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Verger, grade high quality paper with water marks in the form of longitudinal and transverse lines. Chains, heavy iron chains, hoops, and so on. N., Worn on bare skin for evidence of devotion to God. Bronislaw Fortunatovich chains (1860-1925), a Russian physiologist, a disciple of Sechenov and Pavlov. Set the influence of oxygen in the blood's ability to bind carbon dioxide (Verigo effect). Proceedings in electrophysiology. Verismo (from Italian. Vero - true) the realistic trend in Italian literature (J. Verga, L. Capuano, G. Deledda), opera (Mascagni, Leoncavallo R., J.. Puccini), fine arts (sculptor V. Vela, the painter George. Pellizzi) con. 19 in., Which is close to naturalism; characteristic of interest in the life of the poor, especially the peasants, attention to the experiences of the characters, the sharp dramatic conflict, emphasized emotional style. Verikovskogo Mikhail Ivanovich (1896-1962), Ukrainian composer and conductor Honored Artist of Ukraine (1944). The first Ukrainian ballet - "Pan Kanev" (1931); cantatas, suites. Professor of the Kiev Conservatory (since 1946). Veríssimo (Verissimo) Eric (1905-75), the Brazilian writer. Socio-psychological novels ("scratch track," 1935), a historical film series "Time and Wind" (1949-62). In the novel "The Ambassador" (1965), "The Prisoner" (1967) exposes the US expansionist policy in Latin America and Asia. Grotesque novel "Incident at Antares" (1971) of modern life. His credentials (French. Lettre de creance), a document certifying the appointment of persons to diplomatic representatives in other countries; awarded inaugural head of a foreign state. VERIFICATION (from Lat. Verus - true and facio - do), check, empirical confirmation of theoretical propositions of science by comparing them with the observed objects, sense-data, experiment. The principle of verification (or verification) - one of the basic concepts of logical positivism. Bullion (German. Werk - product Blei - lead) (black lead), etc. doped with lead. Metals (mainly Cu, Sb; in an amount of 2-3%, at least 10%) - the product of melting of ores or agglomerates . Refining crude lead obtained pure lead. "Werkbund" (German. Werkbund - industrial union), the association of architects, artists and industrialists decorative art. German "Werkbund" was founded in 1907 in Munich, was abolished in 1933 by the Nazis, in 1947 re-established in Düsseldorf. Austrian "Werkbund" was founded in 1912 in Vienna. "Werkbund" contributed to the formation of reorganization design architecture and arts and crafts to modern industrial base. Vercors (Vercors) (pres. Name and fam. Jean Bryuller, Bruller) (1902-91), French writer. The story "The Silence of the Sea" (1942) and a book of memoirs, "The Battle of Silence" (1967) about the resistance movement; moral and philosophical issues in the novel "People or animals?" (1952). Social proverb "like brothers" (1973), the novel "A gentle crash" (1974), essays. Verlaine (Verlaine), Paul (1844-96), the French symbolist poet. Introduced in lyrical poetry complex world of feelings and emotions, to give a subtle musical verse (collections of "gallant celebration", 1869; "Romance without Words", 1874; "Wisdom", 1881). The book is a literary-critical articles "damned poets" (1884). Autobiographical "Confessions" (1895). Free verse, see. Free verse. Verlgofa DISEASE, same as thrombocytopenic purpura. Wehrmacht (German. Wehrmacht), the name of the armed forces of Nazi Germany in 1935-45. Vermeer Delft (Vermeer van Delft) Jan (1632-75), Dutch painter, worked in Delft. Small intimate scenes from the life of citizens ("The Girl with the letter", "glass of wine"), landscapes ("View of Delft", "lanes") are distinguished poetic perception of everyday life, the classical clarity of composition, richness and subtlety of color, lively vibration of light and air . VERMEHO see. Bermejo. Vermiculite group minerals subclass layered hydrous silicate with the approximate formula (Mg, Fe2 +, Fe3 +) 3 (OH) 2 [(Si, Al) 4O10] 4H2O. Impurities Ca, Ni. Golden-yellow or brown scaly aggregates, less crystals. The hardness of 1-1.5; the density of 2.4-2.7 g / cm3. When heated to 900-1000 ° C swells, increasing in volume by 20-30 times. Hydrothermal and supergene. Heat-insulating, sound-absorbing material, the filler lightweight concrete, etc.. VERMIPSILLEZY, invasive disease of animals caused by fleas - vermipsillami. Symptoms: itching, the formation of hairless areas of the skin, emaciation. VERMONT (Vermont), the state in the northeast United States. 