a mound, with a rich inventory, antique vessels and et al. Wicksell (Wicksell) Whip (1851-1926), a Swedish economist. Proceedings on finance, credit, currency and economic cycle. Tried to combine the theory of marginal utility theory of prices mathematical school. Supporter of neo-Malthusian concept. Wikstrom Ulyams Karlovic (1910-77), Karelian writer. He wrote in Finnish. Historical novels "Come on, people work!" (new edition, ch. 1-3, 1957-65), "Suomi in the fire" (1968) about the revolutionary events of 1918 in Finland, the story "Toyska" (1967), "Among the good people" (1978). Stories. VICTOR Corinth (d. 251 or 258), the Christian martyr, the casualty in Corinth in the persecution of Emperor Decius; pupil martyr Quadratus. Memory in the Orthodox Church on January 31 (February 13) and 10 March. Victor Emmanuel II (Vittorio Emanuele) (1820-78), King of the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1849-61 and the 1st king of united Italy from 1861. In the period of the Risorgimento liberals supported (Cavour et al.) And fought the republican-democratic camp, but at the same time sought to use the popularity and military victories J. Garibaldi in their dynastic purposes. Victor Emmanuel III (1869-1947), the last (1900-46) King of Italy. Viktorenko Alexander Stepanovich (b. 1947), a Russian cosmonaut, Soviet cosmonaut (1987), Hero of the Soviet Union (1987). Flying on "Soyuz TM-2, -3" and orbital station "Mir" (July 1987), "Soyuz TM-8" and orbital station "Mir" (September 1989 - February 1990) and "Soyuz TM-14, -15 and the orbital complex "Mir" (March - August 1992). "The Victorians" ("Victorians"), the code name figures of English culture during the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901). VICTORIA LAND (Victoria Land), eastern part of the territory. Antarctica between 142 ° and 170 °. d. The western part - mountain (up to 4023 m), East - glacial plateau (2500 m), the power of ice St. 2500 m. opened in 1841 British expedition J. K. Ross and named on behalf of the Queen of England. Quiz Corinth (d. 251 or 258), the Christian martyr damaged in Corinth in the persecution of Emperor Decius, a disciple of the martyr Quadratus. Memory in the Orthodox Church on January 31 (February 13) and 10 March. Quiz (Victorinus) Mari (4 in.), the Roman writer, teacher of rhetoric in Rome. He translated into Latin the works of Aristotle and the Greek Neoplatonists. Turning to Christianity, commented Apostle Paul and wrote a treatise "Against Aria." Victoria, the English name of the city of Hong Kong. VICTORIA, in Roman mythology, the goddess of victory. Corresponds to the Greek Nike. VICTORIA, waterfall on the river. Zambezi, in the South. Africa. One of the largest in the world. The height of 120 m, width of 1800 m. HPP. Tourism. VICTORIA, Owen Falls (Victoria; Owen Falls), the reservoir in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya. The area of 76 thousand. Km2 (in Vol. H. Lake. Victoria 68 thousand. Km2), the volume of 204.8 km3, the length of 320 km. Created by construction of the dam Owen Falls (Uganda) on the river. Victoria Nile in 1954, which led to a backwater lake level. Victoria 3 m. Victoria, a city in Canada, a port on the Pacific c., The administrative center prov. British Columbia. 71.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Woodworking, shipbuilding. University. VICTORIA (Victoria) (1819-1901), Queen of England from 1837, the last of the Hanover dinastii.VIKTORIYa (Victoria) (full name Alexandrina Victoria) (May 19, 1819, London - January 22, 1901, Osborne), Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837), Empress of India (since 1876), the daughter of the Duke of Kent, the fourth son of King George III, the last of the House of Hanover. Came to the throne after the death of his uncle, King William IV. In February 1840 she married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Reign, an unprecedented debt in British history, due to the strengthening of the moral authority of the crown. Board In the early years of the reign of Victoria was a supporter of the union of the crown with the Whigs, who, after parliamentary reform in 1832 a majority in the House of Commons. However, the