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Vibration isolation, protection of structures, machines, devices and people from the harmful effects of vibration dampers by introducing between the vibration source and the protected object. Vibrotherapy, treatment of diseases of the peripheral nervous system, aseptic inflammatory and other processes using vibration generated by special devices (mainly in the form of vibrating massage). Improves blood circulation, metabolism, stimulates neurotrophic function. VIBROTRAVMA, pathological changes in tissues and organs, arising under the influence of short-term intense vibration. Vivaldi (Vivaldi), Antonio (1678-1741), Italian composer, virtuoso violinist. The creator of the genre of instrumental solo concert and together with A. Corelli - Concerto Grosso. His series "The Seasons" (1725) - one of the earliest examples of programmatic music. St. 40 operas, oratorios, cantatas; instrumental concerts of various compositions (465), and others. Vivarium (lat. vivarium, from vivus - live), a room for the content (and sometimes breeding) mainly in laboratory animals. Vivasvate (Skt. Radiant), the Vedic god of light and the sun, the father of the people. Son of Aditi. VIVATNY KANT (viva) (lat. Vivat - long live), the kind of laudatory edge, formed in Russian music Petrine era. Melody had a fanfare-ruladny character. Performed by the choir or a group of singers, mostly during the court receptions and festivities. Existed until the end. 18 in. VIVACHE (Vivo) (ital. Vivace, vivo, letters. - Live) music - fast paced, the average between allegro and presto; lively, animated character performance. Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902), an Indian philosopher and humanist, religious reformer and public figure. Doctrine Vivekananda helped the liberation movement in India. Civet (Viverra), a genus of mammals civet family. The body length of 60-85 cm, 31-48 cm tail. 4 species in the south-east. Asia. The object of hunting. 1 subspecies in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Vives (Vives) Juan Luis (1492-1540), Spanish thinker of the Renaissance humanist and educator. Opposed scholasticism in favor of empirical knowledge. Vives pedagogical ideas influenced the Comenius and I. Loyola. VIVI, lake in the northwest of the Central Siberian Plateau. The area of 130 km2. Vivi follows from p. Vivi (a tributary of the Lower Tunguska). Vivian Sebaste (d. C. 320), one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Viviani, class mineral phosphates, Fe3 [PO4] 2.8N2O. Impurities Mn, Mg, Ca, Fe3 +. Colorless and bluish crystals, earthy aggregates. The hardness of 1.5-2; density 2.7 g / cm3. Sediment, rarely supergene. Mineral pigment (blue dye). VIVIPARIYA (from Lat. Vivus - live and pario - give birth) is the same as a live birth. Vivisection (from Lat. Vivus - live and sectio - rassekanie) (zhivosechenie) operation on live animals in order to study the functions of the body, the action on it of various substances, the development of methods of treatment, and so on. N. VIVO, in music - the same as vivache. Vivien de Saint-Martin (Vivien de Saint-Martin) Louis (1802-97) was a French geographer. The author of "History of Geography and Geographical Discoveries" (1873), "New World Dictionary of Geography" (Vol. 1-7). Works on the historical geography of North. America, Asia Minor, India. Vivien Leonid Sergeevich (1887-1966), Russian film director, actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1954). Since 1913 the Alexandrinsky Theatre (Leningrad Drama Theatre. Pushkin, chief director from 1937). In 1918, organized the School of Acting (now St. Petersburg Institute of Theatre, Music and Cinematography, 1940 Professor). USSR State Prize (1951). VI-GAS, CH3 (C2H5O) P (O) SCH2CH2N [CH (CH3) 2] 2, a colorless liquid, boiling point> 300 ° C. Poisonous substance nerve (on foreign data). Has a very high inhalation and skin-resorptive toxicity (lethal dose of resorption through the skin 8-10 mg). Wigan (Wihan) Hanus (1855-1920), Czech cellist and composer. Court musician in Germany. Founder of "Bohemian Quartet" (1891). Pieces for Cello. International Competition. Wigan in Prague (1950, 1955). Professor "Mozarteum" in Salzburg (1873) and the Conservatory in