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Wellington, see. Sequoia. Vellore city in the South. India, pieces. Tamil Nadu. 172 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). An agricultural center. Ancient temple complex including Kalyan Mantap (16 in.). Veln (Velinas, Velns), in Baltic mythology god of the underworld, the enemy of Thunder. Peace Race, multi-day international competition cyclists along the route Warsaw - Berlin - Prague; conducted annually (since 1948) of the newspaper "Tribuna common people", "Neues Deutschland" and "Rude Pravo". In 1985-86 was also carried out on the territory of the USSR redatsiey newspaper "Pravda". The average number of participants approx. 100. In the team competition the greatest number of times (20) won the Soviet cyclists (1990); in the individual - Pole R. Shurkovsky (1970-71, 73, 75); among Soviet racers - SA Suhoruchenkov (1979, 84). Velodrome (by bike and Greek. Dromos - run the place for jogging), sports facilities (outdoor or indoor) for training and competitions in cycling, consists of a track with bleachers, ancillary facilities. BIKE (from Lat. Velox - fast and pes - foot), two or (rarely) three-wheeled vehicle for movement, driven by 2 pedals through a chain drive. Distinguished road bikes for adults, adolescents and children (in Vol. H. Folding), sports (in Vol. H. Tandems), special (trucks, circus, velokolyaski et al.). Bicycle with an internal combustion engine is called a moped. Monorail crane, jib crane swivel on the column, which is set for 2-4-wheeled carts moved one rail. The upper part of the column is held at two clips beams. Load capacity up to 10 tons, boom length 3-7 m. Cycling, racing on the track, road, cross country and competition in the curly riding and playing with a ball on bicycles - Cycle ball and velopolo. Originated in Europe in the 1860s. In the program of the Olympic Games since 1896; World Championships on the track since 1893, on the road since 1921, indoors since 1929, Cross Country since 1950; Europe - only for racing indoors since 1930. The International Cycling Union (UCI; founded in 1900) of 152 countries (1991). Wells (Vielona), in Baltic mythology chthonic deity guarding the souls of the dead. Was considered as the god of cattle. Volund, in Norse mythology close to the blacksmith to the gods, whose fate is told in the "Song of the Volund" in the "Elder Edda". Whaleboat (from the English. Whale-boat - whaling boat), high-speed 4-8 rowing boat with pointed bow and stern formations. Distinguish travel types and rescue. Used in whaling. Völva, in Norse mythology seer; the existence of the ancient Germans women prophetesses, revered as a deity, the Roman historian Tacitus mentions. In the "Elder Edda" mouth Völva transferred story about the origin of the gods and the coming end of the world ("Völuspá"). CORDUROY (velvetin) (from the English. Velvet - velvet), thick cotton or synthetic fibers having a front surface of the longitudinal ridges of weft pile (corduroy - wide, corduroy-ribbed - narrow). Sew velvet jackets, suits and t. N. VELVETON, dyed dense fabric with a soft thick pile backcombed on the front side. Used mainly for sewing tracksuits. Welwitschia, a genus of gymnosperms family velvichievyh. 1 species in the deserts of the south-west Africa. Trunk diameter up to 1.2 m above the ground barely speaks; 2 remnevidnyh leatherback trailing sheet (length 3.2 m, sometimes up to 8 m, width 1.8 m). Lives up to 2000 years. Beelzebub, in the New Testament the name of the head of the demons. Velma, a river in the west of eastern. Siberia, left tributary of the Stony Tunguska. 504 km, the basin area of 33.8 thousand. Km2. Navigable from the mouth of the river. Thea. Velsk city (since 1780) in the Russian Federation, Arkhangelsk Region., At the confluence of river. Vel in the district. Wagga. Railway station. 26.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Wood-working, wood-chemical industry; Machine-Building Plant; meat and dairy plants. Museum. Known since 1137. "Welt" ("Die Welt"), daily newspaper in Germany, since 1946, Hamburg. Veltman Fomich Alexander (1800-70), Russian writer, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1854). In a series of novels "The Adventures gleaned from the sea everyday" (1846-63) - a mixture of fiction and real, adventurous and domestic plans. The novel "The Wanderer" (ch. 1-3, 1831-1832). Wolfflin Henry (1864-1945), a Swiss art historian. Developed a method for the analysis of artistic style, using it for research "Psychology era" and then "methods of vision" - formal categories that Wolfflin reduced the art of characterization or peoples. Welf (Welfen), German princely family, the Duke of Bavaria (from 1070) and Saxony (from 