elections in 1841 won the Tories, and the Queen had to entrust the formation of a new cabinet to their leader R. Peel. This decision was partly credited to Prince Albert, who was able to convince her that the constitutional monarch, at least outwardly, is obliged to remain neutral with respect to the leaders of the parliamentary parties. In the 1840s, the control of parliament over the executive facilitated the abolition of the Corn Laws, the adoption of a number of acts regulating labor relations, which in turn will ease the tension in the society, in particular, has led to a decline in the movement of Chartism. In 1848, when Europe was a wave of revolutions in England maintained relative stability. Since the late 1840s the British economy entered a period of rapid growth. Demonstration of its technical capabilities became held with great success worldwide Industrial Exhibition London 1851 Organising Committee of the exhibition led by Prince Albert, opened an exhibition of herself Victoria. The monarchy became a symbol of stability, prosperity and progress. Symbol of the empire contributed to increasing popularity of the monarchy and the personal qualities of Victoria, her ability to stay simple and with great dignity; be perceived as an example of a woman, wife, mother. At the royal couple had nine children, and Victoria was bound by ties of kinship with many reigning houses of Europe (the last German Emperor Wilhelm II was her grandson, Russian Emperor Nicholas II was married to her granddaughter). After the sudden death of Albert in 1861 Queen for a long time refused to participate in public life. Even after recovering from the shock, she appeared in public in mourning dress. But the desire to remain matters of state ownership is retained. She impressed added to the royal title of Empress of India. Two anniversaries Victoria stay on the throne (in 1887 and 1897) solemnly celebrated as a holiday, signifying the unity and power of the British Empire. "Victorian era" "The Age of Queen Victoria" is perceived differently by her contemporaries and subsequent generations. For the generation who lived through World War I, rashozhie Victorian values were "canonized hypocrisy." Spiritual situation of the second half of the 20th century. again revived interest in Victorian England. Enduring values of national and world culture are the best works of writers "Victorians" to preserve for posterity a vivid artistic image epohi.Sochineniya: The Letters of Queen Victoria in 3 series. London, 1907, 1926-1928, 1932. V. 1-9.Literatura: Strachey L. Queen Victoria. London, 1921.Longford E. Victoria RI London, 1964.L. Eremin Victoria, Victoria Nyanza (Victoria, Victoria Nyanza), Ukreve lake in East. Africa, Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda. Located in a tectonic basin of the East African platform, at a height of 1134 m. 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world. 68 thousand. Km2, length 320 km, the maximum width of 275 km, the depth of 80 m. It is part of the Reservoir. Victoria. Many islands. Abounding river flows. Kagera follows p. Victoria Nile. Fishing. Shipping. The main ports: Entebbe (Uganda), Mwanza, Bukoba (Tanzania), Kisumu (Kenya), near the north coast - Kampala, capital of Uganda. At about. Rubondo (Tanzania) - National Park Victoria (Victoria), an island in the south of the Canadian Arctic architect. 213.8 thousand. Km2. Height up to 914 m. Tundra vegetation. Many lakes. Locality - Cambridge Bay. VICTORIA, a genus of perennial plants in the family Nymphaeaceae water. Round floating leaves with curled edges up to 2 m in diameter, withstand loads of up to 50 kg, 25-35 cm in diameter flowers. 2 species in the South. America; Both are cultivated in botanical gardens. Victoria, the state capital of Seychelles. 24 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Port on the Indian approx. Base fuel supply ships on the way Africa - India. International Airport. Tobacco, fish processing, furniture and other enterprises. Tourism. Victoria Nile (Victoria Nile), the name of the site of the river. White Nile in Uganda, from where they exit from the lake. Victoria before flowing into the lake. Mobutu Sese Seko (Albert). Length approx. 