Prague (1888). Salvatore Vigano (1769-1821), an Italian ballet dancer and choreographer. Reformer ballet, creator of a new type of romantic choreographic drama era of the Risorgimento (often on the material of Shakespeare, Corneille, Schiller, V. Alfieri). Ballets: "The Creatures of Prometheus, or the power of music and dance" Beethoven, "Othello", "Vestal", "Dido", "Titans" and others. Wigwam, housing North Indians. America, dome-shaped, on a frame of thin trunks covered with twigs, bark mats. Vigdorova Frida Abramovna (1915-65), Russian writer. In fiction and nonfiction works about the Soviet school, moral education (in Vol. H. "My class", 1949; "This is my home," 1957; "Who do you come to him?", Published in 1969) - a heightened sense of justice, knowledge child psychology. Vigdorchik Semen Abramovich (1908-80), a Russian scientist in the field of aircraft, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1963), Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1972). Chief Technologist OKB Tupolev. Proceedings related to the technological development of aircraft structures, implementation of the aircraft monolithic structures, molded panels, deep chemical etching processes, new materials. USSR State Prize (1949, 1957). Vigeland (Vigeland) Gustav (1869-1943), Norwegian sculptor. Portraits ("Ibsen", 1903), a monument to Abel (1908), the ensemble Frognerparken in Oslo (1900-43) marked by a combination of naturalism, symbolism and eroticism with real-realistic interpretation of images. Philip Philipovich Weigel (1786-1856), Russian memoirist. "Notes" (published in 1863-65) - an important source for the history of Russia 1st Thurs. 19 in .; contain valuable information about the literary and theatrical life, although not without bias in the estimates. The Whigs (Eng. Whigs, Shotley word. Origin), a political party in the United Kingdom; there to beg. 80s. 17 in. as grouping bourgeoisified aristocracy and major commercial and financial bourgeoisie. Alternated in power since the Tory Party. In Ser. 19 in. based on it formed the Liberal Party. Whigs, a political party in the United States in 1834-1854. Opposed the strengthening of the central government. In 1854 the northern Whigs moved into a new Republican Party, and the south (ie. N. Cotton) Whigs - the Democratic Party. Wigman (Wigman) Marie (1886-1973), a German dancer, choreographer, teacher. Representative of the German expressive plastic dance. She has performed with his own troupe in Europe and the United States. After the 2nd World War taught in Leipzig and Zap. Berlin. Wigner (Wigner) Eugene (Eugen) Paul (b. 1902), American theoretical physicist. Born in Hungary. He worked in Germany since 1930 in the United States. One of the first (1931) demonstrated the efficacy of group theory and ideas of symmetry in quantum mechanics. Member of the development of the first US nuclear reactor. Nobel Prize (1963). VIGNERS (Vigners) Leonids (b. 1906), Latvian conductor and composer, People's Artist of Latvia (1955). In 1936-49 conductor (1944- with chief) of the Latvian Opera and Ballet Theater, in 1949-75 - the Latvian Symphony Orchestra of Radio and Television. Professor Latvian Conservatory (1961) Vigo (Vigo), a city and port in north-west Spain, as well. o. Galicia, on the Atlantic c. 280 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Canned fish production, shipbuilding, automotive industry. VIGO (Vigo), Jean (1905-34), a French film director. Movies: "À propos de Nice" (1929), "Zero for conduct" (1933), "Atlanta" (1934). In 1951, France established an award named Vigo. Vigogne, the same as the vicuna. Vigogne, loose fluffy yarn made mostly of cotton and its waste with a mixture of wool-spinning waste production (woolen feathering). APPEARANCE, in biology - the basic structural and classification (taxonomy) unit in the system of living organisms; set of populations of individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring, share a number of morphological and physiological characteristics, living in a certain area, separate from other neskreschivaemostyu under natural conditions. In the taxonomy of plants and animals is indicated by the form in accordance with the binary nomenclature. APPEARANCE (aspect), in linguistics - grammatical category of the verb, indicating the character of the action in its relation to outcome, duration, frequency and so on. N. On the composition cited against the values are different in different languages. In the Russian language, eg., Contrasted two types - perfect and imperfect. APPEARANCE (written appearance), in Russia 19 - early. 