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Vienna Award in 1938 and in 1940 the governments of Germany and Italy on the transfer of Hungary: on the 1st Vienna Award - the southern regions of Slovakia and Transcarpathian Ukraine from Czechoslovakia (November 1938); the 2nd Vienna Award - North. Transylvania from Romania (August 1940). Eliminated as a result of the defeat of the fascist aggressors in the 2nd World War. VIENNA INTERNATIONAL, see. "Internationale a 2 1/2-th". The Congress of Vienna of 1814-15, (September 1814 - June 1815), the Congress of the European states (except Turkey); end the war coalition of European powers against Napoleon I. Contracts aimed at restoring the feudal system and the satisfaction of the territorial claims of the victorious powers, secured political fragmentation of Germany and Italy; Duchy of Warsaw is divided between Russia, Prussia and Austria. France is deprived of his conquests. In September 1815 the decision of the Vienna Congress supplemented by an act of the creation of the Holy soyuza.VENSKY Congress (November 1, 1814 - June 9, 1815), convened on the initiative of Great Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia after the Napoleonic wars to restore the monarchy in France and fixing new boundaries in Europe. Interests of the participants of the Congress of Paris the world, signed May 30, 1814 between France and countries participating in the 6th anti-French coalition, called for the convening of the Congress of Vienna in all European countries (excluding Turkey). Its task was the restoration of the principles of government (that existed in Europe before the French Revolution), restoration of deposed Napoleon I dynasties, a system of guarantees against his return to power, and the redistribution of territories in Europe and the colonies in the interests of the victorious countries. Preliminary arrangements initiators Congress included addressing the major issues in a narrow range, followed by advice of France and Spain. However, French diplomacy could play on the contradictions between the Allies allowed France to participate in the negotiations on a par with the victor countries. Each of the parties pursuing their own goals at the congress. Prussia hoped to gain the left bank of the Rhine and Saxony. Russia was ready to support her, hoping to turn the lands of the Duchy of Warsaw. England, Austria and France have resisted such an increase in Prussia and Russia. Austria has sought to consolidate its hegemony in Germany, while maintaining the independence of Saxony as a buffer state; Britain intended to retain the captured its French and Dutch colonies. January 3, 1815, these powers have entered into a secret agreement, the purpose of which was to prevent the accession of Saxony by Prussia and Poland to Russia. Progress in Congress for the Congress in Vienna was attended by Emperor 2, 4 Kings, 2 Crown Prince, Grand Duchess of 3, 215 representatives of the princely houses, as well as the cream of European diplomacy. Russia was represented at the Congress of the Emperor Alexander I and diplomats of the Andes. K. Razumovsky, Nesselrode, GO Stackelberg; Prussia - King Friedrich Wilhelm II, Chancellor KA Hardenberg and ambassador to Vienna, the famous scientist F. von Humboldt; Austria - Emperor Franz I and the de facto head of the Austrian government K. Metternich; England - Secretary of State RG Stewart, Viscount Castlereagh, and later - Field Marshal A. and R. W. Wellington Poer Count Klankarti. The head of French diplomacy at the Congress was S. M. Talleyrand. Representatives powers began to arrive in Vienna in the summer of 1814. The start of the official work of the Congress long delayed due to a complicated intrigue and political struggle. Finally managed to work out a declaration on which the opening of the congress scheduled for November 1st. By this time the negotiations of the parties were already in full swing, and the formal opening ceremony did not happen. All issues were discussed at the meetings of the five powers, informal receptions, as well as ad hoc committees and committees: the Committee on the Italian issues; in the German Committee; Committee on the Affairs of the Swiss; in commissions on freedom of navigation on the abolition of the slave trade, the statistical et al. Flight of Napoleon from Elba and his attempt to return to power in the "hundred days" brought together members of Congress. Taking possession of the text of the secret treaty of January 3, 1815 Napoleon sent his Russian Emperor, hoping thereby to split the ranks of their enemies. Despite this, Russia took part