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Weyprecht (Weyprecht) Karl (1838-81), the Austrian polar explorer. In 1872-74 led with Yu Payer expedition on the ship "Tegethof" which opened the Franz Josef Land (1873). VAIROCHANA (Skt. Radiant) in the Mahayana and Vajrayana Buddhism - Buddha emitting light. In Vajrayana depicted in white, with a chakra in his hand. Weiss (Weiss) Peter (1916-82), German writer. From 1939 he lived in Sweden. Novels, the trilogy "The aesthetics of resistance" (1975-81), about the modern labor movement. Mnogochislennnye play differing acute journalistic, critical and socio-moral and humanistic issues (in Vol. H. Antifascist documentary "Enquiry", 1965). Weisskopf (Weisskopf) Victor Frederick (b. 1908), a theoretical physicist, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1976). Born in Austria, he worked in Germany and Denmark, since 1937 in the United States. In 1961-65 director of the European Centre for Nuclear Research. Major works on nuclear physics and elementary particle physics, quantum field theory and quantum electrodynamics. Weisskopf (Weisskopf) Franz Karl (1900-55), German writer. For many years he lived in Prague. Antifascist novels ("Temptation", also known as "Lissy", 1937), a series of novels about the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy "children of our time" (50-ies.). Journalism. Vaysfel'd Veniaminovich Ilya (b. 1909), the Russian critic and film theorist, Honored Artist of Russia (1969), Doctor of Arts. Works in the field of cinema. Professor of the Institute of Cinematography (1967). Vaitarani (Skt. Forwards), in Hindu mythology, the sacred river, which separates the living from the realm of the dead. Weitz (Waitz) George (1813-86), German historian. Works on the history of public institutions and social system of medieval Germany. In feudalism saw political relationship based on vassalage in combination with benefices. Weitz (Waitz) Greta (b. 1953), the Norwegian athlete (track and field). One of the strongest in the world marafonok 1980s. World Champion (1983) and Olympic silver medalist (1984). 9-time winner of the traditional marathon in New York (1978-80, 1982-86, 1988) and twice the traditional marathon in London (1983, 1986). Weizsäcker (Weizsaecker) Victor von (1886-1957), a German neurologist, a representative of the direction of psychosomatic medicine. Weizsäcker (Weizsaecker) Carl Friedrich von (b. 1912), German physicist and philosopher, brother R. Weizsäcker. Director (1969-80), Max Planck Institute for the study of living conditions in the scientific and technical world (Starnberg, Bavaria). Proceedings on nuclear physics, astrophysics and cosmogony, philosophy of nature and philosophical problems of natural science. Richard von Weizsäcker (b. 1920), the President of Germany in 1984-94. Since 1969 within the leadership of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU). In 1981-84 Governing Mayor of West. Berlin. Vaisheshika, one of the six orthodox (recognizing the authority of the Vedas) systems of Indian philosophy. Founded Canada. In polemics with Buddhism defended the real existence of categories along with things. In the atomistic concept Vaisheshika, unlike the ancient Greek atomists, the cause of the motion of atoms is considered a supernatural force - adrsta (invisible). Vashj (Skt.), Members of one of four castes in Other. India, the first combined full community members, mostly farmers, ranchers, and later merchants, some artisans. In the Middle Ages to the Vaishya absented only merchants. Vaillant (from the Greek. Baion - Palm), the leaves of ferns. Vaillant (Vailland) Roger François (1907-65), French writer. In the novel of the Resistance Movement "Strange game" (1945) outlined the path to intellectual anti-fascist struggle. In the novel "Pierrette Amable" (1954) - the image of the French Communist women. Paul Vaillant Couturier (1892-1937), French writer. Storybook "Ball Blind" (1927), an autobiographical book "Childhood" (published 1938). The book "In the service of the mind" (1937). WAC, see. Higher Attestation Committee. Jobs, one of the types of structural defects in the crystal lattice - lattice site, which lacks an atom or ion (vacancy node). Vacancies (from Lat. Vacans - empty, free), unsubstituted position in an institution institution. Wakashan languages, a group of related languages Wakashe Indian peoples. Includes Nootka and Kwakiutl and others. Included in mosanskuyu group of languages, which is a possible offshoot of Algonquin vakashskoy superfamily. Wakayama city and port in Japan (. Honshu), the administrative center of Wakayama Prefecture. 