1137). In the fight against Staufer Guelphs (Henry the Lion) defeated (1180) and have lost most of the possessions. VELHAVEN (Welhaven) Johan Sebastian (1807-73), the Norwegian poet. Poems (1839 collections, 1860) in the spirit of patriarchal national romance. VELHAUZEN (Wellhausen) Julius (1844-1918), a German Orientalist. Writings on ancient Jewish history, medieval history of the Arabs, Islamic studies. Waelz, extraction of metals (Zn, Pb, Cd, and others.) Distillation under heating in a rotary kiln waste polymetallic lead, copper and tin industries. Velyaminov Vasily (? -1373), The latter Moscow tysyatsky representative staromoskovskogo boyar family. In the infancy of Prince Dmitry Donskoy one of the leaders of the Moscow government. Velyaminov Nikolai Alexandrovich (1855-1920), a Russian surgeon. Major works on joint pathology, endocrine glands, phototherapy, industrial injuries. Velyaminov Novikov (p .1926), Russian actor, People's Artist of Russia (1985). In 1950-60-ies. in provincial theaters in Russia. Since 1974 in the studio theater actor. In the film debuted in the television movie "Shadows at Noon" (1971). Filmed in the movies: "Ivanov boat" (1972), "Pirates of the twentieth century" (1979), "Grey Wolves" (1993), in the television movie "Eternal Call", and others. Velyaminov-grain Vladimir Vladimirovich (1830-1904), Russian historian and orientalist, archaeologist, linguist, numismatist, academician (1861), honorary member (1890) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Researcher and publisher of materials for the history of the peoples Avg. Asia and the Volga region. VELOUR (from the French. Velours - velvet), the name of fabrics, leather and others. Materials with soft velvet pile front surface, eg. velor, velvet, velor-drape and so on. n. Used for the manufacture of outerwear, hats, and others. VIENNA (Wien), the capital of Austria, on the Danube, at the foot of the spurs of the Alps - the Vienna Woods. Emerged as an independent administrative unit. The administrative center of Nizhny Xena. Austria. The population of 1.5 million. People (1991). A major river port. Schwechat International Airport. At the parish of St. Vienna. 1/3 reserved for the Austrian industrial products. Mechanical engineering (electrical, transport), chemicals, clothing, footwear, printing, food processing industry. Production for export fashionable dresses, knitwear, hats, shoes, musical instruments, and so on. N. Met. Vienna - the seat of international organizations (UNIDO, IAEA, etc.). University. Academy of Sciences. Opera House. Museum of Art History. Albertina Graphic collection. House-museum of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Johann Strauss. In the ancient Celtic settlement, with 1 in. Roman military camp Vindobona. From the middle. 12 in. residence of the Dukes of Austria; from 1282 under the rule of the Habsburgs; the capital of their state (in 1867-1918 - Austria-Hungary). Since 1918 the capital of the Republic of Austria. St. Stephen's Cathedral (12-15 cc.), Hofburg (residence of the Habsburgs, 16-19 cc.). Baroque palaces 17-18 centuries. Tourism. VIENNA, in Hindu mythology, king-sinner who violates the ritual of sacrifice. Hungarian, ballroom dance. Based on the popular Hungarian dance czardas. 2/4 time signature. Hungarian gypsy dance also, the size is the same. Hungarian, short jacket of cloth sewn on the chest with a cross-cords on the model form of Hungarian hussars. Hungarian village was a favorite clothing landowners in Russia in the 1st floor. 19 in., Even those who had nothing to do military service. See. Also dolman. Wenger Afanasievich Simon (1855-1920), the Russian literary historian, bibliographer. Proceedings of KS Aksakov, VG Belinsky, Goncharov, NV Gogol. Compiled multivolume bio-bibliographical dictionaries and Russian literature. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1825, was reorganized into the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1949, 1989, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Hungary. Located in Budapest. In 1991 - St. 180 academics, approx. 100 corresponding members, St. 160 honorary members, approx. 40 research institutes and centers. Hungarian National Gallery in Budapest, founded in 1957, collections of medieval and modern painting, sculpture and graphics Hungary. Building - 1894-96 (A. Hausman) Hungarian Soviet Republic of 1919 (HRV), from March 21 to August 1, proclaimed under the influence of the October Revolution. HRV Government held a series of social reforms, has created the Red Army. National Federation Congress of Soviets of Workers 'and Soldiers' Deputies (June) adopted the Constitution of HRV, the CEC elected republic. Suppressed by the Allies. HUNGARIAN Vadim V. (b. 1932), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981). Major works on the creation of high-power installations. Lenin Prize (1966), the USSR State Prize (1977). Hungarian National Bank (Magyar Nemzeti Bank), the central bank of issue in Hungary. Established in 1948. 