420 km, the basin area of 262 thousand. Km2. rapids; waterfalls - Owen Kabarega (Murchison). The average water consumption of approx. 700 m3 / s. HPP at the Falls Owen. Navigable in some areas. VIKTOROV Alex Ye (1827-83), the Russian archaeographer, bibliographer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1879). He founded the Department of Slavic manuscripts and early printed books Rumyantsev Museum (now part of the Russian State Library). Moscow proved origin t. N. desperate publications printed before Fedorov. Viktor Georgi Aleksandrovich (1925-74), a Russian biologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1972). Major works on the population dynamics of insect systematics and entomophagous insects. VIKTOROV Mikhail (1893 / 94-1938), the Russian commander, the flagship of the fleet of rank 1 (1935). Member of the 1st World War and the Civil War. In 1921-24 and 1926-32 the chief of the naval forces of the Baltic, in 1924-26 - the Black and Azov Seas. Since 1932 the chief of the naval forces of the Far East, from 1937 - Naval Forces of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Vikulov Vladimir (b. 1946), the Russian sportsman (ice hockey), Honored Master of Sports (1967). Olympic champion (1968, 1972), multiple world champion, Europe and the USSR (1966-79). Vikulov Sergey (b. 1922), the Russian poet. Collection of lyrical poems, in Vol. H. "Prunus window" (1966), "remains in the field trace" (1979), "Shoots" (1982), the poem "Yves-Mountain" (1970), "The Ballad of the Motherland" (1977). Chief editor of "contemporary" (1968-89). Vicuna (vigogne), cloven-hoofed animals kind lamas. Length approx. 1.5 m. Inhabit the highlands of the Andes; as a result of predation (valuable wool) area greatly reduced. In the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Work is under domestication. Vicuña, guanaco crossed with, domesticated (alpaca). Hiv Syrian (d. C. 250), the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of emperor Decius, the son of Martyrs Terence and Neonilla Syrian. Memory in the Orthodox Church on October 28 (November 10). Vila (Vila) (Port Vila), the state capital of Vanuatu, on about. Efate (new. Hebrides), a port on the Pacific approx. 19.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). International Finance Centre. VILAGOSH (modern. - Shiriya, Siria), castle and town (north-east of the city of Arad, Romania), whose August 13, 1849 before the royal troops under the command of IF Paskevich capitulated main forces of the Hungarian revolutionary troops (in headed by A. Gergeem). Vilayet see. Or. Vilayat, administrative-territorial unit in Algeria (1976). Villa-Lobos (Villa-Lobos) Heitor (1887-1959), a Brazilian composer, folklorist, conductor. Head of the national school of composition. Initiated the creation of the Brazilian Academy of Music (1945, its president). Developed a system of musical education of children. Operas, ballets, symphonies, 12; 14 "Shoros" (1920-29), "Brazilian Bahia" (1944) for instrumental ensembles and others. Wieland (Wieland), Henry (1877-1957), a German organic chemist and biochemist, a foreign corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929) . Major work on the chemistry of hormones, steroids, alkaloids, bile acids and so forth. Theorized dehydrogenation explains the mechanism of oxidation reactions, in Vol. H. Of biological oxidation processes. Nobel Prize (1927). Christoph Martin Wieland (1733-1813), German writer of the Enlightenment. Educational Bildungsroman "Agathon" (1766), a satirical novel "Abderites History" (1774), a fantastic poem "Oberon" (1780). VILEDA river in the European part of Russia, left tributary Vychegda. 321 km catchment area of 5610 km2. Irregular shipping to 106 km from the mouth. Vileika city (since 1795) in Belarus, Minsk., At p. Vilia. Railway station. 29.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Plants: construction components, car repair; food industry. Founded in the middle. 