24.9 thousand. Km2. The population of 576 thousand. People (1993). Adm. c. - Montpiler. VERN (Verne), Jules (1828-1905), French writer, one of the founders of the genre of science fiction. Author of numerous (approx. 70) sci-fi, adventure, geographical and socio-utopian works in Vol. H. Novel "From the Earth to the Moon" (1865), "Children of Captain Grant" (1867-68), "20,000 Leagues under the Sea "(1869-70)," The Mysterious Island "(1875). Some scientific ideas Verne were subsequently embodied in reality. Humanist writer, in many works (the novel "Lord of the World", 1904, and others.) Opposed the use of science for criminal purposes. Vernadsky (Shigaeva) Maria Nikolaevna (1831-60), the first Russian female political economist. Wife I. Vernadsky. Articles about the division of labor, taxes, on women's issues and education. VERNADSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (1863-1945), a Russian scientist, thinker and social activist. The founder of modern complex of Earth Sciences - Geochemistry, biogeochemistry, radiogeology, hydrogeology and others. The creator of many scientific schools. Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925; academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1912, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917), the first president of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1919). Professor at Moscow University (in 1898-1911), resigned in protest against the harassment of students. Vernadsky ideas played a prominent role in the development of modern scientific picture of the world. At the center of his scientific and philosophical interests - development of a holistic theory of the biosphere, living matter (organized earthly shell) and the evolution of the biosphere into the noosphere, in which the human mind and activities, scientific thought become a determining factor in the development, a powerful force, comparable in its impact on nature with geological processes. Vernadsky's doctrine about the relationship between nature and society had a strong influence on the formation of the modern environmental consciousness. Developed the tradition of Russian cosmism, based on the idea of internal unity of humanity and the cosmos. Vernadsky - one of the leaders of the liberal movement and Provincial Cadet Party (Constitutional-Democrats). Organizer and director of the Radium Institute (1922-39), Biogeochemical Laboratory (1928; now the Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences. Vernadsky). USSR State Prize (1943). VERNADSKY Ivan (1821-84), Russian economist, professor of Kiev and Moscow University (1846-56). Major works on political economy, the history of economic thought, statistics and customs and tariff policy. VERNADSKOGO MOUNTAINS, subglacial mountains in East. Antarctica, in the eastern part of Queen Maud Land. Length approx. 400 km, the height of St. 1600 meters above sea level. Ice cover over the mountains up to 1000 m. Opened in 1964 a Soviet expedition and named after VI Vernadsky. I'll be back (Vernet), a family of French painters of the 18-19 centuries .: 1) Claude Joseph (1714-89), author of seascapes. 2) Karl (1758-1836), cartoonist and painter of battle. 3) Horace (1789-1863), grand historical painter. WERNER (Werner) Abraham Gottlob (1749-1817), a German geologist and mineralogist, founder of scientific school. The classification of rocks and minerals. Founder neptunizma. WERNER (Werner), Alfred (1866-1919), a Swiss inorganic chemist, one of the founders of the chemistry of complex compounds. Author coordination theory of complex compounds (1891-93). Nobel Prize (1913). Wernigerode (Wernigerode), a city in Germany, Saxony-Anhalt. 