81 branch in the country offices in 5 countries of the world. Total assets 1,354,900,000,000. Forints (con. 1980.). Of the National Theatre, opened in 1837 under the name "Pest Magyar sinhaz" 1840 National Theatre. National School of realist art. Hungarian Opera House, founded in 1837 in Pest; since 1884 in a new building in Budapest, called the Royal Opera House (1945 modern name). Hungarian language, the official language of Hungary. Belongs to the Finno-Ugric languages (Ugric branch). Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet. HUNGARIAN Telegraph Agency, the state news agency Hungary. Founded in 1880, Budapest. HUNGARY (Magyarorszag), the Republic of Hungary, a country in Central Europe. 93 thousand. Km2. The population of 10.3 million. People (1993), 97% - Hungarians. The urban population of 62% (1990). Official language - Hungarian. Believers are mainly Catholics (64%) and Protestants (23%). Administrative divisions: 19 districts (counties). Capital - Budapest (separate administrative unit). The head of state - the president, the legislature - unicameral National Assembly. Most of the country - Pannonian plain to the west foothills of the Alps, in the north - Carpathians (the highest point of Hungary - Mount Kekes, 1015 m). The climate is temperate continental. Average January temperatures from -2 to -4 ° C, July 20-22,5 ° C. 450-900 mm of precipitation per year. Major rivers - the Danube, Tisza; Lake. Balaton. Soils are mainly black earth. Forests cover 17.6% of the territory of Hungary. Reserve Kishbalaton; National Parks Tihany, Hortoved et al. around the lake. Balaton - a major resort area. In the context. 9. on the territory of present-day Hungary Hungarians settled tribes. Since 1000 Hungary - kingdom. After the battle Mohachskoy 1526 a significant part of Hungary fell under the Ottoman yoke. In the western and northern parts of the territory of the Kingdom of Hungary strengthened the Habsburgs. After the Austro-Turkish War of 1683-99 and the suppression of anti-Habsburg movement of 1703-11, led by Ferenc Rákóczi II, the whole of Hungary was ruled by the Habsburgs. The Revolution of 1848-49 in Hungary (the largest figures L. Kossuth, Petofi S. et al.) Was suppressed. According to the Austro-Hungarian agreement in 1867 Hungary became one of the constituent parts of the dual monarchy - Austria-Hungary. In October 1918 there was a revolution in Hungary. Hungary became an independent state (November 16 declared a republic). March 21, 1919 was proclaimed the Hungarian Soviet Republic, after the fall of which (1 August 1919) was established in the country (1920-44) Horthy dictatorship. Postwar borders Hungary identified Treaty of Trianon 1920. In the 2nd World War II Hungary was on the side of Germany. In September 1944, the Soviet Army entered the territory of Hungary. December 22, 1944 in Debrecen formed the Provisional National Government, which 28 December 1944 declared war on Germany; April 4, 1945, the Soviet Army completed the liberation of Hungary. Provisional National Government held a series of transformations (agrarian reform, etc.). February 1, 1946 Hungary was proclaimed a republic. Paris Peace Treaty of 1947 established the modern borders of Hungary. In August 1949 established the People's Republic of Hungary (Hungary). Nationalized industry, banking, transport, land reform. Policy one-party regime of the Communist Party has caused widespread public discontent, which resulted in a popular uprising in October 1956 with the requirements of democratic freedoms. It was brutally suppressed by Soviet armed forces (input which Hungary is a gross interference of the USSR), and the Nagy government, announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact, were arrested. In subsequent years, the country's leadership, headed by J. Kadar tried to strengthen the position of the ruling Hungarian Socialist Workers' Party, conducting ideological liberalization and economic reform. In 1989 was amended constitution adopted in 1949 and Hungary was proclaimed democratic legal state. In the parliamentary elections in 1990, power passed to the opposition parties; the elections in May 1994, won by the Hungarian Socialist Party (founded in 1989). Hungary - industrial-agrarian country. Share in GDP (1993,%) 35.5 Industry, agriculture and forestry 12. Extraction (1993, mln. Tons) of coal 14.3, 1.5 bauxite, oil, natural gas, iron and manganese ores. Electricity production 32.5 billion. KWh (1993), mainly to the power station. Ferrous and nonferrous (27.8 thousand. Tons of aluminum in 1993) metallurgy. Engineering, in Vol. H. Autostructure (plants "Ikarus") locomotive shipbuilding, agriculture, manufacturing communications equipment, computers, medical equipment; chemical (organic synthesis products, fertilizers, pharmaceuticals), light industry (textiles, shoes) and the food industry. In the structure of agricultural production share of crops and livestock are roughly equal. 