- 858 Просмотров
- Обсудить
ФИЛОСОФИЯ \ ЭТИКА \ ЭСТЕТИКА \ ПСИХОЛОГИЯ \
РИТОРИКА \ КРАСНОРЕЧИЕ \ РИТОРИЧЕСКИЙ \ ОРАТОР \ ОРАТОРСКИЙ \
ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКАЯ РИТОРИКА ( 1 ) ЦИЦЕРОН ( 1 ) ФИЛОСОФ | ПСИХОЛОГ | ПОЭТ | ПИСАТЕЛЬ
ДОБАВИТЬ САЙТ (БЛОГ, СТРАНИЦУ) В КАТАЛОГ БЕЗ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ И БЕСПЛАТНО
( ADD YOUR WEBSITE WITHOUT REGISTRATION AND FREE )
ПОДАТЬ ОБЪЯВЛЕНИЕ БЕЗ РЕГИСТРАЦИИ И БЕСПЛАТНО
( POST FREE ADS WITHOUT REGISTRATION AND FREE )
BYDGOSZCZ (Bydgoszcz), a town in Poland, a port on the river. Vistula, the administrative center of Bydgoszcz Voivodeship. 380 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Engineering, chemical, food, light industry. Houses and churches of 15-16 centuries. Founded in 1346. Byzova Alexei L. (b. 1926), a Russian physiologist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1981). Studies on the neurophysiology of sensory systems (mostly visual), the activity of individual neurons. Byzova Boris (1880-1934), a Russian chemist, one of the creators of synthetic rubber. Proceedings of Chemistry and Technology of Rubber. Developed (1913) a process for preparing butadiene (butadiene) hydrolysis of the petroleum feedstock. BULL, bridge piers or hydraulic structure (eg., Dam, spillway). BULLS, born cloven-hoofed animals bovids family. Close buffaloes. 5 types: yak, gaur, banteng, cuprite and primeval ox, or Turkish - the progenitor of cattle (extinct in the wild in the 17th century.). Wild bulls distributed in Europe, North. Africa, the Near, Wed, South. and the Centre. Asia. Domesticated. All bulls - in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Vasily Vladimirovich Bykov (b. 1924), the Belarusian writer, People's Writer of the Byelorussian SSR (1980), Hero of Socialist Labor (1984). In the story "The Third Rocket" (1962), "The dead do not hurt" (1966), "Krugloye Bridge" (1969), "Sotnikov" (1970), "Living till dawn" (1973, USSR State Prize, 1974), "sign of trouble "(1982; Lenin Prize, 1986)," Quarry "(1986)," in the Fog "(1987)," Chill "(1993) shows the events of the Great Patriotic War, the German occupation, partisan movement in Belarus, anatomy and courage betrayal, the tragic fate of the individual, marked common folk drama in the context of the entire Soviet history. Bykov Konstantin Mikhailovich (1886-1959), a Russian physiologist, academician of the USSR (1946) and Academy of Medical Sciences (1944). Study the influence of the cerebral cortex to the internal organs. Works on the physiology of digestion, chemical transfer excitation interoception. USSR State Prize (1946). Oleg Bykov (b. 1926), the Russian historian, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Major works on the theory and history of international relations and disarmament. USSR State Prize (1980). BULLS Roland A. (b. 1929), actor, director, People's Artist of the USSR (1990), Academician of the Russian Academy of Education (1992). In 1951-58 actor of the Moscow Youth Theater. In 1958-60 the chief director of the Leningrad Theater. Lenin Komsomol. Bykov artistic range - from dramatic roles in the films "The Overcoat" (1960), "the Commissioner" (1967, edition in 1988), "Testing Roads" (1972, edition in 1986) to the tragicomic film "Andrei Rublev" (1967, release in 1971), the television movie "Nov" (1977, director) and satirical roles in the film "Aibolit-66" (1967, director). Significant contribution to the development of Bykov children's cinema (films "Attention, Turtle!", 1970, "Car, Violin and Blot the Dog", 1975, "Scarecrow", 1984 et al.). USSR State Prize (1986). BYKOVA Elizabeth I. (1913-89), the Russian chess player, International Grandmaster (1976), Honored Master of Sports (1953). World champion (1953-56 and 1958-62), the Soviet Union (1947-48, 1950). Bulls, urban-type settlement (since 1962) in the Russian Federation, Moscow region., 35 km south-east of Moscow. Railway station. 10.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Near Bykov - one of Moscow's airports. BYKOVSKY Valery F. (b. 1934), the astronaut. Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR (1963), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1963, 1976), Colonel, PhD. Flying on "Vostok-5" (June 1963), "Soyuz-22" (September 1976), "Soyuz-31" and orbital station "Salyut-6" (August-September 1978). BYKOVSKY Konstantin Mikhailovich (1841-1906), a Russian architect. Son MD Autograph. Public buildings in Moscow with rational layout and the eclectic decoration of facades (State Bank on Neglinnaya st., 1890-92). BYKOVSKY Michael Dorimedontovich (1801-85), a Russian architect. The founder of the Moscow Architectural Society. The ensemble of the estate Marfino, near Moscow (1837-38) in the style of Gothic false. Bylinas VERSE see. People versification. The epics (antiques), Russian folk epic songs, legends. Emerged as an expression of the historical consciousness of the Russian people 9-13 cc., In the event of existence absorbed later time. Tell mostly about heroes - defenders of the homeland; reflected the moral and social ideals of the people. Northern epic executed monophonic, usually on short-tunes declamatory narrative warehouse southern epic choral, music akin to Don shirokoraspevnym songs. "Past", a collection (London - Paris, 1900-04, 1908-13, 15 rooms) and a magazine (St. Petersburg-Leningrad, 1906-07, 1917-26, 57 rooms). Documents and materials on the history of the revolutionary movement, especially the 2nd floor. 