35 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Electrical engineering, instrument-making, chemical industry. Half-timbered houses of 16-17 centuries. Climatic health resort in the foothills of the Harz. Wernicke Frenkel (b. 1920), the Russian pilot. Honored Test Pilot of the USSR (1960), Major General Aviation (1971), Hero of the Soviet Union (1944). Tests fighter jets on a corkscrew, heavy aircraft at critical flight regimes. The first to reach supersonic speed in level flight. VERNISAGE (fr. Vernissage, letters. - Varnished), the grand opening of the exhibition. The name comes from the custom cover picture varnish before the opening of the exhibition. True Sergey Nikolaevich (1910-82), the Russian physicist, academician of the USSR (1968), Hero of Socialist Labor (1980). Investigated the cosmic rays in the upper atmosphere and beyond. Member of the opening of the outer radiation belt of the Earth. Lenin Prize (1960), the USSR State Prize (1949). TRUE, the name of the city of Alma-Ata (now the capital of Kazakhstan) until 1921. Vernier, formerly known as vernier. VERONA (Verona), a city in the North. Italy, in the region. Venice, the administrative center prov. Verona. 259 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Transport hub on the outskirts of the Brenner Pass in the Alps. Metallurgy, chemical, light, woodworking, food industry. University. Romanesque church of San Zeno Maggiore (5-12 cc.) And Pallatstso del Comune (started in the 12th century.); Gothic Palazzo del Govern (12-13 cc.) and the Castle Castelvecchio (14 in.) from the bridge Scaligero. VERONESE (Veronese) (pres. The name of Cagliari, Caliari) Paolo (1528-88) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance. The representative of the Venetian school. Holidays, secular in spirit paintings, murals, paintings by Veronese different organic connection with architecture, scale composition, refinement silver color (frescoes Villa Barbaro at Maser-Volpi, c. 1561, "Marriage at Cana", 1563). VERONICA, a genus of plants (mostly grasses) figwort family. Ok. 250 species, mainly in temperate and cold zones of the northern hemisphere; St. 100 species on the territory of the Russian Federation, Wed. Asia and the Caucasus. Some types of decorative. Probability Theory, a branch of mathematics, which shows the probabilities of some random events are the probabilities of other events related in any way with first. Probability theory is also exploring the random variables and random processes. One of the main problems of the theory of probability is to clarify the laws arising from the interaction of a large number of random factors (see. Law of large numbers). The mathematical apparatus of the theory of probability is used in the study of mass phenomena in science and technology. Methods of probability theory plays an important role in the processing of statistical data. See. And Mathematical Statistics. Probabilistic automaton device (system), automatically change its state depending on the sequence of previous states and random inputs. Probabilistic automaton used in the simulation of complex processes, for example. automatic traffic control at an intersection of two streets. Stochastic processes, the same as a random process. Probably in math - numerical characteristic of the degree of possibility of occurrence of a random event under certain specific that can be repeated any number of times (see para. Probability theory). PROBABILITY OF THERMODYNAMIC number proportional to the number of physically distinct microscopic states, which can be implemented given the macroscopic state of the system. Eg., Gas state with a certain energy can be realized in many ways differing energy distribution between particles. Verrier (Verri) Pietro (1728-97) was an Italian educator. In the 60-80-ies. contributed to the anti-feudal reforms in Lombardy. The main work of "Reflections on political economy." Verrier, the name of Võru in Estonia until 1917. Verrocchio (Verrocchio) (pres. The name Di Michele Cioni, di Michele Cioni) Andrea del (1435 or 1436-88), Italian sculptor, painter, jeweler. The representative of the Florentine school of the early Renaissance. Combined with a refined realistic quest aristocracy (the statue "David", 1473-75, monument condottiere Colleoni in Venice, 1479-88, "Baptism of Christ", approx. 1470, in conjunction with the Leonardo da Vinci). Versailles (Versailles), a town in France, a suburb of Paris, the administrative center of the department of Yvelines. 