in the 7th anti-French coalition formed in Vienna on March 13, 1815. The Final Act of the Congress of Vienna Concluding Document of the Congress - "Final Act" was signed by Austria, England, Prussia, Russia, France and Switzerland June 9, 1815, a few days before the defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo and his abdication. Over the next 5 years to this treatise joined 33 European states, the last of which was Bayern (May 1820). The act consisted of 121 articles. He called for the restoration of the Bourbons in the person of Louis XVIII, depriving France of its capital and strengthening its neighbors: Switzerland expanded its land and received a strategically important Alpine passes; Italy was fragmented into a number of individual states; restored Kingdom of Sardinia, which returns the Savoy and Nice and gave Genoa; Austria has established his authority over Northern Italy and received a predominant influence in the German Confederation. By pulling back Russian land Duchy of Warsaw, excluding Krakow, which was given the status of "free city" and eastern Galicia, attached to Austria. Prussia received Nordsachsen, the left bank of the Rhine, most of Westphalia, Swedish Pomerania and the island of Rügen. Holland and Belgium formed Kingdom of the Netherlands. Sweden received the territory of Norway. England reserves the former colonies of the Netherlands and France. In addition to the articles included in the Final Act of the 17 applications, in Vol. H. Agreement on the division of Poland, the declaration on the abolition of slave trade, navigation rules on border and international rivers, the position of diplomatic agents act on the constitution of the German Confederation, and others. The Congress of Vienna for the first time developed a system of agreements, regulate international relations and secured new frontiers across Europe. This was followed by the creation of "Holy Alliance" and the Quadruple Alliance Russia, England, Austria and Prussia, to consolidate this balance of power until the middle of the 19th v.Literatura: Narochnitsky AL International Relations European countries from 1794 to 1830. M. 1946.Zak LA monarchy against the people. M., 1966.Zieseniss Ch. O. Le congres de Vienne et I'Europe des princes. Paris, 1984.Hundt M. von. Lubeck auf dem Wiener Kongress. Lubeck, 1991.Ferrero G. Talleyrand a Vienne: 1814-1815. Paris, 1996.N. Yu Plavinskaya Vienna Circle, philosophical circle, to develop a framework of logical positivism. Was formed in 1922 around the Austrian physicist M. Schlick; the main participants - O. Neurath, Carnap, Frank F., K. Godel, H. Reichenbach. The central idea - the reduction of philosophical problems to a logical analysis of the language of science, is connected to the principle of verification. Collapsed in the beginning. 2nd World War. Vienna Woods (Wienerwald), eastern spur. Alps, near Vienna. Height up to 890 m (Mt. Shenfl). Oak and beech forests. Resting place. VIENNA WORLD 1809 cm. Schönbrunn world 1809. VIENNA WORLD 1864 completed the Danish war of 1864. VIENNA WORLD 1866 completed the First Italian War of Independence 1866. VIENNA Union Treaty between Austria, Venice and Russia (Vienna, February 8, 1697) on the offensive alliance against Turkey and the Crimean Khanate. After the conclusion of Austria in 1698, and then Venice separate peace with Turkey in fact has become invalid. University of Vienna, Austria, was founded in 1365. In 1990 St. 70 thousand. Students. Venstre (Norw. "Venstre" - "Left"), a political party in Norway. Founded in 1884. The founder - J. Sverdrup. Venta (Venta) (Venta), a river in Lithuania and Latvia. 346 km, the basin area of 11.8 thousand. Km2. The average water flow of 95 m3 / s. Flows into the Baltic m. The river is navigable from the town Piltene. In the mouth - Ventspils. Venter (trammel), shutters fishing gear such as traps. Used in rivers, lakes and coastal fisheries. VALVE (from it. Ventil - valve), in music - a mechanism for changing the length of the barrel Brass instrument. To retrieve the chromatic scale on instruments with Harmonic series. VALVE PIPELINE device for controlling (automatically or manually), the flow of liquid or gas in pipelines. ELECTRIC VALVE name electrical appliances having unilateral conductivity: high - for the current one (forward) direction and low - for the currents of the opposite (reverse) direction. Examples of electric valves: diodes, mercury valves, thyristors. Electrical valves are used for rectifying the alternating current electrical switching circuits, signal conversion and others. Purpose. Rectifier drives, the drive in