19 in. Editors: VL Burtsev, VY Bogucharsky, PE Shchegolev. Barlad (Birlad), the middle part of the Moldovan Upland., In the east of Romania. Height up to 564 m. The flat interfluve, dissected by ravines. Barlad, a city in eastern. Romania. 70 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Machinery, furniture and textile industries. Byrranga Mountains, on the Taimyr Peninsula. Length of 1,100 km. Height up to 1146 m. Glaciers (total area of approx. 30 km2). Stony-Arctic tundra. Riptide 1) parts of the river, where, because of the restriction of the bed, existence on its bottom ledges or steep slope flow becomes faster and more violent ... 2) A series of small rapids located close to each other. BYSTRITSKAYA Elina Avraamovna (b. 1928), the Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1978). Since 1958, the Maly Theater. Filmed in the movies: "Unfinished story", "Quiet Flows the Don", "volunteers" and others. BYSTRYTSKYI Andrei Andreyevich (1799-1872), Decembrist, Lieutenant. Member of rebellion Chernigov Regiment. Sentenced to hard labor (without specifying the period). From 1826 to Nerchinsk mines in 1839-56 in exile in Irkutsk province. Bystrov Vladimir Fedorovich (1935-90), the Russian biophysicist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1979). Studies of the structure of peptides and proteins by physicochemical methods. USSR State Prize (1985). High-speed computers, the average number of operations (commands) performed by the computer at a time. The speed of modern computers is 102-108 operations in 1 s. Sometimes speed is defined as the time it takes to perform one arithmetic operation. High-speed steel, high-Tool Steel (5,5-19% W, and Cr, V, Mo, C, sometimes Co), which has high hardness and red hardness. The cutting tool of high speed steel is subjected to quenching and tempering repeated. Chutes, hydraulic structure in the form of an open channel (chute), directing the flow of water moving at high speed, the upper portion of the conduit to the bottom. Bystrotok satisfied in waterworks for the passage of flood waters, on the paths spillways diversion hydropower plant, as timber and fish passage facilities, etc. Fast neutrons, neutrons with energies greater than 100 keV. Fast reactors, the nuclear reactor in which the fission chain reaction for nuclear fuel used fast neutrons. In a fast reactor can be expanded reproduction of nuclear fuel. On the basis of a fast reactor nuclear power plant built in the city of Aktau in Kazakhstan (1973). Life, way of daily life, non-productive sphere, including both the satisfaction of material needs (food, clothing, housing, health) and the development of spiritual values, culture, communication, recreation, entertainment (public, national, urban, rural, family and individual life). Develops and changes under the influence of material production, social relations, the level of culture, as well as geographical conditions and has a huge impact on other aspects of human life, the formation of personality. BYTANTAY river in Yakutia, a left tributary of the Yana. 586 km, the basin area of 40.2 thousand. Km2. The river is navigable for 120 km from the mouth. Genesis is the first book of the Pentateuch, which presents the mythological ideas of the ancient Hebrews of creation of the universe, the Earth and humanity, as well as the legendary ancient history of the Jews. Being a philosophical category denoting the reality that exists objectively. Can not be reduced only to the material world of objects, existence has different levels: organic and inorganic nature, the biosphere, social being, the objective-ideal being (cultural values, universally valid principles and categories of scientific knowledge, and others.), Being a person. Bytom (Bytom), a town in Poland, in the Upper Silesian agglomeration. 222 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Coal and metallurgical center. Byhov, a city in Belarus, Mogilev region., Wharf on the Dnieper. Railway station. 22.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Flax plant, food processing, furniture factory. Known since the 14th century. Bykhovskaya Emmanuilovich Bernard (1901-80), the Russian philosopher, Ph.D., professor. Major works on dialectical materialism, history of foreign philosophy. USSR State Prize (1943). Bykhovskaya Boris Evseevich (1908-74), the Russian parasitologist, academician of the USSR (1964). Proceedings on parasitology, systematics and phylogeny monogeneans and other groups of flatworms, their ecology (Factors of fish parasite). BYHOVTSA Chronicle, Chronicle of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania to 1506. Compiled in the middle. 