95 thousand. Inhabitants (1982). In 1682-1789 the residence of French kings. The largest palace and park ensemble in the style of French classicism 17-18 centuries .: Palace (mostly 2nd floor. 17 in.), B. Trianon Palace (1687), regular park with swimming pools, fountains, sculptures; in the landscape park - Trianon Palace M. (1762-1764). Mechanical Engineering. The Treaty of Versailles in 1783, signed by the US and its allies - France, Spain, the Netherlands, on the one hand, and Britain - on the other; end the war for independence in North America 1775-83. Great Britain recognized the independence and sovereignty of the United States. The Treaty of Versailles in 1919, the treaty that ended the 1st World War. Signed at Versailles on June 28 by the victorious powers - the United States, the British Empire, France, Italy, Japan, Belgium and others. On the one hand, and a defeated Germany - on the other. Terms of the agreement were worked out at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-20. By the Treaty of Versailles Germany passed France Alsace and Lorraine (within 1870), Belgium - Eupen and Malmedy District, Poland - Poznan, part of Pomerania and others. Zap area. Prussia; city of Danzig (Gdansk) was declared a free city, city of Memel (Klaipeda) handed over to the victorious powers (in February 1923 attached to Lithuania). The question of the nationality of Schleswig, the southern part of eastern. Prussia and Upper Silesia had to be resolved by a plebiscite (the northern part of Schleswig moved to Denmark in 1920, part of Upper Silesia in 1922 - to Poland; al. Disputed territories remained in Germany). A small portion of Silesian territory retreated to Czechoslovakia. Native Polish lands - on the right bank of the Oder, Lower. Silesia, most of Upper Silesia and others. - Remained in Germany. Saarland passed for 15 years under the control of the League of Nations, and then his fate was to be decided by a plebiscite. Germany was obliged to respect the independence of Austria, recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia and Poland. The German part of the left bank of the Rhine and the right bank of the band width of 50 km subject to demilitarization. Germany's colonies were divided between the main victorious powers. Land army in Germany was limited to 100 thousand. Man installed as others. Limitations in armaments. Germany must pay reparations. An integral part of the Treaty of Versailles was the Covenant of the League of Nations. The US did not ratify the Treaty of Versailles and in August 1921 signed an agreement with Germany a special, almost identical to the Treaty of Versailles, but do not contain a clause of the League of Nations. Versailles name given to the Paris Commune in 1871 the government (headed by Thiers), settled in Versailles, and subordinate forces. With the help of the Prussian invaders Versailles brutally suppressed the Paris Commune. Versace (Versace) Gianni (b. 1946), the Italian fashion designer. Founded his own firm fashion (1978) and in the same year presented his menswear collection, which immediately became a success. Also created their own branded perfumes, accessories. Diversification (from Lat. Versus - verse and facio - do), the same as verse. VERSION (from Wed-century. Lat. Versio - turn), one explanation of any circumstances that fact. In the investigation of the criminal case one of the assumptions about the origin, nature and relationships on findings of fact. Miles, Russian measure of length equal to 500 fathoms (1.0668 km). To 20. there mezhevaya Milestone (1000 fathoms; 2.1336 km), is used to survey and determine the distances between settlements. Workbench (from it. Werkstatt - workshop), a desk with means for fastening objects to be treated, and in some cases also with power tools and others. Snap. Benches are metalwork, carpentry, saddlery, and so on. D. VERSTANIE in Russian State 16-17 centuries. enrollment nobles, knights and policemen Cossacks into military service with simultaneous appointment of a plot of land (estate) and cash salary. Composing sticks in printing - 1) device for manual dialing strings in the form of a metal plate with borders. In composing sticks inserted whitespace characters and stuff. 