396 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Chemical, petrochemical and textile industries. Ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering. Production of artificial silk, lacquer ware. Center area gardening. VAKENBUH (from vakus and dumb. Buch - book), a list of farms and their feudal obligations in Estonia and Latvia 14-19 centuries. VAKKENRODER (Wackenroder) William Henry (1773-98), German writer. The book "On art and artists" (published 1814), L. Tieck complete outline of the novel "Wandering Franz Shternbalda" (1798) helped shape the aesthetics of German romanticism. Waksman (Waksman) Selman (1888-1973), an American microbiologist. For the first time identified a number of antibiotics. In 1944 discovered streptomycin. Nobel Prize (1952). Vacuoles (fr. Vacuole, from Lat. Vacuus - empty), the cavity in animal and plant cells or unicellular organisms. Distinguish digestive and contractile (pulsing) vacuoles governing osmotic pressure and serving for excretion of waste products. VAKUS (est. Vakus), 1) administrative and territorial unit in the Middle Ages, Estonians and Livs (10-100 farms). 2) Collection of peasants dvorohozyaev in the Baltic to 17. (1-5 times a year) for the payment of dues, performing natural duties and judgment. Vacuum in quantum field theory, the lowest energy state of the quantum field. The average number of particles - quanta field - Evacuation to zero, but can occur in vacuo birth virtual particles that affect the physical processes (as observed experimentally). VACUUM (from Lat. Vacuum - emptiness), state of the gas at pressures p, lower than atmospheric. Distinguish low vacuum (in vacuum devices and equipment corresponds to the pressure range p above 100 Pa), medium (0.1 Pa <p <100 Pa), high (10-5 Pa <p <0,1 Pa), and ultra-high (p <10-5 Pa). The term "vacuum" is applicable to the gas in the evacuated volume in the free space, for example. to space. Evacuation removal (extraction) of gas vapor from the apparatus (vessel) for receiving therein below atmospheric pressure. Evacuation CONCRETE removal (extraction) of compacted concrete formwork in excess (than needed for the cement hydration), water and air. Improves strength, frost resistance of concrete, it speeds up the process of hardening. Vacuum gauge (from vacuum ... and meter), a device for measuring pressure below atmospheric pressure. Spread liquid, ionization, thermal and others. Vacuum. The vacuum furnace is used to heat and melt the metal in vacuo. Distinguish arc, induction, electron beam and plasma vacuum furnace. Effectively cleanse the metal from the gas impurity inclusions. Used to produce metal and alloys especially for critical applications. Vacuum pump is used to remove (pumping) of gases or vapors from the enclosed volume (of the system) to produce a vacuum therein. The main types of vacuum pumps: mechanical, jet, sorption, cryogenic. Vacuum forming, method for the manufacture of thermoplastic sheet. The product is the desired configuration is obtained by the difference in pressure arising due to the vacuum in the mold cavity, which is fixed on the sheet. Applied, eg., In the production of containers, parts of refrigerators, housing. Vacuum extraction (in medicine), the operation of extraction of the fetus during labor a special device - a vacuum extractor cup that sticks to the fetal head (due to dilution air). Used primarily when the outbreak fetal asphyxia. Waqf (Waqf) (Ar.), In Muslim countries, property (movable and immovable), refused to state or individual religious or charitable purposes. Preserved in some modern countries of the East. Bacchus (Gk.), Bacchus (Lat.), In ancient mythology, one of the names of the god Dionysus viticulture. Bacchanalia, in Dr. Rome festival in honor of Dionysus (Bacchus), with 2 in. BC. e. acquired character orgies. In a figurative sense - a wild orgy, orgy. BACCHANTE in ancient mythology companion of Bacchus. VACCINE (from Lat. Vaccina - cow), the preparation of the living (neutralized) or killed microorganisms (as well as some of the antigenic components of microbial cells) and their metabolic products (see. Toxoid). It is used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. Vaccination see. Art. Immunization. VAL (roller), curved architectural bummer, semi-circular in cross-section. VAL, in the economy - the total volume of production in terms of value generated for any given period. VAL, machine parts, transmission torque and supports the rotating parts. Distinguish