20th centuries. all kinds of evidence: birth, origin, behavior and so on. n. See. The residence permit. Of the armed forces, a component of the armed forces of a State intended to conduct military operations in a particular area (on land, at sea, in the air space). Eg., The Strategic Rocket Forces, Ground Forces, Air Defense Forces, Air Force and Navy. Residence permit 1) a document issued to foreign nationals or stateless persons on the right of residence in that State. 2) In pre-revolutionary Russia a residence permit issued in the cases provided by law instead of a passport. KIND (Vida) Geza (b. 1913), Romanian sculptor. Filled with warm humor scenes of peasant life ("Dance in Oashe", 1948), severe, generalized form monuments (Monument to the Fallen in the novel, 1967). KIND (Vida) Mario Girolamo (c. 1485-1566), the Italian leader of the church, the poet. Author allegorical poem "Chess Love", a treatise "On the Art of Poetry" (Vol. 1-3, 1527). VIDADI Molla Veli (1709-1809), the Azerbaijani lyric poet. In verses (mostly in the form of folk poetry ashigs) complained feudal order. Follower Fizuli. VIDAL (Vidal) Gore (b. 1925), American writer. Ironic prose; combines historical flavor and current issues. Novels: Military - "Uillivo" (1946); historical, revealing, in particular, behind the scenes world of political power - "1876" (1976), "Lincoln" (1984), "Empire" (1987); dystopia "Duluth" (1983). Essays, drama. VIDALES (Vidales Jaramillo) (Vidales Jaramillo) Louis (b. 1904), a Colombian poet, social activist. Collection of avant-garde poetry "sound calls" (1926), "Obreriada" (1979), journalistic book "A Treatise on aesthetics" (1946), "suppression of the uprising" (1948), "The social factor in Art" (1973). Proceedings of economics and statistics. International Lenin Prize (1985). VIDAL DE LA Blush (Vidal de la Blache) Paul (1845-1918) was a French geographer, founder of the French scientific school of "human geography". The book "The Principles of Human Geography" (1922). VIDAL (Widal) Ferdinand (1862-1929), a French physician and infectious disease. Established role in septic streptococcus postnatal complications; developed a method for serological diagnosis of typhoid fever (reaction Vidal), showed the difference between anaphylaxis and idiosyncrasies; one of the founders of the functional areas in nephrology. Vidar, in Norse mythology, the god nicknamed "Silent As" the son of Odin and the giantess Grid; mighty defender of the gods, who must kill the wolf Fenrir and the survivors of the destruction of the world. Wiedemann (Wiedemann) Gustav Heinrich (1826-99), German physicist, a foreign corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1883). One of the authors of the Wiedemann - Franz (1853), discovered the effect named after him (1858). Wiedemann - Franz Law: the ratio of the thermal conductivity of metals (or rather its electronic component) to their electrical conductivity is directly proportional to the absolute temperature. Aspect Ratio (Lorentz number) is the same for all metals. The law holds for the majority of metals in a wide range of temperatures. Formulated by German physicist G. Wiedemann and Franz in 1853. R. Wiedemann effect twisting of the ferromagnetic core, while the action of a longitudinal magnetic field and circular magnetic field generated by flowing along the shaft of electric shock. Due to magnetostriction, open G. Wiedemann (1858). VIDEO ... (from the Latin. Video - look, I see), part of compound words indicating relationship to electrical signals, which carry information about the image (video), as well as to systems and devices used in image transmission systems (videophone) . Video art (Eng. Video art), in the direction of the iso-art of the last third of the 20th century., Using video capabilities. In contrast to the actual TV, designed to broadcast to a mass audience, video art uses television sets, video cameras and monitors in unique happenings, and also produces