16 in. Zinovy Vilensky (Zalman) Moiseevich (1899-1984), a Russian sculptor, People's Artist of the USSR (1980), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1954). The portraits convincingly conveyed personality traits ("Tchaikovsky", 1947). USSR State Prize (1948). VILIMAA (Vilimaa) Hulot (b. 1941), Estonian ballet dancer and choreographer, People's Artist of Estonia (1985). Since 1973, the chief choreographer of the theater "Vanemuine" (Tartu). Vilia (Viliya) (LTL. - Neris, Neris), a river in Belarus and Lithuania, right tributary of the Nemunas (Neman). 510 km catchment area of 25.1 km2. In Vileika - Reservoir. The average consumption of 182 m3 / s. At St. Vilia. 1.5 thous. Lakes. Navigable in some areas. On Vilia - Vilnius, Kaunas (in the mouth). Vilkaviškis (until 1917 the official name Vilkovishki), a city in Lithuania. Railway station. 14.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Plants: canning, hardware; garment factory. Known since the 16th century. Vylkove, a city in Ukraine, Odessa region., A port in the Danube Delta (Chilia arm), 18 km from the Black m. 11.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Fish processing, ship repair facilities; pressing plant sites. Known since 1762. Wilks (Vilks) (pres. Fam. Latsis) Evalds (1923-1976), Latvian writer. Storybook "People of the same truth" (1949) about the war, "In the days of autumn" (1955) about the life of the collective farms, "good friends" (1973). VILLA (lat. Villa - mansion, estate), country house with a garden or park. Villanelles (ital. Villanella - rustic song), the genre of satirical Italian household, games, love-lyric songs polyphonic 15-16 centuries. Music villanelles light character, often with features danceable. Villanova culture (archeology), the early Iron Age (c. 900-500 BC. E.), In the North. Italy. Is named with. Villanova (Villanova) near Bologna. Burial to cremation. Economy: agriculture. Villano (from Lat. Villa - the estate), France, Italy, Germany peasants personally free, but dependent on the feudal lord as the holder of the earth; in England (up to 15-16 cc.) castle. VILLAR (Villars) Claude Louis Hector (1653-1734), Duke (1705), French Marshal-General (1733). Won a series of victories in the War of the Spanish Succession, in Vol. H. At glaciation. In the War of the Polish Succession made a successful trip to the North. Italy (1733). Villar (Villari) Emilio (1836-1904), Italian physicist. Work in the field of electricity, magnetism and optics. Opened (1865) magnetoelastic effect (Villari effect). Villari effect (magnetoelastic effect), open Italian physicist E. Villari (E. Villari; 1865) phenomenon of change in the magnetization of the body during its deformation (the effect of the inverse magnetostriction). Villari effect is due to the change under the influence of mechanical stresses ferromagnetic domain structure, which determines its magnetization (see. Ferromagnetic domains). Villafranca TRUCE 1859 concluded in Villafranca (Sev. Italy) between France and Austria, separately from the Kingdom of Sardinia - an ally of the French Second Italian War of Independence, 1859. According to the Villafranca armistice only Lombardy passed the Kingdom of Sardinia, and Venice remained under Austrian rule. Zurich agreements enshrined 1859. Villevalde Bogdan Pavlovich (1818-1903), a Russian painter. Representative of the official academic art; wrote spectacular battle paintings. Willem, mineral silicates subclass island, Zn2 [SiO4]. Impurities Mn, Fe, Ca, Mg. Aggregates of needles, solid, granular mass. Hardness of 5.5; density approx. 4.2 g / cm3. Contact-metasomatic hydrothermal; often supergene. In large clusters - ore Zn. Transparent yellow willemite - precious stones. Synthetic willemite - phosphors. Willemstad (Willemstad), city and port on the island. Curacao, Netherlands administrative center of the Antilles (Dutch possession). 