16 in. in the Belarusian language. An important source for the history of Belarus, Lithuania, Ukraine, Russia. Named for the owner - the landowner I. Byhovtsa. Gobies, a family of fishes Perciformes squad. Length 10-35 (sometimes up to 50) cm. Oak. 600 species in coastal parts of the seas of tropical and temperate latitudes, in brackish and fresh waters. Ok. 50 species in the Black, Azov, Caspian Sea and the Sea of Japan. Target species. Bychkov Athanasius Fedorovich (1818-99), Russian historian, archaeographer, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1869). Chairman Archaeographic Commission. Works on the history of Russian literature and language, numismatics, archeology. Publication of "Letters and papers of Peter the Great", chronicles. BULLS Ivan Afanasievich (1858-1944), Russian historian, archaeographer, bibliographer, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925; corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1903, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1917). Son AF Bychkov. Published a description of securities of Peter I, the materials on the history of Russia of the 19th century. Bull Rock Cave (Byci skala), the cave in Moravia, where the opening (1872) Celtic burial leader with 40 killed slaves, chariots, weapons, copper statue of a bull. Biennale (Biennale) (ital. Biennale - a two-year), conducted in several countries biennial exhibitions, film festivals (eg., In Venice), and so on. N .. Bjerknes (Bjerknes), Norwegian Geophysics, father and son: 1) William Freeman Koren (1862-1951) - founder of the "Bergen" (of fronts) scientific school in meteorology. Author theorem on acceleration circulation in a liquid or gas, the wave theory of cyclones. Developed a dynamic methods of weather prediction. Founded the weather service in Norway (1917) ... 2), Jakob (1897-1975) - one of the founders of the theory of atmospheric fronts. Works on the evolution of cyclones and their role in the general circulation of the atmosphere, the problem of the influence of the ocean on atmospheric processes and others. BERKSKY AGREEMENT between Russia and Germany on the alliance, signed on the initiative of Germany 07.24.1905 yacht Nicholas II at about. Bjerke (Baltic m.). Provides for mutual assistance in case of an attack the third power. Contradicted the Russian-French alliance, has not entered into force. Bjornson (Bjornson) Bjørnstjerne Martinius (1832-1910), a Norwegian writer, social and theatrical figure. The founder of the Norwegian national drama. Tale of peasant life "Syunneve Sulbakken" (1857); national historical drama "Between the battles" (1858), "Sigurd Evil" (1862), socio-critical drama "Bankruptcy" (1875), "Over our forces" (ch. 1-2, 1883-95), poetry, in Vol. h. the national anthem of Norway. Nobel Prize (1903). BERNSSON (Bjornsson) Swain (1881-1952), 1st president of independent pools of Iceland from 1944. (French. Bief), part of the reservoir, river, canal, located above the river water pumps (dams, locks), t. N. upstream, or below it - downstream. BOY Casares (Bioy Casares) Adolfo (b. 1914), Argentine writer. Fiction novel "The Invention of Morel" (1940), "escape plan" (1945), "The Dream Heroes" (1954). Short Stories (in Vol. H. In collaboration with JL Borges): collections of "Dirty War Diary" (1969), "Hero of Women" (1978). Buchanan (Grand Bassa) (Buchanan; Grand Bassa), a city and port in Liberia, the administrative center of Grand Bassa County. 24 thousand. Inhabitants (1974). Production of iron ore pellets, flavoring industry. Buchanan, James (b. 1919), American economist. Research in the field of finance, pricing, economic policy. Nobel Prize (1986). Buchanan (Buchanan) James (1791-1868), 15th president of the United States, the Democratic Party (1857-61). In 1845-49 Secretary of State, one of the organizers of the aggressive US-Mexican War, 1846-48. Contribute to strengthening the slaveholding South. George Buchanan (1506-82), Scottish politician, religious reformer, historian and publicist. Opponent Mary Queen of Scots. In the writings of Buchanan reflected tiranoborcheskie ideas. A satirical poem "The Dream" (1537), translations of Euripides, Latin transcriptions of the Psalms. The book "History of the Kingdom of Scotland" (1582). Buchanan, George William (1854-1924), British diplomat. In 1910-18 Ambassador to Russia. During the 1st World War II has been associated with the Cadets and Octobrists supported the Provisional Government, close to the AF Kerensky. One of the organizers of the anti-Soviet conspiracy. Revoked. Buchanan (Buchanan) Patrick Joseph (b. 1938), American politician, television and radio commentator. Assistant to President Richard Nixon's relations with the media. In 1983 he founded his own broadcasting company. Bianchi Bandinelli (Bianchi-Bandinelli) Ranuccio (1900-75) was an Italian archaeologist and art historian, foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Proceedings on Etruscan, ancient, medieval art. BYANCHOTI (Biancioti) Hector (b. 1930), French writer of Argentine origin. Member of the French Academy. The novel "A Treatise on the seasons" (1977), an autobiographical film series "All that night tells Day" (1992), "Such a leisurely pace of Love" (1995). Babbage Ch., See. Charles Babbage. BEDHEM (Badham), John (b. 1939), American film director. In his first made famous movie "Fever Saturday night" (1977) showed a new young hero - the working guy, played by John. Travolta. In the 1980s. took witty anti-war tapes "War Games" and "Short Circuit". Beidou (Chinese. Northern Dipper) in Chinese mythology the spirit of the constellation Ursa Major. Considered to be the manager of the fate of opposing evil forces. Beiping see. Beijing. Beijiang river in southern China, the left component of p. Xi. 468 km, the basin area of 45.9 thousand. Km2. Summer floods. Navigable in the lower reaches; used for irrigation. Beishan, Plateau in China, between the desert Alashan and the eastern end of the Tian Shan. Height up to 2791 m (Mt. Matszun-shan). Stony deserts and semi-deserts, salt marshes. Beiyang Army (letters. - Northern Warlords), pro-imperialist groups; prevailed in China in 1912-27. Founded Yuan Shikai. Beiyang Army troops were defeated by the National