which the regulation of the operation of the motor is made by means of controlled rectifier converters: rectifier, inverter, DC regulator. FAN (from Lat. Ventilo - veyu, Mahal), the air supply unit or others. Pressurized gas typically up to 0.15 MPa (for ventilation of premises, transportation fuel mixture through pipelines and so on. D.). Distinguish centrifugal and axial fans. Ventilation (from Lat. Ventilatio - airing), adjustable ventilation in rooms, friendly person; a set of technical means providing the breathability. Ventral (from the Latin. Venter - stomach, belly), in anatomy - abdominal, for example. ventral root of spinal nerve. Avg. Dorsal. Ventspils (Ventspils) (until 1917 the official name Vindava), city (from 1378) in Latvia, a port on the Baltic m. Railway station. 50.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Center fishing and woodworking industry. Production of mineral fertilizers, building materials; sewing factory, fans. Museum of the History of marine fisheries. Order Castle (completed in 1290). Known since 1242. VENTURI (Venturi) Giovanni Battista (1746-1822), an Italian scientist. Proceedings on hydraulics, irrigation, theory of light, optics. In 1797 published a paper about the expiration of water through a short cylindrical and divergent nozzle (Venturi nozzle). In 1798 made a proposal on the introduction of the decimal system of weights and measures in Italy. VENTURI (Venturi) Robert Charles (p .1925), American architect and art theorist. Engaged in the construction of large-scale residential complexes and private residences. Venturi book "Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture" (1967) and "Learning from Las Vegas" (1972) laid the theoretical foundation of postmodernism in architecture. Wentzel Konstantin Nikolaevich (1857-1947), a Russian teacher, theorist and advocate of free education. From the beginning. 20-ies. moved away from teaching. Venules, the smallest veins, formed by the confluence of the capillaries; combine to give rise to larger veins. Vienuolis (Vienuolis) (pres. Fam. Zhukauskas) Antanas (1882-1957), a Lithuanian writer, People's Writer of Lithuania (1957). Member of the Revolution of 1905-07. Stories, novels, plays, historical novel "Crossroads" (1932) about the struggle of Lithuanians with the Crusaders: a novel "Puodzhyunasov Manor" (1949) about the social contradictions in the Lithuanian countryside 20-30th. 20 in. Crowned Pigeon, the genus of birds of the family of pigeons. The largest of modern pigeons (length 89 cm). 3 species of forests. New. Guinea and adjacent islands. Crowned Crane, Gruiformes bird detachment. On the head beam of golden-yellow feathers. The length of 1 m. In Africa, on the banks of rivers and lakes. Leads a sedentary lifestyle and a semi. Kept in large flocks, 2 eggs per clutch. It feeds mainly on small amphibians, snails, insects, worms and seeds and green parts of plants. Unlike other cranes often rests and even spend the night in the trees. Tolerates captivity and is often found in parks as decorative bird. Ventslova (Venclova) Antanas (1906-71), a Lithuanian writer, People's Writer of Lithuania (1965), statesman. Collection of poems, "The Call of the Motherland" (1943), "Favorites" (1951, USSR State Prize, 1952); novel "Birthday" (1959) on the establishment of Soviet power in Lithuania in 1940. The autobiographical story (the trilogy, 1964-69). Commissar of Education of Lithuania in 1940-43. Ventslova (Venclova), Thomas (b. 1937), Lithuanian poet. Human rights activist. Since the 1970s. in exile in the United States. Translator IA Brodsky, author of numerous works about him. Wentz, misty light ring around the disk of the sun or the moon, surrounded by one or more of the rainbow rings; due to the diffraction of light in drops of thin clouds. WEDDING, Christian rite of laying crown (crown) on the heads of the faithful when they come into the church marriage and coronation of monarchs (coronation). Whisk in botany - the inner part of the double perianth consisting of separate or fused petals. Often brightly colored. Protects the stamens and pistils, sometimes allocates nectar attracts pollinators (insects, birds). Important morphological characters in the taxonomy of plants. VIENNA (Lat., U h. Vena), the blood vessels that carry carbonation (venous) blood from the organs and tissues to the heart (except pulmonary and umbilical veins that carry arterial blood). Venyukov Mikhail Ivanovich (1832-1901), a Russian scientist and publicist, Major-General. Traveled to the Far East, Japan, China, Wed. Asia, the Caucasus, and others. Works on geography, ethnography, history, etc. Mystery