2/3 of arable land - under cereals. Gathering in 1993-94 (million. Tons) of wheat 3,3, 5 maize; grown sugar beets, sunflowers, hemp. Viticulture, horticulture, vegetable growing. In most developed pig livestock (6 million. Goals in 1993-94) and poultry (45 million.). Length (1991, thous. Km) of railways 13.2, 30 roads, inland waterways 1.6. Major river port - Budapest. Exports: machinery and equipment, chemicals, alumina, agricultural raw materials and products, light industry products. Most of the foreign trade turnover accounted for the West. and east. Europe. Foreign tourism (30 million. Per year). Currency - the forint. Hungary (self - Magyar), the people, the general population of Hungary (St. 9,950,000. People). They also live in Romania (1.86 million. People), Slovakia (580 thousand. People), Yugoslavia (400 thousand. People), USA (600 thousand. People), Canada (120 thousand. People). The total number of 13,840,000. People (1992). Hungarian language. Believers are mostly Catholics. Wendy uppermost Proterozoic stratigraphic unit immediately preceding the Lower Cambrian. Vend represents a complex of rocks and the time interval of their formation (570-680 million. Years ago). Isolated BS Sokolov in 1950, traced on all continents. Wendy (self - bavenda), Bantu people in South Africa (910 thousand. People) and Zimbabwe (320 thousand. Man, 1992). Believers mostly Protestant, have adherents of traditional and syncretic cults. Wendy, the official name of Cesis in Latvia until 1917. Wenders (Wenders) Wim (b. 1945), a German film critic, screenwriter, director and producer. One of the leaders of t. N. "Young German Cinema", whose films have been repeatedly awards at international film festivals ("The Goalkeeper's Fear of the Penalty", 1972; "Alice in the Cities", 1974; "Over time," 1977; "Wings of Desire", 1987; "So far so close ", 1993.) in an effort to update the cinematic language, addressed to the classical Hollywood cinema. Under the auspices of F.-F. Coppola staged cycle "American" movies, "Hammett", 1982; "Paris - Texas", 1985 ("Palme d'Or" at the Cannes Film Festival), and others. Vendetta (ital. Vendetta - vengeance), the custom of blood vengeance on the islands of Sardinia and Corsica. Vendian Power, State Polabian Slavs and Pomeranians in the 40-ies. 11 in. - 1st third of the 12th century. headed by bodrichami. Venev, city (with 1777) in the Russian Federation, Tul. Railway station. 14.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Factory diamond tools. Known since 1400. Near Venev - brown coal mining. Venevitinov Dmitry (1805-27), Russian poet. Romantic poetry is full of philosophical motifs in the spirit Schellingism. Literary critiques. QUESTION Anatoly Vasilyevich (1887-1959), a Russian lawyer, academician of the USSR (1958). Proceedings on public property. USSR State Prize (1949). QUESTION: Leo (b. 1924), the Ukrainian choral conductor, People's Artist of the USSR (1979). In 1941-54 choirmaster different song and dance ensembles, choirmaster from 1954, from 1972 chief choirmaster Ukrainian Opera and Ballet (Kiev). Professor of the Kiev Conservatory (since 1979). Venus in Roman mythology was originally the goddess of spring and gardens, later identified with the Greek goddess Aphrodite and worshiped as the goddess of love and beauty. Venus, the planet, the average distance from the Sun and 0.72. e., orbital period 224.7 days, rotating 243 days, the average radius of 6050 km, the mass of 4.9. 1024 kg. Atmosphere: CO2 (97%), N2 (approx. 3%), H2O (0,05%), impurity CO, SO2, HCl, HF. The temperature at the surface of approx. 750 K, pressure approx. 107 Pa, or 100 atm. On the surface of Venus discovered mountains, craters, rocks. Venus surface rocks are similar in composition to terrestrial sedimentary rocks. "Venus", a series of Soviet interplanetary spacecraft to study the planet Venus and space; program of development and launches. The maximum starting weight of approx. 