experimental films in the spirit of conceptual art, which are shown in the special exhibition spaces. With the help of modern electronics shows like "the brain in action," a clear path from the artistic idea to its realization. The main direction is considered the founder of the Korean-American Yun We Pike. A video image recording on the tape is usually (magnetic recording) for playback on the TV screen using the VCR. When a video image is a television camera is converted into a sequence of electrical signals (video signals), which are recorded on magnetic tape. Video pulses (from the video ... and momentum), electric pulse rectangular, trapezoidal, exponential, bell or other. Form (mostly the same polarity). Used in television, computer technology, automation and others. Camcorders, portable television camera, structurally combined with VCR; to record video and audio signals using a magnetic tape width 12.7 mm and 8 mm. The camcorder has an electronic viewfinder that can also be used to view the image you just recorded. Video clips (from the English. Clip - to cut, kill), TV artistic interpretation of pop, pop or rock songs, usually with the use of "fractional" installation and special effects. The spread associated with the appearance in the 80s. 20 in. cable music channels and market consumer video equipment and video tapes. Used in t. H. For promotional purposes. VCR, a device for recording on a magnetic tape electrical image signals (with sound) and playback. The speed of relative travel of the magnetic tape and the head up to 50 m / s. Video electrical signal with a wide frequency range (typically several tens of Hz to MHz), used to generate images in television, radar, facsimile. Videophone telecommunications system, including television and telephone device in conjunction with the negotiations allows subscribers to see each other, to show images, photos, texts and others. Video amplifier, video amplifier; bandwidth is typically up to several MHz. Used in television, radar, measuring, oscilloscope and others. Equipment. Vijayawada (Bezvada), a city in the south of India, p. Krishna piece. Andhra Pradesh. 701 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Textile, food, cement, machine-building enterprises. Vijayanagara, the state in South. India in 14-17 cc., The largest Hindu state in the period of Muslim dynasties in large parts of India. Beginning of the decline - after the Battle of Talikota. VIDZHNYANAVADINY see. Yogachara. FOLLOWING FEEDBACK (Vidzeme), a historical region in Latvia, north of the river. Aiviekste (up to 1629 north of the river. Daugava). From the 13th century. in Livonia, 1561 Duchy of Livonia. Since 1629 in the Swedish province of Livonia, the southern part of Vidzeme - Latgale ceded to Poland. In 1710-1917 Livonia lips. Russian Empire. Vidzeme highlands, eastern Latvia. Height up to 311 m (Mt. Gaiziņkalns). Hilly moraine relief. Lake. Vidicon (from Lat. Video - and see Greek. Eikon - image), transmitting television tube with a photoconductive target. Under the influence of the transmission of light from the target is formed on the charge distribution (potential profile) corresponding to the object image. Reading the charge is carried out with the target electron beam controlled by magnetic and electrostatic fields. Used mainly in industrial plants television. VISIBILITY (Kazhim), in philosophy - a unilateral manifestation of the essence of things directly perceived (eg., The apparent motion of the Sun around the Earth). Vidin, town and port in Bulgaria, on the Danube. 67 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical, rubber, clothing, tobacco industry, machine building. Baba Vida Fortress (12 in.). It can be seen (until 1965 the village. Rastorguevo), a city in the Russian Federation, Moscow region. Railway station (Rastorguevo). 56.