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Bourbonnais (Bourbonnais), a historical region in central France, in the bass. Loire. On the territory of Bourbonnais - Allier department. 7 thousand. Km2. The population of 358 thousand. People (1990). The main town - Moulin. Bourbon (French. Bourbons, Spanish. Borbones, Italian. Borboni), royal dynasty in France in 1589-1792, 1814-15, 1815-30 (the most famous representatives: Henry IV, Louis XIV, Louis XVI, Louis XVIII); in Spain in 1700-1808, 1814-68, 1874-1931 and 1975 (the beginning of the Spanish branch put grandson of Louis XIV - Philip V); in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1735-1805, 1814-60 (founder of this branch of the son of Philip V - Charles IV). Burbulis Gennady E. (1945), Russian statesman. In 1981-89 on the teaching and administrative work. In June 1991, Secretary of State of the Russian Federation - Secretary of the State Council under the President of the Russian Federation, at the same time since November 1991 - April 1992 1st Deputy Prime Minister of the Russian Federation. Since May 1992 the Secretary of State under President of the Russian Federation. Since 1993, the president of the humanitarian and political center "Strategy". Burvil (Bourvil) (pres. Name and fam. Andre Rembur, Raimbourg) (1917-70), French actor. Versatile master, successfully played as dramatic and comic roles. Filmed in the movies: "All the world's gold," "After Paris," "Les Miserables," "Noel Fortune," "Long Walk", "Red Circle" and others. BOURG (pozdnelat. Burgus), 1) in the West. Europe in the Middle Ages - the castle, fortified ... 2) Municipal administrative and territorial unit in Scotland. Boerhaave (Boerhaven) (Boerhaave) Herman (1668-1738), a Dutch physician, botanist and chemist, founder of t. N. Leiden Medical School, the first scientific clinic. Tried to link the anatomy and physiology with practical experience. Author of the "Foundations of Chemistry" (vols. 1-2, 1732). BURGAS, city and port in Bulgaria, on the Black m., The administrative center of Burgas region. 212 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). International Airport. Food, textile, machine-building industry. In the district of Burgas - Petrochemical Plant. Fishing. In the district of Burgas - resort area (Sunny Beach, Nessebar), mud-bath resort Burgas-Mineralni Bani. Burggraf (it. Burggraf), an official appointed by the King (or bishop - the lord of the city) in the German medieval cities (originally in Bourg). Burggraf has administrative, military and judiciary. Habib Bourguiba (b. 1903), the president of Tunisia in 1957-87. The Secretary-General (1934-38), chairman (1938-87) of the Socialist Party desturovskoy. In 1956-69 the head of government. Bourguignon, see. Art. Armagnac and Bourguignon. BURGKMAYR (Burgkmair) Hans (1473-1531), German painter and graphic artist. A representative of the Renaissance. Late Gothic tradition of German art are organically combined with the north Italian influence (the altar of St. John, 1518). Burgomaster (it. Burgermeister), head of the local authorities in a number of countries (Germany, Belgium, etc.). Position the mayor appeared in Zap. Europe in the 16-17th centuries. Burgomaster (glaucous gull), one of the largest birds in the family of seagulls. Length up to 80 cm. In the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, in the coastal tundra and Arctic islands. It nests on the rocks near the bird colonies, often eats eggs and chicks of colonial birds. BURGOS (Burgos), a city in the North. Spain, the administrative center of the province. Burgos. 164 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Textile, chemical, wood processing industry. Founded in the late. 9. In the 10 century. center of the eponymous county. In the 11-13 centuries. residence of the Castilian kings. Cathedral (13th c., 14-16 cc.), The church of the monastery of Miraflores (15 in.), The palace Casa del Cordon (con. 15 in.). "Burgtheater" (Burgtheater), Austrian drama theater. Created in 1741 in Vienna (until 1810 as Opera). The basis of the repertoire of classical drama, plays by contemporary authors (the scene of the branch). BURGUNDY (Bourgogne), a historical area and a modern economic region in France, in the bass. Seine. On the territory of Burgundy - Department of Cote-d'Or, Saone-et-Loire, Nièvre, Yonne. 31.