5 m. The first launch in 1961; "Venera-4" made the first direct investigation of the atmosphere of Venus (1967), "Venera-7" - the first soft landing on Venus (1970). "Venera-9" - the first shot of Venus (1975). In 1961-83 launched 16 "Venus". Venus de Milo, the common name for the Greek marble statue of the goddess of love Aphrodite (Ser. 2 in. BC. E.). Found on about. Melos (South. Greece). Currently stored in the Louvre. Lady's Slipper, a botanist - plant of the genus slipper. Venus flytrap, in botany - carnivorous plant of the genus Dionaea. Venereal diseases, infectious diseases, which are transmitted mainly through sex: syphilis, gonorrhea, chancroid, chlamydia and others. Vnepolovoe infection (through kissing, general dishes, linens, etc. N.) Is rarely observed. Vänern, lake in southern Sweden. 5.5 thousand. Km2, depth of 100 m, a lot of islands. Vänern follows from p. Göta Älv. Shipping (Vänern - part of Göta Canal). Major ports - Karlstad, Mariestad, Vänersborg. Venereology, Section clinical medicine dealing with the causes (in Vol. H. Social) development mechanisms, manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases. Veness (Venaissin), a historical region in the southeast of France, see. Comtat Venaissin. Venezuela, the Republic of Venezuela (Republica de Venezuela), state in the north South. America. 916.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 20.7 million. People (1993), mainly Venezuelans. The urban population of 84% (1990). Official language - Spanish. Most of the believers - Catholics. Venezuela - a federation composed of 21 states, 1 federal territory, federal district and federal lands. Capital - Caracas. Head of state and government - the president. Legislative - bicameral National Congress (Chamber of Deputies and Senate). In the central part - lowland river. Orinoco, in the north and north-west - Caribbean Andes Mts. Cordillera de Mérida (altitude up to 5007 m, Pico Bolívar), Sierra de Perijá, in the south-east - a part of the Guiana Highlands. The climate is sub-equatorial. Monthly average temperatures 25-29 ° C. Precipitation from 280 in the north-west to 3000 mm per year on the slopes of the Cordillera de Mérida. Bass River. Orinoco. Largest lake Maracaibo lagoon. Wet and changeable tropical rainforest, savannah and dry woodlands. Under forest 53% of the territory of Venezuela. Canaima National Park, the Serrania la Neblina, Hawa-Sarisarinama and others. In ancient times, the territory was inhabited by Indians of Venezuela. In the 16th century. Venezuela conquered by the Spanish conquistadors, and plant feudal-serf relationship with slave labor imported from Africa blacks. In 1821, as a result of Latin American wars of independence 1810-26 Spanish rule was eliminated, the abolition of slavery (finally in 1854). In 1819-30, Venezuela was part of the Republic of Gran Colombia. In 1830 was formed Republic of Venezuela. With the development in the 20th century. oil industry began penetration into Venezuela US capital, which during the 2nd World War almost completely monopolized Venezuelan oil production and refining. From the end. 40s until the end. 60s. was ruled by dictatorial regimes. From the end. 60s. there was a transition to democratic rule under the conditions actually existing two-party system: the party - the Democratic Action (established in 1941) and the Social Christian Party - Mines (established in 1946). The basis of the economy of Venezuela - oil industry (oil 770 million. Tons in 1990). Share in GDP (1991,%) extractive industries 18, 22 manufacturing, agriculture 5. The main oil production areas - the lake. Maracaibo, shelf Caribbean m. Also mined natural gas (17.8 billion. M3, 1990), iron ore (19.9 million. Tons, 1991), coal, gold, diamonds. Production of electricity 61 billion. KWh (1990), St. 1/2 hydropower. The most advanced oil refining, chemical and petrochemical industry, ferrous metallurgy, autostructure. Major food processing, textile industry. In agriculture is dominated by large estates. Main crops: corn, beans, coffee, cocoa, sugar cane. In animal husbandry - breeding cattle, sheep and goats. Workpiece tropical timber. Fishing. Length (1991), 336 km of railways, highways 101 thousand. Km. Merchant fleet tonnage 970 thousand. Gross register tons (1986). Major oil ports - La Salina, Puerto Cabello, Maracaibo, Hamois, Punta Cardon. St. 9/10 exports - oil and oil products. Major trading partners: the United States, Brazil, Germany, Italy, Japan. Currency - Bolivar. Gulf of Venezuela (Maracaibo), Bay Caribbean m., Off the coast of Venezuela. The length of 231 km, the width at the entrance to 98 km, depth 18-71 m. In the south of the Strait connects to the lake. Maracaibo. Port - Punto Fijo. Venezuelans, the people, the general population of Venezuela (17.3 million. People). The total number of 17.4 million. People (1992). Ok. 80% - mestizo, mulatto, sambo, approx. 5% - negros. Spanish language. Believers are mostly Catholics. Venetic language, a separate branch indoevropeykoy family of languages. Written records (approx. 