correspondent of "The Bells"; In 1877 he emigrated to and actively participated in the free Russian press. Wieniawski (Wieniawski) Henrik (1835-1880), a Polish violinist and composer. Performed since 1848 as a soloist and in ensemble. The representative of the romantic Performing Arts. Enriched the violin repertoire (polonaises, mazurkas, and others.). Professor Conservatory in St. Petersburg (1862-68) and Brussels. International Music Competition. Wieniawski (violin, from 1935 - in Warsaw, in 1952 resumed in Poznan, 1957 - violinists, composers and violin makers, ibid). Boar, wild boar old Russian name. Veps Hills, north-west of the European part of Russia, to the south of Lake Onega. Height up to 304 m. Hilly moraine topography; many lakes. Vepsian language Vepsians, belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages (Baltic-Finnish branch). Established in the 1930s. Writing did not gain; with con. 1980s. developed a new alphabet. Vepsians (veps, vepsya, self - bepsya), the people in St. Petersburg and Vologda region. and Karelia. 13 thous. People (1992). Language Veppsian. Believers Vepsians - Orthodox. Faith (Pistis) Rome (d. C. 137), 12-year-old maiden, the Christian martyr damaged in persecution of the Emperor Hadrian; one of the three daughters (along with hope and love) St. Sophia of Rome. Memory in the Orthodox Church 17 (30) September in the Catholic 1 August and 30 September. Veracruz, a city and port in Mexico, Mexico Hall. 439 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Metallurgy, shipbuilding, car assembly, oil refining and petrochemical, tobacco, textile industry. Sea Resort. Tourism. Architectural monuments of 16-18 centuries. Founded in 1519. Veracruz (Veracruz), the state in the southeast of Mexico. The area of 71.7 thousand. Km2. The population of 6.2 million. People (1990). Adm. c. - Jalapa. VERAS D'ALLE (Vairasse d'Allais) Denis (c. 1630 - c. 1700), French writer. Utopian novel "History sevarambov" - the connecting link between the utopias of the Renaissance and the social ideas of the Enlightenment. WILLOW, types of trees or shrubs kind of willow. NOTE VERBALE (from Lat. Verbalis - verbal), a diplomatic document, the form of diplomatic correspondence on current issues; usually comes from the embassy, mission or the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and is signed and sealed only. Verbier, genus of herbs and dwarf shrubs of the family Verbenaceae. St. 200 species, mainly in the tropics and subtropics of America: 7 species grow on the territory of Ukraine and Belarus, the Russian Far East, Wed. Asia. Many decorative. Lemon verbena is also known as one of the types of Lippe. VERBETSI (Werboczy) Istvan (c. 1458-1541), a Hungarian lawyer, diplomat; up (1498) Tripartitum. Verbilki, urban-type settlement in the Russian Federation, Moscow region., At p. Dubna. Railway station. 8.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Dmitrov Porcelain Factory (founded in 1756). Snakefly, order of insects. The length of 15-20 mm. Prothorax stretched and curved like the neck of a camel (hence the name). Ok. 100 species in the Northern Hemisphere; everywhere not too numerous. Predators destroy herbivorous insects, mostly larvae of bark beetles. Camel, livestock industry. Developed in desert, semi-desert and dry steppes; most commonly in Africa. In the republics Avg. Asia and Kazakhstan three breeds are bred Bactrian camels (Kalmyk, Kazakh and Mongolian) and one single-humped (arvana). Camelids, the family of cloven-hoofed animals squad camelids. Come from the North. America and spread from there to the South. America and Eastern Hemisphere. 2 kinds of camels and llamas. Camel, born cloven-hoofed animals of the family Camelidae. Length up to 3.6 m. 2 types: dromedary (humped) and Bactrian (two-humped). In the wild Bactrian preserved. Domesticated: pack, draft animals; used milk, meat and wool. Camel thorn, born dwarf shrubs and perennial grasses legumes. 7 species, mainly in the deserts and semi-deserts of Eurasia and North. Africa; 5 of them grow in the lower reaches of the Volga and the Don, in Wed. Asia, Zap. Siberia, the Caucasus. Eaten by camels. In crops - weed. Is used for fuel. Honey. Palm Sunday, one of the great feasts. RECRUITMENT (Ger. Werbung), hiring people for military service. Was widespread in the West. Europe in 15-18 centuries. In Russia restrictions apply to 18 in. In many modern states armed forces are equipped with fully or partially employed. Verbunkos (Hung. Verbunkos, from it. Werbung - recruitment), the Hungarian dance music genre that emerged in the 2nd floor. 