rolls straight (smooth and stepped), crankshafts, shafts, gears, and so on. E., As well as flexible shafts and torque (torque transfer only). VAL, 1) high earth embankment, usually combined with a moat in front. An obstacle to the attacking enemy, fighting for the defending. Applied to the 1st World War. 2) The system of fortified zones and positions (see. "Atlantic Wall", Shafts Roman, "East Wall"). PTO mechanism that transmits the power of the engine of the tractor, self-propelled chassis, the vehicle for driving the working bodies trailed, mounted or stationary tools. VAL tectonic, geology - a shallow, often asymmetric lifting characteristic of the platforms. With tektonichskim shaft often associated accumulations of oil and gas. Balaam's ass, the Bible suddenly conspiracy prophet Balaam's donkey. The expression "Balaam's ass" is used in an ironic sense, with respect to the conspiracy suddenly, usually taciturn man. Valaam Islands, a group of islands in the north-western part of Lake Ladoga. Consist of about. Balaam (28 km2) and St. 50 small ones. The total area of 36 km2. Height up to 70 m. The islands are covered mainly coniferous forests. At about. Balaam - the village, the building of the Valaam Monastery. Tourism. Valaam Monastery (Spaso-Preobrazhensky), male, on about. Balaam. Based Novgorod no later than the beginning. 14 in. Many times repulsed the attacks of Swedes in 1611 ruined by them. Restored in 1715. In the 19th century. - A major religious, economic and cultural center. In December 1917-40 in Finland. During the Soviet-Finnish War of 1939-40 left the monks. In 1940 in the Valaam monastery school apprentices, 1945 boarding house for invalids of the Great Patriotic War. Since 1979 historical, architectural and natural museum-reserve. Architectural monument of 18-19 centuries. In 1988 the buildings of the Valaam Monastery passed the Russian Orthodox Church. VALAKHILI in Hindu mythology flying dwarfs; wise and virtuous companions celestial beings. Valamat-Zade Ghafar Rustamovich (b. 1916), the Tajik ballet dancer, choreographer, People's Artist of the USSR (1976). He worked at the Tajik Opera and Ballet Theatre. Aini; since 1965 head of the dance ensemble "Lola". USSR State Prize (1949). VALENCE (Valence), a city in south-eastern France, on the river. Ron, the administrative center of the department of Drome. 102 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food processing, textile, leather, paper industry; production hours. Wallachia, a historical region in the south of Romania, between the Carpathians and the Danube; divided p. Olt Oltenia and Muntenia on. From the 14th century. Wallachia - feudal principality, with 16 in. - Under Turkish domination. By Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 virtually autonomous (under the protectorate of Russia until 1856). In 1859-61 merged with Moldova in a single state (January 1862 - Romanian principalities). Wallachian REBELLION 1821 uprising in Wallachia and Moldavia some areas against the oppression of the local boyars and Phanariotes Greek, Turkish rule. Head - T. Vladimirescu. Walbrzych (Walbrzych), a city in south-western Poland, the administrative center of the province Wałbrzyskie. 141 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Center of the Lower Silesia Coal Basin. Mechanical Engineering. Mining Museum. Near Wałbrzych - Mountain Spa centers - Szczawno Zdroj. VALVASOR (Valvasor) Ivan Vaykhard (1641-93), Yugoslav historian, author of historical and geographical works, which ushered in the historiography of Slovenia. Valga, (Valga), a city in Estonia, at p. Beadle (Pool Lake. Võrtsjarve). Railway junction. 17.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Feed production, meat, clothing, furniture factories and others. History Museum. Known since the 13th century. Adjacent to the city of Valka (Latvia), which until 1920 was one city - Valk. Valhalla, see. Valhalla. VALDAI, city (1770) in the Russian Federation, Novgorod region., On Lake Valdai. Railway junction. 19.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: "Jupiter", Mechanical; food industry. Museum. Iver Monastery (17 in.). Known since 1495. The center of recreation and tourism. Valdai Hills (Valdai), in the northwest of the European part of the Russian Federation. The relief is hilly; watershed headwaters of the Volga River, Zap. Dvina and others. Height up to 343 m. Many lakes in Vol. H. Seliger, Valdai and others. Tourism. Valdemar Krisjana (1825-1891), Latvian social activist, writer and economist. The leader of the Young Latvians. Editor and publisher of the newspaper "Peterburgas avizes." Valdemarpils (until 1917 the official name Sasmakken), a city in Latvia, on the shore of the lake. Sasmakas, 27 km from the railway Art. Stand. 