250) - initiatory and tombstone inscriptions on the part of the adapted severoetrusskom alphabet with the addition of Greek characters, part of the Latin script (6-1 cc. BC. E.). Veneto, 1) group of tribes who inhabited the ancient northern Adriatic m., To the north-east of the river. on; question of the origin has not been resolved. 2) Celtic tribes conquered by Caesar during the Gallic campaigns of 58-51 BC. e. 3) Veneti (more Wends, Wendy) - the western branch of the Slavic tribes. Veneto and Pracinha, peculiar political "party" in the Byzantine cities of 5-7 centuries. (primarily in Constantinople). The emergence of "parties" related to the right of citizens to voice cries in the circus their attitude to government regulations. Revolved around sports circus organizations (factions), was in charge device circus and sport events. Named for the color of clothing ruled chariots teamsters (Veneto - "blue", Pracinha - "green"). Led by those and other representatives of merchant and landowning aristocracy, ordinary Veneto and Pracinha were from the urban poor. Veneto and Pracinha usually fought among themselves, and sometimes united together against the government (532 uprising "Nika" et al.). K 8. lost political significance. Venice, 1) old hat, often ceremonial value (see. The wedding). 2) In a wooden building - logs or beams constituting one horizontal row of the framework. The corners are connected by notching log - with protruding ends ("in oblo") or without ("paw", "a thorn"). Alex Gavrilovic Venetsianov (1780-1847), a Russian painter. One of the founders of the genre in Russian art (see. Venetsianov school). Created marked features of idealization poetic image of peasant life, subtly convey the beauty of Russian nature (genre scenes, portraits types of peasants: "plowing" 1820s. "Zakharkov", 1825), as opposed to plants AH wrote a lot from nature. Alex Gavrilovic Venetsianov [7 (18) in February 1780, Moscow - 4 (16) December 1847, the village Poddube, Tver region], a Russian artist. Best Master rural genre in Russian art iso-romanticism, teacher-reformator.Vyhodets from a merchant family, in his youth served as a petty official. Emerged as an artist in many ways self-copying pictures of Hermitage. Between 1807 and 1811 he took lessons in painting from VL Borovikovsky. Initially, he lived in St. Petersburg. Acted as a satirist, he began to publish "Journal of cartoons of the 1808". The publication is almost immediately was banned by the censor, but it was the first in Russia humorous leaf, and Venetsianov remained in the eyes of the descendants of the "father of Russian cartoons." During the war of 1812 created (along with II Terebenev) series of agitation-satirical songs on the theme of popular resistance okkupantam.Kak French painter began with the portrait. Early works of this kind are closely linked with the tradition of the provincial estates, merchant portrait marked naive simplicity ("AL Venetsianov, the artist's mother," 1801); later it enriches the intimate psychological ("MA Venetsianov, the artist's wife," the end of the 1820s .; both - Russian Museum), while retaining the simplicity and the modest scale of the composition, soft lyricism of color (many written pastel). The most famous and significant "Self-Portrait" (1811, Tretyakov Gallery) .In 1811 was admitted to membership in the Academy of Arts. To devote himself to art since 1819, Venetsianov leave the capital, living in the village bought them Safonkovo Tver province. Preferring to work in his own words, "a kind of rural households," he sees in the creation of images of his peasants ideal of true art, which is called "do not depict anything differently than in nature is." Thus contrasts master their creative principles of academic classicism. Antique sculpture and the French art of the 19th - early 20th centuries. had a very noticeable effect on Venetsianov (so-stage for all his rural themes painting "Barnyard" (1821-23, Russian Museum) has emerged as a response to the interior-painting perspective F. Granet). But determining motives remain central Russia, everyday landscape protection and national life. In accordance with the style of the artist conveys enlightened, full of peace fret expressed and smooth, rounded figure rhythms and harmonic clear color tones, reproducing even light summer day. These are the most famous of his genre paintings - "on the land. Spring" (1st half of the 1820s.) "At harvest. Summer" (1820 .; both - in the Tretyakov Gallery), "Morning landowner" (1823), "Sleeping Shepherd" (1823-24, both - in the Russian Museum). Peasant portraits - such as "Zakharkov" (1825) or "Peasant with cornflowers" (1839), appear fragments of the same quiet idillii.Venetsianov