18 in., And the style of the Hungarian instrumental music con. 18 - early. 19th centuries. At the heart of Verbunkos - male dance verbunk and appears the czardas. Sample Verbunkos - "Rákóczi March". Verbunkos style is reflected in the works of Franz Liszt, F. Erkel, Bartók, Kodály Z.. Werewolf (It. The Wolfman), the lowest in the German mythology a werewolf, a man can turn into a wolf. Verviers, the name of the community in Other. Russia and South Slavs. Verga (Verga), Giovanni (1840-1922) was an Italian writer; Head of verismo. Revolutionary-romantic ("lagoons", 1863), sentimental ("Eve", 1873) novels. The story "Nedda" (1874), the novel "Family Malavolya" (1881), "Master, Don Gesualdo" (1889), short stories (in Vol. H. "Cavalleria Rusticana", 1884; the opera by Mascagni) - about the difficult life Sicilian peasants. VERGELANN (Wergeland) Henrik Arnold (1808-45), the Norwegian romantic poet and social activist. Ideologist peasant democracy. Liroepicheskaya poem "The Universe, the man and the Messiah" (1830), socio-philosophical and intimate lyrics. Vergelis Aron Alterovich (b. 1918), a Jewish poet (Russian). Wrote in Yiddish. Collections of poetry: "At the Spring" (1940), "Second Meeting" (1961), "A to Z" (1970), "Favorites" (1978); poem, a book of essays "16 countries, including Monaco" (1979), the novel "Time" (1974-75). Blood money in the Germanic barbarian truths monetary compensation for the murder of a free man. Gradually superseded vendetta. Dr. blood money. Russia - Veera. Virgil, see. Pleiades. Virgil (Vergilius) Maron Publius (70-19 BC. E.), Roman poet. Collection "Bucolics" ("Pastoral songs", 42-38 BC. E.), A didactic poem "Georgics" ("Poem of agriculture", 36-29); heroic epic "Aeneid" of the wanderings of the Trojan Aeneas (Roman parallels ancient epic) - top Roman classical poetry. Epicurean and idyllic motifs combined with an interest in political issues, idealized Roman Empire. Virgil Polidori, see. Polydor Virgil. Verdaguer (Verdaguer) Jacinto (1845-1902), Catalan poet, priest. Defrocked as a heretic. Author of mystical poems and lyrics in the spirit of folk songs (collections of "Montserrat", 1880, "Flowers at Crucifixion", 1896), the heroic epics "Atlantis" (1876) and "Canigó" (1886). Verdi (Verdun), the city and fortress (17 in.) In France, p. Meuse (Maas). 27 thousand. Inhabitants (1982). In the 1st World War in Verdun area heavy fighting took place. Verdun operations 21.2-18.12.1916, during the 1st World War II, the 5th German army tried to break through the front of the French troops in the area of Verdun, but met stiff resistance. In the long fierce fighting, both sides suffered huge losses. In December 1916, French troops largely restored polozhenie.VERDENSKAYa OPERATION (February 21 - 18 December 1916), the fighting between the German and French troops in the area of Verdun during the 1st World War. The basis of the operations of the German armies in 1916 he was put to a plan that was scheduled to direct the main effort against France. But the lack of power made it impossible to take command of the German general operation of the entire front. German General Staff decided to strike a powerful blow to the Verdun fortified area, which has been a mainstay of the eastern wing of the front. Loss of Verdun would violate the entire system of the French defense and opened the way for Parizhu.Boevye actions in the area of Verdun began on 21 February. The German command intended to take the fortified area of accelerated attack. To do this on a narrow sector of the front was deployed six and a half German divisions against two French, which created superiority in infantry in three, and artillery - nearly four times. During the first five days of the offensive, German troops advanced on 5-6 km, captured several positions, but completely break through the defense of the French troops could not. Both sides suffered huge losses. French command using vehicles quickly moved reserves from other areas under Verdun. From February 27 to March 6, on the highway from Bar-le-Duc to Verdun, later called "sacred path", were transferred 190 thousand. Soldiers and more than 25 thousand. Tons of military cargo. By the end of March, the balance of power has changed in favor of the French. It became obvious that the German plan sudden capture Verdun Verdun provalilsya.Na move operation was greatly influenced by concerted actions of the armed forces of the Entente in other theaters of the 1st World War. Substantial assistance was provided to the French forces in the onset of the Russian armies in March near Dvinsk, the lake Naroch. In the battle for Verdun lull