Revolutionary Army during the Northern Expedition 1926-27. Bacon (Bacon), Nathaniel (1642 or 1647-1676), leader of the rebellion of farmers (1676) in Virginia against the British colonial authorities. Roger Bacon (c. 1214-92), English philosopher and scientist, a Franciscan friar. Professor at Oxford. Attached great importance to mathematics and experience - as a scientific experiment, and the inner mystical "enlightenment." Engaged in optics, astronomy, alchemy; anticipated many later discoveries. Francis Bacon (1561-1626), English philosopher, founder of English materialism. The Lord Chancellor under King James I. In his treatise "The New Organon" (1620) proclaimed the goal of science increase the power of man over nature, proposed a reform of the scientific method - clearing the mind of delusions ("idols" or "signs"), appeal to experience and processing it through induction, the basis of which - the experiment. The author of Utopia "New Atlantis" .BEKON (Bacon) Francis (January 22, 1561, London - April 9, 1626, Highgate), English philosopher and political deyatel.Zhizn and creativity came from a family of "new nobility", at one time supported the British monarchy feudal strife; his father while he served as Lord Privy royal seal. At age 12, Bacon entered the University of Cambridge; at 23, he was already a member of the House of Commons of the British Parliament, where he performed the enemy of Queen Elizabeth I on several issues. In 1597 published "The experience or instruction moral and political", which are highly essays on various topics - from everyday life to the moral and political. In 1605 was published in English work "On the dignity and enhancement of Sciences", which is the first part of the grand plan of Bacon - "Great restoration of Sciences," suggests six steps. When King James I, ascended the throne in 1603, begins the rise of political Bacon: in 1612, he - the Attorney General, in 1617 - Lord Privy Seal, in 1618 - the Lord Chancellor. In 1620 Bacon publishes one of his best works - "New Organon". In 1621 was accused of bribery and a few days imprisoned; despite the subsequent acquittal, Bacon did not return to politics. The last years of his life engaged in scientific experimentation and died in 1626, after having caught a cold held opyta.Bekon was fascinated by the broad transformation of science projects. According to his personal physician, the famous W. Harvey, "he philosophized as Lord Chancellor"; social utopia "New Atlantis" he managed to anticipate a plan to create in the 60s of the 17th century. Royal Society of London. Bacon first approached the understanding of science as a social institution. He shared the theory of double truth, delineate roles of science and religion; his attitude toward religion is close to deism. Winged Bacon statements about science and its role was repeatedly elected to the famous philosophers and scientists as an epigraph for his proizvedeniy.Klassifikatsiya Sciences Baconian classification of sciences, provides an alternative to Aristotle, long recognized as fundamental by many European scientists and philosophers. Separation of Sciences of the historical, poetic and philosophical determined Bacon psychological criteria. So, the story - this knowledge, based on memory; it is divided into the natural history of describing natural phenomena (including miracles and all kinds of deviations), and civil. Poetry is based on imagination. The philosophy - reason. It is divided into natural philosophy, the philosophy of the divine (natural theology) and human philosophy (which studies the moral and social phenomena). In natural philosophy Bacon identifies theoretical (research into the causes, with preference given to the material and efficient causes before the formal and target), and practical ("natural magic") part. As a natural philosopher Bacon sympathized atomistic tradition of the ancient Greeks, but it is not completely prisoedinyalsya.Kriticheskaya part of the system Considering that the elimination of misconceptions and prejudices - the starting point of the right of philosophizing, Bacon was critical of the scholasticism. The main drawback of the Aristotelian-scholastic logic, he saw that she passes the problem of concept formation constituting sending syllogistic reasoning. Bacon also criticized the Renaissance humanist scholarship, admired the ancient authorities and substitute rhetoric philosophy and philology. Finally, Bacon struggled with the so-called "fantastic learning" is not based on reliable experience, and unverifiable stories about miracles, hermits, martyrs and pr.Osnovu critical part of the philosophy of Bacon is the doctrine of the so-called "idols" that distort our knowledge. This is, firstly, congenital "idols kind." They are based on subjective evidence of the senses and the mind all sorts of errors (an empty abstraction, search purposes in nature, and so on. N.). Second, the "idols of the cave", due to the dependence of knowledge on individual characteristics, physical and mental properties, as well as restrictions on personal experiences of people. Third, the "idols of the market, or the square" with the social origins. Bacon calls not to exaggerate the role of words at the expense of facts and concepts behind the words. Fourth, Bacon offers eradicate "idols of the theater", which are based uncritical adherence avtoritetam.Induktivnaya methodology Bacon thought it necessary to create a proper method