wrote numerous way for local churches. In later work refers to the historical ("Peter the Great. The base of St. Petersburg", 1838) and mythological ("Bath of Diana", 1847, Tretyakov Gallery) genres tends to dramatic expressiveness of the image ("Communion of the dying", 1839; all - in the Tretyakov Gallery ). A new stage of his work is interrupted by the sudden death - he dies, thrown out of the tent, when horses bolted on slippery winter doroge.Pedagogicheskaya system master, the practical application of which led to the birth of a special school of Venetsianov, the most characteristic and distinctive of all "personal Schools" Russian Art 19 century, was a direct development of his personal style, aimed at the pristine simplicity of nature and, accordingly, "low" (from the point of view of the Academy) genres - household painting, interior design, still life, rarely peyzazh.Literatura: Savinov AN AG Venetsianov: life and work. M., 1955.A. Venetsianov articles. Letters. Contemporaries of the artist. L. 1960.Alekseeva TV Artists School Venetsianov. M., 1982.A. Venetsianov: Exhibition of the 200th anniversary of his birth. Directory // The State Russian Museum. L. 1983.M. Sokolov Venetsianov School, a group of Russian painters 2nd Thurs. 19 in., Pupils AG Venetsianov (NS Krylov, EF Krendovsky, LK Plakhov, G. Soroka et al.). Representatives of Venetsianov school poetic immediacy depicting the life of democratic circles of society, wrote urban and rural landscapes, interiors and still lifes. Venetian school, one of the art schools in Italy. Greatest prosperity experienced during the Renaissance in the 2nd floor. 15-16 centuries. (family Bellini, V. Carpaccio, Giorgione, Titian, Veronese, Tintoretto) and in the 18th century. (J. B. Tiepolo, Canaletto A., P. Longhi, F. Guardi). Venetian school characterizes the secular, life-affirming beginning, poetic perception of the world, man and nature, thin colourism. Venetian school, 1) direction in music that had developed in Italy in the 16-17 centuries. Founder - A. Villart representatives - K. Merula, A. and J.. Gabrielle. They created a monumental and decorative style of vocal and instrumental polyphony in the Mass, developed madrigal, canzone, organ Richerkar, Toccata et al. 2) Opera School 17 - early. 18 cc., Associated with the initial stage of development of the opera. Major representatives - C. Monteverdi, Cavalli F., MA Honor, J.. Legrenzi, A. Caldara, Vivaldi. VENETIAN Statute, in the Middle Ages collections of maritime trade and customs in force in the Republic of Venice. Venetian Bay Adriatic m., Off the coast of Italy, Slovenia and Croatia. Depth up to 34 m. In the north-east of Trieste goes into the hall. Major ports - Venice, Trieste. Venetian glass, art vessels, mainly blowing, beads, mirrors, made with KOH. 13 in. in Venice. Famous for thin, slender glasses or vases 16th century., Colored and colorless, with filigree or krakelazhem (see. Crackle). VENICE (Venezia), a city in North. Italy, mainly on the islands of the Venetian lagoon Adriatic m., Administrative center of the province. Venice and the Veneto region. 318 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Sea Port (turnover of approx. 30 million. Tons per year). International Airport. Venice consists of 2 parts: the historic center (less than 100 thousand. Inhabitants), located on 118 islands Venice lagoon, separated by 150 canals and channels through which airlifted approx. 400 bridges, and industrial and port mainland. Island Venice - a city-museum, the seaside resort, the center of international tourism. Traditional crafts: products of Venetian glass (about. Murano) leather; Lace (about. Burano), mosaic. In mainland - non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, chemical, textile, food industry, a variety of engineering. Academy of Art University. Institute for the Study of the Adriatic. Academy Gallery, Archaeological Museum. Glass Museum (on about. Murano). Settlement with 5 in. BC. e., a city with early. 9. n. e. From 9-10 to 16th centuries. a major center of intermediary trade between the West. Europe and the East. In the Middle Ages is a republic (with con. 13 in. Oligarchic, with the doge headed) at great dominion territories. In 1797-1805 and 1815-66 Venice - possession of Austria. Cathedral of San Marco (9-15 cc.), The Doge's Palace (now a museum, 9-16 cc.). The old library of San Marco (16 in.). Palaces (Ca d'Oro, 15 in .; Vendramin Calergi, con. 15 in.). Churches and buildings of religious brotherhoods - Scuola Grande di San Marco (15 in.), Santa Maria dei Miracoli (15 in.). Church and Convent of San Giorgio Maggiore (16 in.). Venice (Veneto) (Veneto), the region in the northeast of Italy on the Adriatic m. 18.