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 1.6 million. People (1987). The main city - Dijon. In the Middle Ages the name of Burgundy were various state and territorial entities: the kingdom (the center of Lyon 5-6 cc., With the center of Arles in the 10-14 cc.), The county (see. Franche-Comté), the duchy (the center of Dijon) in 9-15 centuries. that entered in 1477 in the French kingdom. Burgundy until 1790 had the status of a province. Burgundian Wars 1474-77, were Switzerland and Lorraine (who were supported and subsidized France) against the Duke of Burgundy Charles the Bold, who sought to capture Lorraine and other lands that prevented the consolidation of the French state. In the decisive battle of Nancy (1477) Burgundians were defeated Charles the Bold killed. Possession of the Dukes of Burgundy was divided between France and the Habsburgs (get the Dutch possessions). "Burgundian residence" (Hotel de Bourgogne), French drama theater. Created in 1548 in Paris. One of the three theaters, became in 1680 the foundation of the theater "Comedie Francaise." Burgundy, a Germanic tribe. Formed a kingdom: a bass. Rhine - in the beginning. 5. (conquered by the Huns in 436) in the bass. Rhone - in the middle. 5. (534 conquered by the Franks). From the Burgundians was the name of Burgundy. "Burda" (Burda), a group of publishing and printing companies in Germany. Old company - "Burda GmbH", founded in 1908. The total sales of the group communication. 700 mln. USD., The number of employees of St. 5 thous. People (con. 1980.). Bourdaloue (Bourdaloue) Louis (1632-1704), a French priest and religious writer. The book "Sermons" (Vol. 1-17, published in 1707-34). Bourdieu (Burdach) Karl Friedrich (1776-1847), a German anatomist and physiologist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1818). Proceedings of the morphology, phylogenetic and ontogenesis of the brain. Bourdelle (Bourdelle) Emile Antoine (1861-1929), French sculptor. Using the experience of archaic Greek, European medieval art, created heroes of the product ("Hercules, the bow", 1909). BURDENKO Nilovich Nicholas (1876-1946), a Russian surgeon, one of the founders of Neurosurgery, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1939) and the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), first president of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1944-46), Hero of Socialist Labor (1943), chief surgeon of the Soviet Army (1941-46), Colonel-General of Medical Service (1944). Member of Russian-Japanese, 1st World War, the Soviet-Finnish and the Great Patriotic War. Writings on military surgery and others. USSR State Prize (1941). BURDZHALYAN Arkady (Arshak) S. (1879 / 1880-1946), the Armenian director, Honored Artist of Armenia (1934). In 1896 in Moscow, in 1924 in Armenia (1st State Theatre of Armenia, Leninakan Theater and others.). One of the founders of the Armenian Opera and Ballet Theatre in Yerevan (1933). Burdin Dmitri Ivanovich (1914-78), a Russian architect, Honored Builder of Russia (1966). Television Center (1967-70), the City Air Terminal (1960-65), the plan of building a residential area Degunino-Beskudnikovo (1964), the hotel complex "Izmailovo" (1980) - in Moscow and a number of Soviet pavilion at the international exhibitions - with a group of authors. Lenin Prize (1970), the USSR State Prize (1982, posthumously). Bourdieu (Bourdieu), Pierre (b. 1930), the French sociologist, close to the neo-Marxism. Work on the sociology of power and politics, social stratification of society and the "symbolic capital" of different groups, art and popular culture. Books "Average art. Essays on the social use of photography" (1965), "Reproduction. Elements of the theory of educational systems" (1970), "The difference. Social Critique of Judgment" (1979), "Beginning" (1987), "The rules of art. Genesis literature and field structure "(1992). Wineskin (Turk.), A bag of whole animal skins (goats, horses, etc..) To store wine, and so kumys. N. It is widespread in the East, some of the Caucasian peoples, Wed. Asia and Siberia. Pavel Bure (b. 1971), the Russian sportsman (ice hockey). CSKA striker (1989-91), the National Hockey League club "Vancouver Canucks" (1991). One of the most technical and productive domestic players in the NHL. (St. 200 goals). Father - a famous Soviet swimmer Vladimir Bure (b. 1950), Olympic medalist (1968 and 1972) in the freestyle. Brother - Valeri Bure (b. 1974), striker NHL "Montreal Canadiens" (1994). "Petrel", Sports Club students and university professors. Founded in 1957. cultivates approx. 