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Coke and Gas Plant; ON "Metalist", etc .; Combine "Gypsum concrete." Research Institute of nitric industry. VIDOVDANSKAYA of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Adopted by the Constituent Assembly of 28.06.1921 (the day of St.. Kind - hence the name). Acted to establish in the country in January 1929 military-monarchical regime. Species film, geographic, geography and ethnography, local history film. The first film was shot species in France in 1895, in Russia - in 1907. The viewfinder optical system in the photographic apparatus that serves to define the boundaries of the space depicted in the film-making lens film. The most common telescopic lens reflex viewfinder and rangefinder, respectively (less bar graph) and SLR cameras. Speciation, the emergence of new species and changes in their time. The basis of speciation - genetic variability of organisms, leading factor - natural selection. Allopatric speciation distinguish and sympatric speciation. Vidor (Vidor) King (1894-1982), American film director. Movies: "The Big Parade" (1925), "crowd" (1928), "Our Daily Bread" (1934), "War and Peace" (1956, by Leo Tolstoy). Vidyadhara (Skt. Bearing knowledge), in Hinduism mythological creatures, companions of Indra or Kuvera; possess knowledge of magical rites. Vidyapati (Biddepoti), Indian poet 15th century. Wrote in Sanskrit, Maithili and to other languages. Poem "Liana glory", lyric poems. VIEIRA (Vieira) João Bernardo (b. 1939), chairman of the Council of State - Head of State (1980) and the Government (1981), Guinea-Bissau, Major-General, Supreme Commander. Since 1981, general secretary of the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde. Vielgorsky (Velgorsky) Matthew Y. (1794-1866), Count, Russian cellist and musical figure. One of the founders of the Symphonic and Concert Society in St. Petersburg, as well as the founders and first directors of the Russian Musical Society. House of brothers Michael and Matthew Wielhorsky was an important center of musical life in the capital. Viera (Vieru) Grigore (b. 1935), the Moldovan poet. Collections of poetry, "Your name is" (1968), "About Love" (1975), "Green Leaf" (1976), poems and songs for children (collection "Bee", 1979, et al.). VIESITE (until 1917 the official name Weighs), city (1928) in Latvia, on the shore of the lake. Viesites, 30 km from the railway Art. Krustpils. 2.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Clothing industry. Vieta (Viet), François (1540-1603), French mathematician. Developed almost all elementary algebra. Known "Vieta formula" that give the relationship between roots and coefficients of the algebraic equation (see. Vieta theorem). Introduced a letter symbols for the coefficients in the equations. Vieta theorem established F. Vieta theorem: the sum of the roots of a quadratic equation is reduced to the coefficient of x, taken with the opposite sign, and the product - a free member. Vigee (Vigee) Claude (b. 1921), French poet, novelist, essayist, philosopher. Since 1943 in exile in the United States, since 1960 lives in Israel. Poems 1939-72 biennium. collected in the book "The Sun of the Sea" (1972). Author collections of essays "unquenchability Artists" (1960), "Winter Moon" (1970) and others. Vigee-Lebrun Elisabeth (1755-1842), French artist. Secular idealized portraits (Marie Antoinette et al.). Vizhnitsa, city (1940) in Ukraine, Chernivtsi region. Railway station. 5.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Woodworking Plant and others. Art crafts (wood processing, metal, carpet). Known from the context. 15 in. VISA (from Lat. Visus - seen, scanned), 1) the inscription on any document or act of certifying its authenticity or give it effect. 2) Official stamp in the passport for admission into the State, travel or leave. Byzantium, an ancient city on the European shore of the strait. Bosphorus. In 324-330 in its place founded Constantinople (Istanbul 1453). Byzantine law, the legal system of Byzantium (6-15 cc.), Which was based on the codification of Justinian. Characterized by the dualism of church and secular law (rules contained in their special collections - "Nomocanon"). Byzantine law was borrowed feudal rights in Armenia, Georgia, some European and Asian countries. BYZANTIUM (Eastern Roman Empire, the Byzantine Empire), the State 4-15 cc., Formed by the decay of the Roman Empire in its eastern part (the Balkan Peninsula, M. Asia, south-eastern Mediterranean). Capital - Constantinople. Population - the Greeks, Syrians, Copts, Armenians and others. The dominant language - Greek. In 4 - beg. 7 centuries. Byzantium began to develop feudalism (while maintaining up to 7 