by which to gradually rise from the individual facts to broad generalizations. In ancient times, all the discoveries were only spontaneously, whereas the correct method should be based on experiments (specifically designed experiments) that must be systematized in the "natural history". In general, the induction acts Bacon not only as a form of inference, but the logic of scientific discovery, methodology development of concepts based on experience. Baconian inductivism was developed in the 19th century in the works of John Stuart Mill, and others. In the 20th century. interpretation of induction as the logic of opening a school was criticized Popper's methodology and dr.Svoyu Bacon understood as some combination of empiricism and rationalism, likening her course of action bees collect nectar processing, unlike ant (flat empiricism) or spider (divorced from experience scholasticism). Bacon distinguished experiences fruitful, that is, immediately bring some results and experiences luminous, practical benefit that is not immediately noticeable, but that ultimately give maximum rezultat.Tehnokraticheskaya schools in the "New Atlantis" (1623-24) describes the mysterious country Bensalem led by "Solomon's house" or "the Company for the knowledge of the true nature of all things", which unites the main sages of the country. From communist and socialist utopias utopia Bacon is distinguished by its pronounced technocratic character: on the island has a cult of scientific and technological inventions which are the main cause of the prosperity of the population. Atlanta aggressive and have an entrepreneurial spirit, and encouraged the export of secret information about the achievements and secrets of other countries members of "Solomon's house." "The New Atlantis" has remained nezakonchennoy.Sochineniya: Works in 2 volumes. M., 1977-1978.Istoriya reign of King Henry VII. M., 1990.The works. / Collected and ed. by J. Spedding, R. L. Ellis, D. D. Heath. London, 1887-1901. V. 1-7.Literatura: Subbotin AL Francis Bacon. M., 1974.Quinton A. Francis Bacon. Oxford, 1980.A. F. Grjaznov Bacon (Bacon) Francis (1909-92) was an English artist. Since the 1950s. one of the leading representatives of the new configurations. His portraits, figure compositions, replicas of paintings by old masters are full of acute tragic, gloomy feeling of "hell on earth". BELZA Igor Fedorovich (1904-93), the Russian musicologist, composer, literary critic, Honored Artist of Russia (1974), Doctor of Arts, Professor. Proceedings of the musical culture of Poland and the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Russia, and other musical romanticism. Balsom (Bel) (Bels) Albert (pres. Name and fam. Janis Cīrulis, Cirulis) (p. 1938), the Latvian writer. In the novel "Investigator" (1967), "Cage" (1972), "Polygon" (1977), "Cache" (1984), "Insomnia" (published in 1986) and stories explores the inner world of man, the relationship of the individual and society. Balti (Balti), city (1818) in Moldova, p. Reut. Railway junction. 164.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food processing, light industry, wood industry, electrical and agricultural engineering; production of building materials. Pedagogical Institute. Theater. Historical museum, an art gallery. Founded in the 15th century. Bălcescu (Balcescu) (Balcescu) Nicholas (1819-52), a Romanian historian and publicist. During the Revolution of 1848 in Wallachia, a member of the interim government; then emigrated to Transylvania, advocated the unification of the Romanian and Hungarian revolutionary movement. BELECHANU (Balaceanu) Emanoil (Manolache) (? -1842), Romanian utopian socialist. In 1835 founded (in his estate Scaeni, district Ploiesti) phalanx (community), which was declared illegal in 1837 and destroyed by government forces; Belechanu was exiled. BEN (Bain) Alexander (1818-1903), an English psychologist, a representative of the associative psychology. Founded the journal "Mind" (1876). Put forward the concept of the mechanism of trial and error in order to explain the new forms of physical activity. Contributed to the development of experimental psychology. Bengbu (Bangbu), a city in China, in the province. Anhui, a port on the river. Huai River. 431 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Processing of agricultural raw materials, metallurgy, machinery, textile, chemical and food industry. BENCHILE (Bancila) Octave (1872-1944), Romanian painter. Dramatic paintings on the theme of the peasant uprising in 1907, realistic-generalized images of workers ("Striker", 1914). Benxi city in northeast China, prov. Liaoning. 751 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). One of the main centers of ferrous metallurgy. Iron ore and coal; production of refractories. BER, off-system unit of equivalent dose of radiation. 