50 sports (1993). Included in the International University Sports Federation FISU (FISU) since 1959. Petrels (tubular-billed), a unit of oceanic birds. 4 families: albatrosses, petrels itself, storm petrels and diving petrels; 95 species, mostly in the Southern Hemisphere. Good fly to the mainland linked during the breeding season; nest in colonies. 12 species and subspecies of 8 in the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. Bureinsky coal basin, in the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk kr. Developed since 1939. The area of 6000 km2. Balance reserves to a depth of 300 m - 1.9 billion. M. Coal, Mark G. Calorific value of an operating fuel approx. 20 MJ / kg. Bureinsky Ridge, in the south of the Far East, watershed pp. Urmi, Amgun and tempest, in the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk kr. Length approx. 400 km. Height up to 2071 m. It consists of ridges and middle ranges (Dusse Alin Yam-Alin, Aesop), composed of granites, gneisses, sedimentary and extrusive rocks. On the slopes - coniferous and deciduous forests. Windbreak trees, broken by the wind, usually below the crown (mass windbreak - during storms). Most susceptible spruce, fir, pine, aspen. Drilling, excavation construction process (the hole, borehole less pit, shaft) is preferably circular cross-section in the crust for the study of geology, prospecting, exploration, mining, engineering and geological surveys, and others. Used drilling holes in synthetic materials (concrete, and so on. n.). The main method of drilling - mechanical. Burenin Viktor Petrovich (1841-1926), Russian writer. Satirical poems, parodies, pamphlets, literary criticism: in the 1860s. - Of the democratic journals, and later - in the newspaper "New Era". Since the 1890s. Burenina name became a symbol of reactionary journalism. Novel, short stories, plays, memoirs. Bure River in the Far East of the Russian Federation, a left tributary of the Amur. Formed by the confluence pp. Right and Left storm. 623 km, the basin area of 70.7 thousand. Km2. The average water flow of 940 m3 / s, the maximum - 18 100 m3 / s. Rafting. Navigable for 197 km from the mouth. Bourges (Bourges), a city in central France, the administrative center of the department of Cher and the historical region of Berry. 79 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Aviation industry. Saint-Etienne Cathedral (c. 1190 - c. 1280), Gothic and Renaissance houses (in Vol. H. Jacques Coeur, between 1443-51). Bourget (Burge) John Henry (p .1933), American architect. Worked together with F. Johnson on the design of multi-storey public buildings, mostly in Chicago and New York. Bourget (Bourge) Elemir (1852-1925), French writer of the circle S. Mallarmé. Paintings of social decadence in the novel "Twilight of the Gods" (1884). BOURGET (Bourget) Paul Charles Joseph (1852-1935), French writer. In numerous novels (in Vol. H. "The Apprentice", 1889) rejected the humanity of mind against it religious morality. Poems, essays, literary criticism. Bourgelat (Bourgelat) Claude (1712-79), a French scientist, one of the founders of veterinary science in France, the organizer of the first veterinary school in Europe (eg., In Lyon, 1761), member of the Academy of Sciences of Paris and Berlin. BOURGEOIS (fr. Bourgeois) (burger), the citizen in Europe in the Middle Ages; representatives of the bourgeois class. BOURGEOIS (Bourgeois) Leon (1851-1925), French statesman, lawyer. He has held several ministerial posts in the government of France, in 1895-96 - the Prime Minister. In 1917 was appointed chairman of the French Commission to explore the possibility of creating the League of Nations. Put forward the idea of the need to resolve disputes and conflicts between the two countries through international arbitration. Bourgeoisie (French. Bourgeoisie - the townspeople), social class owners of capital, receiving income from a trade, industrial, credit and finance, and others. Entrepreneurship. Originated in a traditional (feudal and others.) Society as a result of revolutions and reforms 16-20 centuries. acquired considerable economic and political influence contributed to the approval of the industrial society and market economy, the values of liberalism and democracy. Modern bourgeoisie in the