125 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Refining (Venezuela). Willibrord (Willibrord) (658-739), Benedictine monk and missionary bishop from 695 in Utrecht. His name is associated conversion to Christianity Frankish Friesland. Memory in the Catholic Church on 7 November. Villa (Wylie) Yakov Vasilyevich (1768-1854), the Russian military doctor. Scot by birth, from 1790 in Russia. Main Military Medical Officer (1806-54), president of the St. Petersburg Medical-Surgical Academy (1808-38), an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1814). Member of the Patriotic War of 1812. Founder (1823), "Military Medical Journal." Willis (Willis) (Willis), Thomas (1621-1675), English physician and anatomist. Proceedings of the anatomy and physiology of the brain and its vessels. First described the base of the brain arteries. Villa (Willich) August (1810-78), head of the faction in the Communist League, one of the initiators of its split, the Prussian officer in retirement. During the Baden-Palatinate uprising in 1849 commander of the volunteers; in the US Civil War 1861-65 Brigadier northerners. Willoughby X.. See H. Willoughby pronghorn (pronghorn antelope), ruminant artiodactyls squad. The only kind of family pronghorns. Length 1.3 m, height of 0.8-1 m. 5 subspecies in North steppes. America. Was the target species (meat, skin). Small numbers. 2 subspecies in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Thymus (thymus, thymus), the central organ of the immune system of vertebrates. In most mammals, is located in the anterior mediastinum. Well developed at a young age. Participates in the formation of immunity (T cells produce) in the regulation of growth and general body. Vilsandi (Vilsandi, Vilsandi), a group of islands of the Baltic Sea. And the northwest coast of. Saaremaa, Estonia. The area of 10,689 hectares, in Vol. H. Water area of 9400 hectares. Since 1910 was the bird sanctuary (Malvinas Vaika and Vilsandi). St. 200 species of birds, t. H. Gaga, gray goose, mute swan, the Scandinavian mountain horse. Wilt (from the English. Wilt - fade), plant diseases caused by parasitic fungi. Most harmful cotton wilt. Affected vascular system, plants wilt and usually die. Vilciņš (Vilcina) Velta (Ausma) (b. 1928), the Latvian ballet dancer, People's Artist of the USSR (1965). In 1949-73 the National Opera of Latvia, in 1968 as a coach there. FORK (samovily, diva, Samodiva), fantastic women being in the beliefs of the Southern Slavs, like the mermaid. Beautiful girls, capable of flying and water-related. Wilhelm I (Wilhelm) Hohenzollern (1797-1888), King of Prussia in 1861 and the German Emperor since 1871. Management of the country is actually in the hands of Otto von Bismarck. William I the Conqueror (William the Conqueror) (c. 1027-87), King of England from 1066; of the House of Normandy. Since 1035 the Duke of Normandy. In 1066 landed in England and smashing of Hastings army of Anglo-Saxon King Harold II, became King of England (see. Norman conquest of England in 1066). Established a direct vassal of the feudal lords of korolya.VILGELM I the Conqueror (William the Conqueror) (1027 ?, Falaise, Normandy - September 9, 1087, Rouen, France), the English king with 1066. There was a bastard son of the Duke of Normandy Robert II the Devil. In 1033, when Robert the Devil went to Palestine, William was recognized as his heir. At the news of the death of Robert (1035), Norman barons, led by relatives of the dead rebelled against William as illegitimate, and only the intervention of the French King Henry I, guardian Wilhelm, retained him prestol.Yunost Wilhelm passed in wars with its neighbors, as a result of which it is attached to his possessions Maine (1062) and part of the lands of Count of Anjou, as well as in the fight against the local barons, whom he managed to subdue. Particular attention is paid William Norman church: he led the spiritual cathedrals and with the help of the Prior Lanfranc School bek tried to raise the educational and moral level duhovenstva.Borba for the throne in 1051, he visited his cousin, King Edward the Confessor, and later claimed that the childless Edward during during this meeting appointed him as his successor, even though such an appointment without the consent of uitenagemota was null and void. In 1066, when Edward died and was succeeded by his brother in law, Harold II, Wilhelm said his claim to the English throne, referring to the relationship with Edward, his oral assignment, as well as the oath of Harold in case of death of Edward promote the election of William King. These claims supported Pope Alexander II; he excommunicated from the Church of Harold and William instructed to bring England into submission