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 4.4 million. People (1991). Adm. c. - Venice. Includes provinces of Belluno, Venice, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Rovigo, Treviso. Wenzel (from Pol. Wezel - node), the initials and last name or first name and patronymic, usually intertwined and form a pattern. BENJAMIN Sinai (5 in.), A Christian monk-ascetic, had worked in the Syrian desert. Killed during the invasion of the Arabs. Memory in the Orthodox Church 14 (27) of January. BENJAMIN Suzsky (Persian) (d. 421 or 424), the martyr, the deacon at Susa (in Persia), who suffered in the persecution of king Yezdegerda I. Memory in the Orthodox church on March 31 (April 13) and 13 October, in the Catholic - on March 31. Benjamin Ivan Evseevich (1797-1879), Russian ethnographer and naturalist. As a missionary in the possession of the Russian-American Company (1824-39), studied the Aleuts and the Indians of the North-West. America, in particular forms of marriage and family relations. Eleftherios Venizelos (1864-1936), Prime Minister of Greece in 1910-15, 1917-20, 1924, 1928-32, 1933. Involved in the anti-Soviet intervention in the country (1919), in the Greco-Turkish war of 1919-22. Opponent restoration of the monarchy in Greece. Since 1935 in exile. Brooms Valentin A. (1912-88), a Russian electrical engineer, doctor of technical sciences (1952). Proceedings of powerful modeling energy systems, long-distance power lines, and the study of transient stability of power systems, the development of methods of automatic control and management. Lenin Prize (1958). USSR State Prize (1981). Venkataraman krsnas (1901-81), the Indian organic chemist, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1976). Major works on the chemistry and technology of synthetic dyes. Ramaswamy Venkataraman (b. 1910), the President of India in 1987-92. An active participant in the national liberation struggle and the figure of the Indian National Congress [in 1977 - the Congress (I)]. In 1984-87 Vice President. Venn (Venn), John (1834-1923), English logician, has developed a graphic machine diagrams, in fact equivalent to the logic of classes. Works in the field of probability and inductive logic. Veno, the ancient Slavs: 1) the bride; 2) the dowry of his wife. VENOZHINSKIS Justinas (1886-1960), a Lithuanian painter. Reported fine picturesque landscapes and portraits ("A. Vienuolis-Zhukauskas", 1954). Vincennes (Vincennes), a town in France, the south-eastern suburbs of Paris. 95 thousand. Inhabitants (1982). Engineering and chemical industries. To the south of Vincennes - a former royal castle and park - Bois de Vincennes. Vienna State Opera, the center of musical culture in Austria. Founded in the 2nd floor. 18 in. as the court opera, with its present name in 1918. Are the largest singers and conductors of Austria and others. Countries. Viennese classical school, the direction in music that had developed in the 2nd floor. 18 - early. 19th centuries. Representatives - Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. Generalizing the previous experience of musical creation, they created a genre of classical symphonies, chamber music, sonatas and concertos based on sonata form and symphony cycle and sonata form. Their highest achievements in the tool, as well as others. Genres (operas, masses, oratorios) had a strong impact on the subsequent development of music and constitute one of the pinnacles of world art. VIENNA CONVENTION 1961 on Diplomatic Relations, the International Convention; regulates the procedure for the establishment and termination of diplomatic relations, the establishment of diplomatic missions and their functions, establishes diplomatic classes, the order of accreditation heads of diplomatic missions and their personnel, the volume of diplomatic immunities and privileges, et al. 1963 Vienna Convention on Civil Liability for Damage international convention; provides for liability for damage caused by nuclear facilities as sources of increased risk, regardless of the presence or absence of guilt. The 1963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, codifies the rules of international law governing consular relations. The 1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, international conventions; regulates the procedure for the conclusion and entry into force, application, interpretation, termination and suspension of international treaties and others. Vienna operation, 16.3-15.4.1945, during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front (Marshal of the Soviet Union Malinovsky and Tolbukhin) defeat of the German Army Group "South" (Infantry General A. Wohler) and liberated Vienna (April 13).
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