1 rem = 0.01 J / kg. Prior to 1963 rem unit was defined as the roentgen equivalent (hence the name). BER Maksimovic Carl (Karl Ernst) (1792-1876), naturalist, founder of embryology, one of the founders of the Russian Geographical Society, foreign corresponding member (1826), academician (1828-30 and 1834-62; Honorary Member since 1862) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences . Born in Estonia. He worked in Austria and Germany; in 1829-30 and 1834 - in Russia. Opened the egg in mammals, described the blastula stage; studied chicken embryogenesis. Established the similarity of embryos of higher and lower animals, consistent appearance in embryogenesis signs of type, class, order, and so on. Etc .; described the development of all major organs in vertebrates. Explored the New Earth, the Caspian Sea. Series Editor of publications on the geography of Russia. Explained pattern scour riverbanks (Baer law). Baer's Law: the rivers flowing in the direction of the meridian, in the Northern Hemisphere tempted right bank, in the South - left. Due to the influence of the daily rotation of the Earth on the motion of the particles of water in the river. Formulated K. Baer in 1857. Byrd, American landlocked polar station (1957-72), now a seasonal base research on Marie Byrd Land in the West. Antarctica, at an altitude of 1530 m, 660 km from the coast. Byrd (Byrd) (Byrd), Richard (1888-1957), American polar explorer, aviator, Admiral. The head of the US Antarctic expeditions (1928-30, 1933-35, 1939-41 and 1946-47), who conducted an aerial survey, geographical, geological, meteorological and seismological research. BES, in Egyptian mythology deity. Differed Bes-Aha, the protector against evil spirits, and Bes-hit, the god of fun, music and dance. Depicted as a dwarf with an ugly bearded face. Were popular amulets in the form of Bes, his image is on the mirrors, complimentary toiletries, caskets. Basinger (Basinger), Kim (b. 1953), American actress. Starred in the TV series. Gained stardom after the film R. Altman's "Crazy Love" (1986). Of particular popularity has brought her role in the film Leon E. "Nine and a half weeks" (1986). Other significant works in the movies: "Final Analysis" (1992), "Cool World" (1992) and others. BESIT in Egyptian mythology karlikoobraznaya goddess, wife of Bes. BESM (high-speed electronic computing machine), the name of a family of local general-purpose computers to solve scientific and engineering problems. Developed at the Institute of Precision Mechanics and Computer Engineering under the leadership of SA Lebedev; produced from 1953 to 1982 (the latest model of the BESM-6 - Computer 2nd generation with a speed of approx. 1 million. Operations in 1). Bateson (Bateson), William (1861-1926), English biologist and one of the founders of genetics, a foreign corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1923). Defended not inheriting acquired characteristics, intermittent variation, the doctrine of purity of gametes. Explained the emergence of new traits in organisms loss of inhibitory factors - the theory of "presence - absence" (1905). Author of many genetic terms, suggested the science of heredity and variation of organisms called genetics (1906). Bouvard (French. Buvard), desktop folder, usually with writing and blotting paper, envelopes. BUDGET (Eng. Budget), painting of income and expenditure of the state, institutions, family or individual for a certain period (year). Time budgets of the population, the system of indicators characterizing the distribution of the time spent by type of its use as an individual worker and his family, as well as a defined population. Based on the analysis of time budget measures are developed to streamline labor and welfare and recreation. BUDGET RETAIL balance Family Income and Expenditure (average), which characterizes the current level of life of different groups working families. Budget rules, a set of legal rules governing the budgetary system of the country and regulating issues of education and the use of funds; one of the main institutions of financial law. Budget surveys, sample statistical survey on income, expenditure and consumption. Materials budget surveys are used to analyze the standard of living of the population, calculating the balances of agricultural products, balance work and so on. D. Fiscal year, the statutory annual period of compilation, approval and execution of the state budget. In most countries corresponds to the calendar (the Russian Federation, Italy, France, Germany), some - from April 1 to March 31 (UK, Japan) from 1 July to 30 June (Canada), from October 1 to September 30 (USA) , from March 1 to February 28 (Turkey). The budget deficit, the excess of state budget expenditures over revenues, which characterizes the precarious situation of public finances. BUDGET INDEX, the same as the cost of living index. BUDGET SET, the list of goods and services, which characterizes the amount (per family or per capita) and consumption patterns. Is used to calculate the budget index. Buisson (Buisson) Ferdinand Edouard (1841-1932), a French teacher. One of the organizers of the pacifist movement. Creator in 1898 of the League of Human Rights. Works on the formulation of educational affairs and general problems of education. Initiator of school reform in France in the late. 19 in. The Nobel Peace Prize (1927, together with L. Kvidde). BUHLER (Buhler), Karl (1879-1963), a German psychologist, a representative of the Würzburg school. In 1922-38 in Vienna, in 1938 in the United States. The emergence of intelligence associated with the appearance of sudden acts of understanding ("aha-experience"). Works on the development of children's thinking on the psychological aspects of speech. BULLETIN (fr. Bulletin, from Italian. Bulletino - note sheet) .. 1) the collection of the official acts, orders, and so on. F ... 2) A brief official announcement (about the course of hostilities, state of health, and so on. N. ) ... 3) Periodic or ongoing publication devoted to any range of issues ... 