that was used by the French to strengthen defense. In August, an initiative of Verdun was transferred to the French. Their success helped ambitious offensive operations conducted in the summer of 1916. The Allies successful Russian offensive in early June in the South-Western Front under the command of General AA Brusilov (see. Southwestern Front offensive), the active Anglo-French forces in July not the Somme, the French counterattacks in August forced the German command to go to the defense of Verdun. In October-December, the French launched a series of counterattacks and threw the enemy back to their original positions. By late December, French troops reached the line, which is held prior to the start of the battle. Verdun operation, which lasted about 10 months, was completed. This was the largest operation of the 1st World War. Losses on both sides were about 1 million. People (so the operation was called "Verdun grinder"). References: Zaionchkovskii AM World War 1914-1918. M., 1938. T. 2.Popov VT battle for Verdun. M., 1939.Chandler D. The Art of Warfare. London, 1974.Istoriya First World War 1914-1918. M., 1975. T. 2.A PA Zhilin Treaty of Verdun 843, the partition of Charlemagne's empire between his grandchildren - Lothar (received in Italy and the land along the Rhine and the Rhone - subsequently Lorraine), Charles the Bald (land to the west of the Rhine) and Louis the German (the land east of the Rhine ). Concluded in Verdun. VERDZHINEL (Eng. Virginal), a musical instrument, a kind of small harpsichord. Was distributed in the 16-17 centuries. in the Netherlands and England. VERDI (Verdi), Giuseppe (1813-1901), Italian composer. Master opera genre, created the highest examples of psychological musical drama. Opera "Rigoletto" (1851), "Il Trovatore", "La Traviata" (both 1853), "A Masked Ball" (1859), "The Force of Destiny" (for the St. Petersburg Theater, 1861), "Don Carlos" (1867) "Aida" (1870), "Othello" (1886), "Falstaff" (1892); Requiem (1874). Since 1961 in Busseto (birthplace of Verdi) - Vocal Competition "Verdi Voices". VERDICT (from Lat. Vere dictum - said the truth), in a criminal trial jury decision about the guilt or innocence of the defendant. Grigory Gurevich ROPE (1895-1964), Ukrainian composer and choral conductor, People's Artist of Ukraine (1960). Organizer and head of the Ukrainian State Folk Choir (from 1965 his name). Professor of the Kiev Conservatory (since 1947). USSR State Prize (1948). Verevkina Mikhail Ivanovich (1732-95), Russian playwright, translator, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1782). Comedy "as it should" (1773), "Birthdays" (1774), "hair's breadth" (1785). Verey George S. (1886-1962), the Russian schedule, People's Artist of Russia (1962), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1949). Master vivid characterization graphic portrait, scenery (lithography, etching, drawing). USSR State Prize (1946). Verey Orest G. (1915-93), the Russian schedule, People's Artist of the USSR (1983), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1983). Son GS Verey. Illustrations to the Tvardovskii, MA Sholokhov, easel series. USSR State Prize (1978). Verey-Belozersk principality, with the Grand Duchy of Moscow in 1432-86. VERELSKY WORLD completed Russian-Swedish war of 1788-90 (03/08/1790, Vairelles now Vyaryalya in Finland). Not made territorial changes. VERENIGING (Vereeniging), a city in South Africa, see. Vereeniging. Veresaev (pres. Fam. Smidovich) Vikentiy (1867-1945), Russian writer. Story about the quest for intellectuals at the turn of 19-20 centuries .: "No way" (1895), "Notes of a Doctor" (1901). Critical and philosophical works of Fyodor Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy. Documentaries about AS Pushkin ("Pushkin in life," 1926-27; "Satellites Pushkin", 1936-37), Nikolai Gogol. USSR State Prize (1943). Veresaev Ostap Nikititch (1803-90), Ukrainian Shevchenko. He has given concerts at the Archaeological Congress in Kyiv (1874), St. Petersburg (1875). Heather genus of shrubs of the family Ericaceae. 1 species in Eurasia, North. Africa, America. Honey, ornamental plant. Sometimes called heather species of the genus Erica. Heather, family evergreens class of bipartite; shrubs, rarely shrubs, vines and trees. St. 3 thousand. Species (approx. 