2) Node linotype, which forms a matrix-wedge line. WORKS in printing - 1) preparation of pages (bands) newspaper, magazine, book a certain size of the dialed string of titles, illustrations, and so on. N. In accordance with the layout or layout. 2) Impression (proofreading) with impose a set designed to correct errors. Verstovsky Aleksei Nikolaevich (1799-1862), Russian composer and theatrical figure. The representative of Romanticism in Russian music. Opera, in Vol. H. "Askold's Grave" (1835); songs, the ballad "The Black Shawl" (1823), and others. One of the founders of Russian opera-vaudeville ("Who's brother, who's sister", 1834, et al.). 35 years working in Moscow theaters, in Vol. H. Office manager of the Directorate of Moscow Imperial Theatres. VERT (Werth), Alexander (1901-69), British journalist and publicist. During the 2nd World War II correspondent for various British newspapers and the BBC BBC in the USSR. Major works: "Russia in the war. 1941-1945," "France. 1940-1955." Vertex (Lat. Vertex), the point of the celestial sphere, which are mainly aimed to residual (peculiar) own motion a set of stars. DEN 1) Cave; hiding place (obsolete.). 2) Where are going with criminal or other. Nefarious purposes stash. 3) People's Ukrainian puppet theater, became widespread in the 17-19 centuries. Dolls, reinforced with wire inside the 2-tiered box - den, driven by vertepschikom. Scenes from the Bible stories, satirical interludes were accompanied by music based on folk motifs. Den close Batleika Belarusian, Russian theater Petrushka. "VERTEPNIKI" circle commoners in Moscow in 1855-59 (PN Rybnikov, M. Ya Sviridenko, AA Kozlov et al.), The Democrats and the utopian socialists. Collapsed in connection with the expulsion Rybnikova and the establishment of police surveillance for the rest. VERTESHSELESH, parking initial Paleolithic approx. Budapest (Hungary). Remains of fires, animal bones, primitive stone flakes and pebble tools. Found fragments of human skull close Sinanthropus. VERTICAL (from Lat. Verticalis - steep), a large circle of the celestial sphere passing through the zenith and nadir. Vertically, containing the points east and west, called the first vertical. "Vertical", a series of geophysical single-stage liquid fuel rockets. Were created in the USSR and used since 1970 in the research program and use of outer space for peaceful purposes, in Vol. H., In collaboration with a number of others. Countries. "Vertical" have returned container equipment. The studies of the ionosphere, meteoric particles, radiation from the sun. Vertical concentration, the concentration in one company (association) complex of successive stages of production, from raw material extraction to the implementation of these products. One of the preparatory stages of integration of production. Vertical angles, see. Angle. Vertinsky Anastasia (b. 1944), the Russian actress, People's Artist of Russia (1988). Daughter AN Vertinsky. Since 1966 in the Moscow theater "Contemporary". In 1980-88 the Moscow Art Theatre. Game peculiar psychological subtlety, refinement plastic figure, polished form. Roles: Nina Nina ("Seagull") and HELENA ("Uncle Vanya") by Anton Chekhov, Prospero and Ariel ("The Tempest" by William Shakespeare), Elmira ("Tartuffe" by Moliere), and others. Filmed in the movies "Scarlet Sails "," War and Peace "," Anna Karenina "," Hamlet ", the television movie" Nameless Star "and others. In 1991 she founded the president of the Foundation for Russian actors. Periodically working abroad as a teacher and director. Wryneck, the bird family of woodpeckers. Length approx. 