to papal authority. William gathered an army of knights and ordinary soldiers from Normandy, France and Italy of up to 60 thousand; his fleet sailed from the harbor of Saint-Valery (at the mouth of the Somme) and landed on the English coast 29 September 1066. October 14, 1066 at the Battle of Hastings, he defeated the army of Harold II (see. Norman conquest of England) and declared himself king of England. Few cities in England gave him resistance. London proclaimed king of the last member of the Anglo-Saxon dynasty, Edgar etheling and preparing for defense. But on the side of Wilhelm became one after the other to move the feudal magnates. Then the citizens of London sent him a delegation led by Edgar himself, asking Wilhelm to take the crown. Attaching great importance to the legitimacy of his claim to the English throne, William I was crowned in Westminster as the legitimate heir of Edward, with all the usual ceremonies. Harold and his supporters were declared traitors; their lands were confiscated and distributed to associates Wilhelm. Defeat him in no small measure contributed to, in addition to numerous, well-trained and armed troops, constant strife and infighting among the Anglo-Saxon feudal lords. This helped William confiscate large part of their land. Consolidation of power Distribution William I and his companions land positions later Anglo-Saxons in the 17th century., Has created the theory of "Norman yoke", is widely used by the supporters of democratic reforms during the English Revolution. In the spring of 1067 William went to Normandy and England rebellion broke out, caused by violence Normans. Anglo-Saxons have helped some Welsh and Norman barons, William dissatisfied. Returning to England, he restored order and built a number of fortified castles, where to place the Norman garrisons. Anglo-Saxon uprising broke out, and then - in 1068, 1069, 1071; The latter supports the Scottish King Malcolm III. Wilhelm brutally suppressed them and actually re-conquered the whole country. Confiscating land by local feudal lords, he distributed them to his attendants, thus creating a layer of Norman nobility, on which he relied in his direction. Great support he has provided tserkov.Vilgelm consolidated his power by entering into counties management officials, sheriffs, who were directly dependent on the king. Besides the usual oath of vassals their overlord, he introduced the pledge of allegiance to the king directly ("Salisbury oath"). As a result of joining the British possessions on the continent Wilhelm greatly expanded trade, a large widespread Fair. British cities were directly subordinate to the crown and brought large revenues to the treasury. The situation of farmers in the reign of William I has deteriorated significantly, especially after the 1086 census ("Domesday Book"), who translated many free peasants into the category of villeins. Before his death, William had to wage war against the barons of Normandy and neighboring France. Circling the blazing ruins of the city of Manta taken them, Wilhelm was thrown from his horse and hurt yourself. He was brought to Rouen, where he died on 9 September 1087. His eldest son Robert inherited the reign of Normandy, the second, Wilhelm - English prestol.Literatura: Scriptores rerum gestarum Willelmi Conquestoris. London, 1845.Stenton FM William the Conqueror ... New York; London, 1908.Francis R. William the Conqueror. London, 1915.Douglas D. C. William the Conqueror. London, 1977.T. Pavlova William I of Orange (Willem van Oranje) (William of Nassau) (1533-84), a prince, leader of the Dutch Revolution, the leader of the anti-Spanish noble opposition. Killed by the Spanish agent. Wilhelm I (Willem) (Willem) Frederick (1772-1843), King of the Netherlands in 1815-40 (up to 1830 - Dutch-Belgian Kingdom of the Netherlands), the Grand Duke of Luxembourg; Orange-Nassau of the dynasty. Tried to suppress the Belgian Revolution of 1830, up to 1839 did not recognize the independence of Belgium. Wilhelm II Hohenzollern (1859-1941), German Emperor and King of Prussia in 1888-1918, the grandson of William I. Deposed November Revolution of 1918.
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