100 deliveries) in both hemispheres; St. 50 species (20 genera) in the Baltic region, Siberia, Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Far East, from the tundra to the subtropics, with the exception of arid steppes and deserts. By heather include heather, rosemary, bearberry, rhododendron and others. Many heath decorative. Anguis, the family of lizards. Length 1.2 m. Some feet are small or absent (serpentine body, eg. In glass-lizard). Ok. 80 species, mainly in the South. and the Centre. America. Anguis fragilis (length 60 cm) - in Eurasia. Godwits Vasily Ivanovich (1880-1942), Russian historian, archivist, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Proceedings on Diplomatique and the history of public institutions in Russia 18. Spindles for spinning device (hand or machine) - rod for winding yarn, roving or yarn (in the machine spinning on the spindle is worn cartridge spool, coil and so on. D.). The main working body of roving, spinning, twisting and others. Machines. Spindle, in biology - a system of microtubules in dividing cells, providing a discrepancy and strictly identical (during mitosis) distribution of chromosomes between daughter cells. Spindles (partnership), the local name (in the central and northern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation and South West. Siberia) elevated dry ridges in the swamps, floodplains, coastal lowlands. Veres (Veres) Peter (1897-1970), a Hungarian writer. Stories, story "bad year" (1942), a trilogy "Family History Balog" (1950-57) of the poor peasants. Vörösmarty Mihály (1800-1855), a Hungarian romantic poet. Supporter L. Kossuth during the Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary. Epic poem "The Flight of the Hall" (1825), the play-tale "Csongor and Tünde" (1831), the drama "Blood Wedding" (1833), poems. Vasily Vereshchagin (1842-1904), a Russian painter. Was close to the Wanderers. The veracity of battle paintings on the theme of war in Turkestan (1871-74), the Patriotic War of 1812 (1887-1904) showed the masses as the main force of military events, from a democratic point denounced wars of conquest. Died in the explosion of the battleship "Petropavlovsk" in Port Arture.VERESchAGIN Vasily [14 (26) October 1842, Cherepovets - 31 March (13 April), 1904 Port Arthur, now Lyuyshan] Russian artist. The largest master battle genre in Russian painting 19 v.Gody teachings Coming from a family of the landowner, in 1850-60 he studied at the St. Petersburg Cadet Corps, graduating with the rank of naval midshipman. Swam in 1858-59 on the frigate "Kamchatka" and other ships in Denmark, France, England. Abandoning a career naval officer, in 1860 he entered the St. Petersburg Academy of Arts, but unsatisfied conservative system of teaching, left her in 1863. Arriving in Paris in 1864, on the advice of J.-L. Jerome, visiting his studio at the School of Fine Arts. With great sympathy with the Peredvizhniki, participating in their ekspozitsiyah.Puteshestviya tireless traveler, Vereshchagin went to Russia, the Caucasus, the Crimea, on the Danube, in the West. Europe, twice visited Turkestan (1867-68, 1869-70); participating in the colonial campaigns of the Russian troops, has twice been in India (1874-76, 1882). In 1877-78 participated in the Russian-Turkish war in the Balkans, in 1884 visited Syria and Palestine in 1888-89 (and also 1902), the United States, in 1901 - the Philippines, in 1902 - Cuba, 1903 - Japan. Travel impressions formed the basis of countless sketches and paintings, which were composed in Vereshchagin usually in large cycles. "Turkestan series" landscapes and genre paintings of the artist's inherent accuracy of ethnographic observations, romantic enthusiasm for the diverse beauty of the universe and life of its peoples. In contrast, the battle compositions are distinguished by their hard Vereshchagin critical realism, which corresponds to the general trend of iso-art 2nd half of the 19th c., Which is all the more decisive moves from bravura, klassitsistsko-romantic "Triumph of winners" in a frank manner naturalistically tragic "wrong side of the war." The famous "Turkestan series" Vereshchagin (1869-73), as a picturesque chronicle of the Russian conquest of Central Asia, is not without raising imperial ambitions (especially that the artist would not mind to emphasize Russian valor and, on the contrary, "barbarism" and "sadistic cruelty" the enemy); but on the whole picture, their very yellowish-brown color, absorbed the breath of the desert, are imbued with a sense of hopelessness and impermanence. Famous painting series, "The Apotheosis of War" (1870-71, Tretyakov Gallery), - with a pile of skulls on the background of the desert, barren horizons - provided eloquent inscription on the frame: "Dedicated to all the great conquerors: past, present and future." "The Indian "and" Balkan "series followed by a trip to India Vereshchagin (mostly in 1876) creates an" Indian series "- with colorful