4) The ballot - paper ballot with the names of the candidates ... 5) Russian law bulletin called at home sick leave. Bulow (Bulow) Adam Heinrich Dietrich von (1757-1807), the Prussian military theorist. Put forward the thesis submission policy strategy; dogmatize experience of warfare in the 18th. Bernhard von Bülow (1849-1929), Prince, the German Chancellor and the Prussian minister-president in 1900-09. In 1897-1900 the Imperial State Secretary for Foreign Affairs. In 1907 made the creation of "Hottentot block." Hans von Bülow (1830-94), German pianist, conductor, composer and music critic. Pupil of Franz Liszt. Promoted the works of Russian composers in the West. Europe (especially the Tchaikovsky). BYULOVSKY blocks, see. "Hottentot block." Bulbul (korotkopalye blackbirds), a family of passerine birds. 120 species, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions of the Eastern Hemisphere. 1 species flies to the south of Uzbekistan, the other - to the south of Primorsky kr. and on Sakhalin. Bulbul (pres. Name and fam. Murtuza Mashadi Rza oglu Mammadov) (1897-1961), the Azerbaijani singer (lyric-dramatic tenor) and folklorist, People's Artist of the USSR (1938). One of the founders of modern Azerbaijani musical theater. Since 1920 the Azerbaijan Opera and Ballet Theatre. Professor of Azerbaijan State Conservatory (1940). USSR State Prize (1950). Bulfinger (Bilfinger) (Bullfinger, Bilfinger) Georg Bernhard (1693-1750), physicist and philosopher, one of the first academics Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1725-30; foreign honorary member from 1731). German by birth. One of the organizers of the Physical Sciences of the cabinet. Buñuel A., See. Buñuel L. Byurakan Astrophysical Observatory, Academy of Sciences of Armenia. Founded in 1946 on the Aragats. Tools: 100-cm and 53-cm Schmidt telescope of 2.6-m reflector and others. Radio astronomy station. Research: the structure of the Galaxy, non-stationary objects, extragalactic astronomy, and others. BURGER (Burger) Gottfried August (1747-94), German poet. Spokespersons "Sturm und Drang", a supporter of the French Revolution. Created the genre of contemporary German ballads ("Lenore", 1773; Russian translation, VA Zhukovsky). Political poems and epigrams, processing books RE Raspe of Munchausen. Burghers (it. Burgertum), burgers (from it. Burger - citizen) .. 1) all residents of Western European medieval city ... 2) The term is most often used in the historical literature to refer to the middle class population of the medieval city. Buerger Lankan ethnic community in Sri Lanka, descendants of marriages between Europeans and singalkami and tamilkami. 55 thous. People (1992). Share on Portuguese and Dutch burghers Lankan and t. N. Eurasians (descendants of Anglo-Sri Lankan marriages). Speak mostly in English. Live mainly in urban areas. Believers Protestants and Catholics. OFFICE (fr. Bureau), 1), a collegiate body, elected or established for the conduct of certain, mainly administrative, managerial work in any organization, company, office ... 2) The names of some institutions (eg., Information desk). ..3) Desk, usually with shelves, drawers and other compartments and a lid. Bureaucracy .. 1) a person belonging to the bureaucracy. ..2) An official who performs his duties formally, to the detriment of the case; formalist volokitchik. Bureaucracy (letters. - Office of domination, from the French. Bureau - bureau, office and ... fold), originally - power, influence managers and officials of the government staff; in the future - marking layer of employees in large organizations that have arisen in various spheres of society. As an essential element of management, administration bureaucracy turns into a particular social stratum, which is characterized by: hierarchy, regimentation, division of labor and responsibility in the implementation of formalized functions requiring special education. Bureaucracy inherent tendencies toward becoming a privileged layer, independent of the majority of members of the organization, which is accompanied by increase of formalism and arbitrariness, authoritarianism and conformism, submission rules and objectives of the organization mainly targets the strengthening and preservation. This is an extreme expression in authoritarian systems. Democratic society seeks to develop a form of control and management to overcome or limit the negative features of bureaucracy. Bussy (Bussy) Roger de Rabyuten (1618-93) was a French military commander, historical writer. Book "Romance of the Gauls" (1665), "A Brief History of Louis the Great" (1679), "Memories" (published in 1696). BUST (fr. Buste, from Lat. Bustum - the cremation site, tombstone), 1) bust sculpture of a human common form of sculptural portrait (original gravestone) ... 2) The female breast. BRA (Ger. Bustenhalter - letters. Byustoderzhatel), membership of lingerie designed to maintain the bust. Appeared in Russia in the beginning. 1910s. He initially was called - byustoderzhatel, in the context. 1920 - early. 