1.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Light and food industries. Known since the 16th century. Miroslav Valek (1927-91), Slovak poet. Collections civil, philosophical and intellectual and intimate lyrics "Attraction" (1961), "Anxiety" (1963), "Love in goose bumps" (1965), "Forbidden Love" (1977), a poetic composition "Word" (1976). Journalism. WALESA (Walensa) Leh (b. 1943), a Polish statesman and public figure. In 1990-96 the President of Poland. One of the founders (1980) and the leader of the trade union "Solidarity" (until 1991). The Nobel Peace Prize (1983). Gulf of Valencia Mediterranean m., On the eastern coast of Spain. The length of 42.5 km, the width of 144.5 km, the depth of 500 m. The main port - Valencia. VALENCIA (Valencia) autonomous region in the east of Spain, the Mediterranean m. 23.3 thousand. Km2. The population of 3.8 million. People (1992). Adm. c. - Valencia. Includes wire. Alicante, Valencia, Castellón de la Plana. Valencia, a city in northern Chile, the administrative center piece. Carabobo. 903 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Petrochemical, pulp and paper, textile, leather and footwear industry. University. Founded in 1555 in Valencia, a city in Spain, the administrative center of the Autonomous Region Province. Valencia. 753 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Port on the Mediterranean m. International Airport. Railway junction. Machinery, chemicals, food processing, wood processing, textile industry. 2 University. Museum of Fine Arts, and others. It was founded in the 2nd century. BC. e. Romans. Cathedral (13 - con. 14 cc.), Fortified gates Torres de Serranos (13-14 cc.) And Torres de Quart (15 in.), Colegio del Patriarca (16 in. In interior painting by Murillo, Zurbaran, El Greco ), Aguas Palace (Baroque, 18th c.). Valenti (Valens) (approx. 328-378), Emperor of the Eastern part of the Roman Empire from 364. The brother and co-ruler of Valentinian I. was defeated by the Visigoths in the battle of Adrianople 378, died. Valente (Wal) Sebaste (d. C. 320), one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. VALENTE (Valente) Jose Angel (b. 1929), Spanish poet. Since 1955 lives abroad (UK, Switzerland). Books lyrics "Something like Hope" (1955), "Poems for Lazarus" (1959), "Memory and signs" (1966), "The starting point" (1972). Translations of English and Italian poets, literary and critical essays. VALENTIN (d. C. 160), the creator of one of the most influential Gnostic religious and philosophical doctrines. Originally from Egypt, with 136 in Rome, died on about. Cyprus. He founded a sect existed until 5 in. VALENTIN Nikopol (Armenian) (d. C. 319), one of the forty-five Christian martyrs damaged in Nikopol Armenian in the persecution of Emperor Licinius. Memory in the Orthodox Church 10 (23) of July. VALENTIN Roman (d. 269), the martyr, presbyter of Rome, who suffered in the persecution of Emperor Claudius II. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 6 (19), in the Catholic February 14. Valentinian I (Valentinianus) (321-375), Roman Emperor from 364 to operate (in 367-375 with his son Gratian) the western part of the Roman Empire (in the east - his brother and co-ruler Valens). Waged war against the Alemanni, quads, etc. Tribes. Valentino (Valentino) Rudolph (pres. Name and fam. Rodolfo Guglielmi di Valenitino) (1895-1926), American film actor. Italian in origin. He became famous in the silent films of 20-ies. ("The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse", "Sheikh", "Blood and Sand," "Son of the Sheik" et al.), Creating an image of an exotic "Latin lover" fatal seducer. Early death of the actor caused mass hysteria and a series of suicides among its fans. Valentino - one of the legends of cinema, the hero of novels, plays (he is dedicated to the feature film "Valentino", 1977, directed by Russell K.) Valentina H. (pres. name and fam. Nikolai Vladislavovich Wolski) (1879-1964), Russian writer and philosopher. After the 2nd Party Congress (1903) belonged to the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks since 1904. Considered it necessary to enrich the ideas of Marxism Mach and Avenarius. Since 1930, the emigrant. Memoirs "My meeting with Lenin." Valence band of the highest allowed energy bands of electrons of a solid in which at 0 K, all the energy states are occupied (see. The band