ethnographic motifs, as well as revelatory (in the context of Russian-British geopolitical rivalry) subjects of English colonial expansion. In 1878-80 spelled "Balkan series" dedicated to the Russian-Turkish war. Sympathy for the Bulgarian people suffering under the yoke of the Ottoman Empire, do not interfere with the artist depicts the battlefield without any heroic and pathetic gloss, in all their deadly terror. A particularly strong impression on his contemporaries made painting "losers. Requiem" (1878-79, ibid), where under the cloudy sky stretches the whole field of corpses, sprinkled with a thin layer of the earth. "Napoleon in Russia" From the next series of the artist's most popular enjoyed the cycle "Napoleon in Russia "(1899-1900), on the theme of the war of 1812, where, despite the high skill of directing the picture, the top still take bravura effects of a kind of" historical opera ". In the 1880s. Vereshchagin repeatedly turned to evangelical motives and treating them with brutal naturalism, ignoring all the usual canons (paintings on the theme of Calvary) .Obschestvenny resonance in 1870-90-ies. Vereshchagin exhibitions in Russia and abroad cause rapid public response. For a certain period it becomes the most popular Russian artist abroad, providing great influence on the development of the international peace movement. In Russia about him rave such outstanding representatives of the liberal intelligentsia, as a critic Vladimir Stasov and writer VM Garshin. The latter is in his image formidable prophecy, believing that depicted herein horrors "vspomyanutsya through many years / the day of terrible misfortunes!" ("The first exhibition of paintings Vereshchagin," 1874) .Ostro feeling his temperament artist publicist intense pulse of the times, the master again and again rushes into the hot spots of the planet and killed during the Russian-Japanese War, in Port Arthur, the explosion of the battleship "Petropavlovsk "In Cherepovets, there is a house-museum Vereschagina.Sochineniya: Selected Letters. M., 1891.Na war in Asia and Europe: Memories. M., 1894. Literature: In. Vereshchagin: Memories of the artist's son. L. 1982.Zavadskaya EV VV Vereshchagin. M., 1986.Lebedev AK, Solodovnikov VV Vereshchagin. L. 1987.Demin LS easel around the globe. The world through the eyes of VV Vereshchagin. M., 1991.M. Gleb Sokolov Yu Vereshchagin (1889-1944), the Russian Hydrobiology Limnologist. Major works on the ice regime, the dynamics and morphology of the coasts of Hydrobiology Baikal. Author of the theory of marine origin of the Baikal fauna and flora. VERESHCHAGIN Leonid Fedorovich (1909-77), the Russian physicist, academician of the USSR (1966), Hero of Socialist Labor (1963). Organizer and director of the Institute for High Pressure Physics, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1958, now it. Vereshchagin). Major works on the properties of materials at high and ultra-high pressure and the development of methods for producing ultra-high pressures. Under the leadership of the USSR's first Vereshchagin synthesized diamonds (1960). Lenin Prize (1961), the USSR State Prize (1952). VERESHCHAGIN Fyodor (b. 1910), Ukrainian director, People's Artist of the USSR (1977). From 1948-86 the chief director of the Vinnitsa Music and Drama Theater. NK Sadovsky. Vereshchagin, city (with 1941) in the Russian Federation, Perm region. Railway junction. 24.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Enterprises of rail transport, knitting factory; food industry. Known from the context. 19 in. Is named after VV Vereshchagin. Heather, shrubs, mainly heather family (heather, Erica); there bearberry, cranberries, blueberries, mosses, lichens. Common on sandy and peaty soils in temperate humid oceanic climate (Rec. Europe, the Baltic States). Are often secondary formations, forming on conversion of natural forest and drained peatlands. Vera, a city in the Russian Federation, Moscow region., At p. Protva, 27 km from the railway Art. Dorokhovo. 5.5 thousand. Residents (1992). Garment factory. Known since 1371. In the 15th century. Center Vereyskaya Belozero principality. Cathedral of the Nativity of Christ (16th c.). VERZHBILOVICH Valerianovich Alexander (1849 / 50-1911), the Russian cellist. Performed as a soloist and in ensembles (in particular, the trio - AN Esipova, LS Auer and Verzhbilovich); played in the orchestra of the Italian Opera (1877) and the Mariinsky Theatre (1882-85). Professor of the St. Petersburg Conservatory (1890). VERZHBOLOVO, the official name of Virbalis in Lithuania until 1917.
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