20 cm. It lives in the forests of Eurasia and North-West. Africa. Disturbed in the nest, Wryneck cranes, twirls it and hisses. Swivel, swivel section to connect the two parts of a mechanism to allow their relative rotations. Dziga Vertov (pres. Name and fam. Denis Abramovich Kaufman) (1895 / 96-1954), the Russian film director. One of the founders and theorists of documentary films. Movies: "Anniversary of the Revolution" (1918), "Kino-Pravda" (1922-1925, newsreel), "Kino-Eye" (1924), "Sixth of the World" (1926) and others. The film "Three Songs of Lenin" (1934) - in the genre shaped kinopublitsistiki. Helicopters, aircraft heavier than air with vertical takeoff and landing. Lift and propulsion forces are rotors. Distinguish helicopters with tail-screw (tail) screw; two- or mnogovintovye. Speed helicopter flight up to 350 km / h, capacity up to 40 tons (1984). Used for passenger and freight transport and special purposes (medical care, pest of crops, fire fighting, etc..), As well as in the armed forces for the transfer of airborne troops, troops and supplies and perform other. Combat missions. Helicopter single-rotor design was first built BN Yuriev in 1910-12. The first domestic helicopter TsAGI 1-EA was created in the beginning. 30s. The first domestic production helicopter - the Mi-1 Mil OKB (1948). Abroad helicopter called helicopter. Helicopter, surface warships - medium helicopters. Designed for amphibious landings and anti-submarine warfare. Antisubmarine helicopter carries up to 26 helicopters, landing - carries up to 2 thousand. Marines. Vertumnus (Vortumn) (lat. Vertumnus), in Roman mythology, the deity is obviously of Etruscan origin, whose name the Romans erected to the verb vertere (rotate) and regarded him as a god of the seasons. The husband of the goddess Pomona. Wertheimer (Wertheiter) Max (1880 - 1943), a German psychologist, co-founder and chief theorist of Gestalt psychology. Since 1933 in the US. Proceedings of the experimental research of perception of movement of productive thinking. Whirligig beetles, a family of beetles that live in fresh water. Length and 8 mm. St. 800 species, mainly in the tropics. Most of St. Vertyachek 20 species that live in our country belong to the genus of this vertyachek. Circling on the water surface. predators; useful, t. To. eat mosquito larvae. Werfel (Werfel), Franz (1890-1945), Austrian writer. Expressionist motifs (the lyrics) are replaced by social-critical tendencies: the novel "The Forty Days of Musa Dagh" (1934). The novel "The Song of Bernadette" (1941) and others. - Catholic orientation. Shipyard (from niderl. Werf), 1), the company for the construction of ships. 2) The room for the construction of airships. Verhaeren (Verhaeren) Emile (1855 -1916), the Belgian symbolist poet (French). In the lyrical trilogy (collections of "evening", 1888, "Crash", 1888, "Black Torches", 1891) - universal pessimism, despair, helplessness mind. In "Mad Village" (1893), "City-Octopus" (1895) - awareness of the destructiveness of modern civilization social contrasts (in Vol. H. City - village); and at the same time there is a major urbanism and socialist hope (play-utopia "Dawn", 1898). Social heroism and valor of creation (independent of political affiliation) are devoted to collections of "Violent force" (1902) and "Sovereign rhythms" (1910), in which modern life is revealed in the images of passion, lust updates invention protest proud consciousness of power. Philosophical ("Images of Life", 1899) and intimate ("The Hours", 1898-1902), the lyrics. Verkhnyaya hollow between Verkhnyaya and Severomuisk Mts., In Buryatia. St. length. 100 km. Width of 40 km. Height up to 800 m. P draining. Upper Angara. Meadow vegetation, larch, pine and birch forests. Verkhnyaya ridge to the north-east of the lake. Baikal. Length approx. 200 km. Height up to 2608 m. Upper Volga lakes, in the Valdai Upland., In the upper reaches of the Volga. The total area of 183 km2. With the construction of the dam in 1843 (Verhnevolzhskiy beyshlot) as part of the Upper Reservoir. In the backwater lakes are: Sterzh, Vselug, Peno, Volga (the largest - 61 km2). One of the first large reservoirs in Russia. Lake Superior iron ore district in the United States (Minn., Michigan, and Wisconsin). The main fields - in the vicinity of Mesabi. Metamorphosed deposits. Magnetite-hematite ore (taconite). Total reserves of approx. 8 billion. Tons of ore; Fe content in the 25-30% taconite; in weathered ores St. 50%. The main production center - Duluth. On the territory of items. Michigan is copper-bearing area (with reserves of approx. 9 million. Tonnes of copper); Regular production since 1854. Verhnedvinsk (until 1962 Driss), city (with 1777) in Belarus, Vitebsk., at p. Drissa. Railway station. 7.