1930s. expressed a preference for a foreign word, apparently due to the intimate purpose of this part of the toilet. Butor (Butor) Michelle (b. 1926), French writer, a representative of the "new novel." Psychologically sophisticated novels "Distribution of Time" (1956), "Change" (1957), "Steps" (1960). In the experimental prose - an alloy of diverse types of narrative: reportage sketches, lyrical and philosophical fragments, mythological imagery (the book "Illustrations", vols. 1-4, 1964-76). Literary and art history essay "repertoire" (vols. 1-5, 1960-82). Books about C. Baudelaire, Montaigne, Rabelais, M. Proust, Flaubert. Buffet (Buffer) Bernard (p .1928) was a French painter. Was influenced by F. Gryube. Works in tight graphic manner, the color of his paintings dim and cold; Among the works are dominated landscapes and portraits. Engaged in graphics and book illustration. Buffon (Buffon) Georges Louis Leclerc (1707-88), French naturalist, foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1776). In the main work "Natural History" (Vol. 1-36, 1749-88) expressed ideas about the development of the world and its surface, the unity of plan structure of the organic world. In contrast, C. Linnaeus defended the idea of the mutability of species under the influence of environmental conditions. Bucher (Bucher), Karl (1847-1930), a German economist, statistician, a representative of a new (young) of the historical school. Work Buecher contain extensive factual material populous medieval cities, organizations and other crafts. Buchner (Buchner) George (1813-37), German writer and political activist. Drama: realistic "Danton's Death" (1835), socio-critical "Woyzeck" (1837). Novella "Lenz" (published in 1839). Founder of the revolutionary "Human Rights Society" (1834). Author proclamations starting an appeal: "Peace to the cottages! War palaces!". Ludwig Büchner (1824-99), a German physician, naturalist and philosopher, the representative of vulgar materialism; understand consciousness as an active reflection of objective reality, but as a mirror (passive) reflection of reality; supporter of social Darwinism. Butschli (Butschli) Otto (1848-1920), German zoologist. Works in the field of cytology and Protistology. Advanced the theory of cellular (foam) structure of protoplasm. Traced the stages of meiotic cell division (meiosis) and the process of fertilization in animals. Developed the idea of simply as unicellular organisms. Suggested (1910) system of the animal kingdom. Byushgens George S. (b. 1916), the Russian scientist in the field of mechanics, Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1981), Hero of Socialist Labor (1974). Major works on the dynamics, stability, controllability and aerodynamics of the aircraft. Lenin Prize (1961). Buchez (Buchez) Philip Joseph (1796-1865), French historian, one of the ideologues of Christian socialism. In 1834-38, together with the French historian P. Roux-Lavergne (R. Roux-Lavergne, 1802-74) carried out in 40 vols. source publication "Parliamentary History of the French Revolution." Byadulya Zmitrok (pres. Name and fam. Samuel E. Fin) (1886-1941), Belarusian writer. Stories, historical tale "The Nightingale" (1927) about the struggle of the peasants against the landlords; novel "Yazep Krushinsky" (Vol. 1-2, 1929-32) on contemporary social and political problems of Belarus; autobiographical novel "In the dense forests" (1939). Calico (Ar.), Thick cotton fabric in which the warp is thinner than the weft threads. Sew Bed and men's underwear, clothing, etc.. Bleached calico cloth is usually called. Bialik Boris Aronovich (1911-88), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1947). The main scope of interests: Russian Literature 19th and 20th centuries. Books: "Aesthetic views Gorky" (1939), "Gorky Drama Soviet era" (1952), "Alone with the past" (1966), "The Great Word" (1981) and others. Chaim Nachman Bialik (1873-1934) Jewish poet. Up to 1920 lived in Russia, then in exile (from 1924 in Palestine). Wrote mainly in Hebrew. Poem in the biblical and prophetic style of "The Legend of the pogrom" (1904) - a passionate protest against national oppression; symbolic poem ("The Dead of the Desert", 1902, "Fire Charter", 1905), devoted to the fate of the Jewish people; The original lyrics; prose master paintings of domestic and psychological sketches. BYALOBZHESKY (Bialobrzeski) Czeslaw (1878-1953), a Polish physicist. Proceedings on thermodynamics, relativity, astrophysics. First suggested in 1913 the idea of radiative transfer in the stars. BYALOSTOTSKY (Bialostocki) Jan (1921-1989), a Polish art historian. Proceedings of analyzing historical processes in Gothic art, the artistic culture of the Renaissance and Mannerism. Follower E. Panofsky, one of the first extended study on methods iconology of art of the 19th century. Byalynitsky-Birulya Alexei Andreyevich (1864-1937), a Russian biologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1923). Proceedings on the taxonomy and biogeography of the various groups of invertebrates, birds and mammals. Byalynitsky-Birulya Kaetanovich Witold (1872-1957), the Belarusian painter, People's Artist of Belarus (1944) and the RSFSR (1947), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1947). Developed the tradition of Russian lyrical landscape con. 19 in. ("The ice was," 1930). Bian CE, deity in Chinese mythology - the keeper of precious stones, the patron of jewelers. Bian Qiao Chinese doctor 6. BC. e. In the essay "Nanjing" ("Book of the difficult") systematized information on the medicine. Developed the doctrine of the pulse. Operations are performed under general anesthesia, using special drinks. Bian-Qiao in Chinese mythology, the god-healer. Depicted as a bird with a human head.
Никто не решился оставить свой комментарий.
Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.
Будь-те первым, поделитесь мнением с остальными.