in. of slavery). Features Byzantine feudalism survived in the early Middle Ages the city as a center of crafts and trade; centralized state apparatus and the tax system; lack of social-estate exclusiveness of the ruling class, developed vassal-feudal system; the fragility of trade and craft corporations, rural communities, urban communities. The greatest territorial expansion reached Byzantium in the 6th. under Justinian I, becoming a Mediterranean mighty power. Conquest 7 - Ser. 9 centuries. Arabs, Slavs, Lombards reduced its territory mainly to the part of the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor. Capture in 1204 participants of the 4th crusade of Constantinople led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Latin Empire, the base, and not the Crusaders conquered territory - Greek states (Nicaea, Empire of Trebizond, Epirus State). The Byzantine Empire was restored in 1261. Michael VIII in 1453 Capture of Constantinople by the Turkish troops put an end to the Byzantine Empire. Vizbor Yuri I. (1934-84), a Russian poet and composer, journalist and screenwriter. One of the most prominent representatives of art song, song-maker genre of reportage. His songs are characterized by sincerity, melody ("My dear," "Dombay Waltz", "Mom, I want to go home", "Get up, graph ...", "volleyball Sretenke" et al.). Filmed in the movies. Movies: "The July rain" (1966), "Seventeen Moments of Spring" (TV movie, 1973), "Tenderness to Roaring Beast" (1980) and others. "VIZVOLENNYA VITCHIZNI" ("Fatherland Liberation"), an underground anti-fascist organization in the Great Patriotic War war in Ukraine, Lviv region. (1942-44). Operated in conjunction with the "National Guard". VISA Yul'evich Vladimir (1886-1954), the Russian scientist, Arctic explorer, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1933). Member of the expedition of Georgy Sedov (1912-1914), the expedition to the "Taimyr" (1921-22), "Malygina" (1924, 1928, 1931); scientific expedition leader on "Georgy Sedov" (1930), "Sibiryakov" (1932), "Fyodor Litke" (1943) and others. The author of works on oceanography, meteorology, ice cover of the Arctic seas and ice forecasts, the history of Arctic exploration. USSR State Prize (1946). VISA ISLAND, low-lying island in the Kara m., In the Russian Federation. 288 km2. Tundra vegetation. Opened in 1930 on an expedition "Georgy Sedov" and named for Vize, in 1924 theoretically predicted the existence of this island. Polar Station (1945). Wiesel (Wiesel) (Wiesel) Torsten Nils (b. 1924), American physician, neuroscientist. Born in Sweden in 1955 in the United States. Together with the DH Hubel revealed principles of information processing in neural structures of the brain that perceive external signals. Nobel Prize (1981, together with Hubel). Wiesel (Wiesel) Eli (b. 1928), American writer and public figure. Writes in French. Born in Romania; since 1956 living in the United States. In the novels ("A silent world", 1956, in Yiddish, autobiographical, "Beggar in Jerusalem", 1968; "The Gospel torn Jewish poet," 1980; "Twilight", 1987), marked by the influence of the Hasidic tradition and folklore, existentialism, one of the main themes - the genocide of the Jews during the 2nd world War ("Holocaust"), understanding of the spiritual essence of man, his ability to murder and moral opposition to the death. The Nobel Peace Prize (1986). Wieser (Wieser) Friedrich (1851-1926), an Austrian economist, a representative of the Austrian school. One of the authors of the marginal utility theory and the theory of imputation. VIZIGA, food treated spinal structures (chords) large (mostly sturgeon) fish (sturgeon, sturgeon, and others.). Viziga air-dried and woven into a bundle. Contains a glue-like substance used to prepare cooked pie filling, pies, pie and so on. Visigoths, see. Visigoths. VIZIR (it. Visier, from Lat. Viso - watch), 1) in the photo - optical system in Filming apparatus that serves to select the boundaries of rented space (framing). Similar optical system in the camera viewfinder is commonly called. 2) In geodesy, astronomy, military affairs - a device, a device for visual guidance goniometric, ranging or supervisory instrument at a certain point in space.
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