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Flax plant, food enterprises, arts factory. Known since the 14th century. VERHNEDZHULATSKOE settlement, the remains of the medieval Alani (10-15 cc.) In the city with. Elkhotovo in the North. Ossetia. Christian churches, mosques, public and residential buildings, cemeteries. Identified with the chronicles of Äåäßêèì. Verkhnedneprovsky, city (1956) in Ukraine, Dnipropetrovsk region., 13 km from the railway Art. Verhnedneprovsk. 20.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Machine-Building Plant and others. Founded in 1780. Lake Superior (Lake Superior), in the United States and Canada, the Great Lakes. The largest freshwater lake in the world. 82.4 thousand. Km2, depth up to 393 m. In the Lake stock. Huron along the river. St. Marys. National parks Isle Royale (USA), Pukaskwa National Park (Canada). The main ports of Duluth, Thunder Bay. VERHNEZEYSKAYA plains, in the North. Amur region, between the ridges and Tukuringra Dzhagdy the south and becomes hr. in the north. Length approx. 300 km. Height up to 500 m. Larch taiga and Mari. Verkhnekamsk potassium salts in the Russian Federation, Perm region. Developed since 1933. The area of 6.5 thousand. Km2. Industrial stocks of 3.8 billion. M (sylvinite, carnallite and others. Salt). The content of KCl grade 18-34%. Underground mining. Production centers - Solikamsk, Berezniki. The Upper Plateau, in the Magadan region. The height of 1300-2000 m. Along the river valleys and on the slopes of larch forests and thickets of dwarf Siberian pine; above - mountain tundra. Deposits of gold, tin. Mineral springs. Upper Rhine Plain, in Germany and France, between the Jura Mountains and the Rhenish Slate Mountains. Length approx. 300 km; on the Upper Rhine Plain flows p. Rhine. Cultivation of wheat, sugar beet; orchards, vineyards. Major cities: Strasbourg, Frankfurt, Mannheim. Upper Rhine potassium-bearing basin in the territory of France (mainly) and Germany. St. reserves. 300 million. T K2O with an average grade of 23%. Production center - Mulhouse (France). Upper Silesian - Ostrava-Karviná coal basin, in the Center. Europe, in Poland and the Czech Republic. Ok. 6,500 km2 (5,500 km2 of them - on the territory of Poland). Carboniferous coal-bearing deposits. Stocks of approx. 100 billion. M to a depth of 1000 m. Coals. Calorific value of 26-30 MJ / kg. Annual production by underground approx. 175 million. M, in Vol. H. 150 million. M. In Poland. The main production centers in Katowice (Poland), Ostrava (Czech Republic). Upper Silesian ore district, lead-zinc deposits in Poland (Katowice and Krakow province). Ok. 2000 km2. Reserves of Zn and Pb several million. M. The average content of Pb 1,2-1,5%, Zn 5-6%; valuable impurities Cd, Ag, Tl, Ge, Ga. VERHNETAZOVSKY Reserve, in the Russian Federation, and the Yamal-Nenets. o. Tyumen region. Founded in 1986. The area of 631.3 thousand. Ha. Indigenous taiga forests in the upper river. Taz. Brown bear, weasel, sable, capercaillie, black grouse. Trout spawning grounds, white salmon, whitefish. Verkhneudinsk, the name of the city of Ulan-Ude in 1783-1934. Verhneuralsk (until 1775 Verkhnejaitskaya fortress), city (with 1781) in the Russian Federation, Chelyabinsk Region., At p. Ural Mountains, 60 km from the railway Art. Magnitogorsk. 10.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food and timber industries. Museum. Founded in 1734. Thracian Plain, Bulgaria, and between Rhodope Mts. Sredna Gora. The length of 160 km; on the Thracian Plain flows p. Maritza. Cultivation of wheat, vegetables; orchards, vineyards. On the Thracian Plain - the city of Plovdiv, Stara Zagora, Dimitrovgrad. UPPER Baskunchak, urban village in the Russian Federation, Astrakhan region. Railway junction. 9.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Removal of salt produced in the lake. Baskunchak. UPPER ENISEY (Ulug-Khem), the name of p. Yenisei within Tuva. UPPER Tagil city (since 1960) in the Russian Federation, Ekaterinburg region. Railway station. 13.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). TPP. Furniture factory, production of building materials and others. It was founded in 1716.
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