theory). At T> 0 K formed in the valence band holes are involved in electrical conductivity. The concept of the valence band is usually used in the physics of semiconductors and dielectrics. Valence (from Lat. Valentia - force), the ability of an atom of a chemical element (or atomic groups) to form a certain number of chemical bonds with other atoms (or atomic groups). Instead valence often use narrower concepts, eg. oxidation coordination number. Valero (fr. Valeur, letters. - Value) in painting and drawing tint tone, expressing (in conjunction with other shades) a certain ratio of light and shadow. Application of Valerie allows thinner and richer display of light and objects in the environment. VALERA Juan (1824-1905), Spanish writer. Psychological, realistic novels "Pepita Jimenez" (1874), "Doña Luz" (1879), "Dr. Faustino Illusions" (1875). Criticism. VALERY Paul (1871-1945), French poet. The main topics of philosophical lyrics ("Young Park", "Naval Cemetery," "Charm") - reflections on the impotence of reason to adequately perceive the reality and the nature of creativity. Essay on S. Mallarme, Baudelaire S. et al. Philosophical (in the form of diary entries) "Notebooks" (Vol. 1-29, 1894-1945, published 1957-61). VALERIAN (Valerianus) (193-260), Roman Emperor from 253, the rules together with his son Gallienus. When it happened the persecution of Christians. Died in captivity during the war with the Persians. VALERIAN Rome (d. C. 230), the Christian martyr, martyr Cecilia Roman spouse. Memory in the Orthodox church on November 22 (December 5), in the Catholic April 14th. VALERIAN Trebizond (d. 305), the Christian martyr who suffered in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church on January 21 (February 3). Valerian (Maun), a genus of perennial herbs valerian family. St. 200 species in Eurasia, South. and North. America. Valeriana officinalis (the height of the stem up to 2 m) is cultivated to obtain from the roots and rhizomes of calming drugs. Valeric acid CH3 (CH2) 3-COOH, boiling 185,4 ° C; found in valerian root. Used in the production of fragrant, medicinal, and others. Substances. See. Also isovaleric acid. VALERY Melitinsky (d. 298), one of the thirty-three Christian martyrs warriors, the casualty in Melitene in the persecution of Diocletian. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 7 (20) of November. VALERY Sebaste (d. C. 320), one of the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. VALLE, in Norse mythology one of the gods, the Aesir, the son of Odin and Rind, a brave warrior, the avenger of the death of Balder. Valiev Kamil Akhmetovich (b. 1931), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1984). Major works on the physical and technological problems of microelectronics, physics of solids and liquids. Under the leadership of Valieva created a large range of integrated circuits. Lenin Prize (1974). VALIESARSKY treaty of truce between Russia and Sweden, concluded Russian-Swedish war of 1656-58 (20/12/1658, d. Valiesar near Narva). To Russia withdrew Kokengauzen, Yuriev, Marienburg, Syrensk. Valihanov Chokan Chingisovich (1835-1865), Kazakh educator, traveler, ethnographer, folklorist, researcher of the history and culture of the peoples Avg. Asia, Kazakhstan and Zap. China ("Kyrgyzstan", 1858; "Essays Dzhungaria", 1861); maintained close ties with the Russian democratic intelligentsia. Author easel drawings and watercolors. Rolls, a city in the Russian Empire. Known since the 13th century. Up to 17 in. - Peddel. In 1920, the city is divided into Valga (now in Estonia) and Valka (Latvia). Rolls Sigismund Natanovich (1887-1975), Russian historian, archaeographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, Professor. Proceedings and publications on the history of social thought and the revolutionary movement in Russia, historiography, source. SWATH, (Valka), a city in Latvia, near the railroad Art. Valga. 8.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Wood and light industry. Museum. Known since the 13th century. Adjacent to the city of Valga (Estonia), which until 1920 was one city - Valk. Valka, a city in Ukraine, Kharkiv region., Near the railroad Art. Kovyagi. 11.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Manufacture of furniture, building materials; garment factory. Founded in 1646 as a fortress, a city with 1780 rolls of rolling, rolling mill working body that performs deformation of metal to give it the desired size and shape. Lorenzo Valla, see. Lorenzo Valla.
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