developed countries include: major financial and industrial bourgeoisie, which is adjacent to the top layer of Governors; a significant layer of the middle bourgeoisie, combining ownership of capital and business functions; the petty bourgeoisie. In developing countries, the formation of the different layers of the bourgeoisie is associated with the process of modernization of society. In countries where the socialist regime was established, the bourgeoisie has been eliminated as a class. In a number of countries in the process of becoming a market economy and civil society reborn social stratum of private owners and entrepreneurs. See. Also post-industrial society. STORM (al., ISL. Parent), in Norse mythology, a powerful first man, established at the beginning of the world covered with frost salty rocks that cow licked Auðumbla. Bohr's father, grandfather of Odin. Burian (Burian) Emil František (1904-59), a Czech film director, composer, playwright. In 1933 founded the theater "D-34" (Prague), where he staged performances ostropoliticheskie, decided the new scenic resources. During the Nazi occupation was imprisoned in a concentration camp. Buridan (Buridan) Jean (c. 1300 - c. 1358) was a French scholastic philosopher, representative of nominalism, helped to spread the teachings of Occam in France and a number of natural ideas. "Buridan's Ass", the paradox of absolute determinism in the doctrine of free will: donkey, placed equidistant from two identical bundles of hay, to die of hunger, because can not choose a particular bundle. In the writings of Jean Buridan this image could not be found. In a figurative sense - a man hovering in the choice between two equivalent possibilities. Hammer drill (drill), percussion machine (usually air) for drilling (sometimes well). Divided into manual (weight 10-30 kg) and core (50-70 kg). A kind of core - Telescopic (30-50 kg) are used for drilling and wells from the bottom up. Drilling capacity (fr. Bouts rimes - rhymed ends), poems set to rhyme; popular form of secular "light verse" 17-18 centuries. Bura AGREEMENT between Russia and China (named p. Borax, a tributary river. Argun; 20/08/1727), determined by the Russian-Chinese border from the pass-Shabin Dabata (West Sayan) to p. Argun (District fells Abagaytu). Articles Bura contract entered into an agreement Kyakhtinsky. Bura Evgeniy Fedorovich (1849-1912), forensic scientists, the founder of Russia's first specialized forensic institution - St. Petersburg forensic photographic laboratory. (1889). Proceedings on criminology and forensics. BURIHIN Igor (b. 1943), the Russian poet. Since 1978 in exile in Germany. Poetry is marked paradoxical comparisons and metaphors, the search for new means of expression (collage and so. N.), The desire for liberation from literary tradition. Collections of poetry: "My house is the word" (1978), "Transformations in the airways" (1981), "Ode to the Big Dipper and others." (1991). Burusho people (burishki, Burushaski, Vershik), the people in the highlands to the north-west of India. Ok. 50 thous. People (1987). Language isolated. Believers are mostly Shiite Muslims. Burke, a felt cloak among the peoples of the Caucasus. In domestic Cavalry 19 - Ser. 50s. 20th centuries. was part of the outfit Caucasian formations and units. Burke, warm boots or felt with leather soles. BURKINA FASO (Bourkina Faso) (until August 1984 the Republic of Upper Volta), the state in the West. Africa. 274.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 9.8 million. People (1993), mainly Mossi, Lobi, Fulani, Bobo. The urban population of 9% (1988). The official language - French. St. 50% of believers adhere to local traditional beliefs, 40% - Muslims, the rest - Christians. Capital - Ouagadougou. Administrative divisions: 30 provinces. The head of state - the president. Legislature - Assembly of People's Deputies. Surface - undulating plateau up to 500 m, in the south-west of the mountains up to 750 m. The climate is sub-equatorial. Average temperatures of 24-26 ° C to 30-35 ° C. 500-1000 mm rainfall per year. The main rivers - the Black Volta and the White Volta. Savannah. National Park Double-B reserves. In the 11th century. in Burkina Faso Mossi state began to take shape, with 14 in. there was a state - Ouagadougou, Yatenga and others. con. 19 - early. 20th centuries. conquered by the French colonialists. Since August 1960 an independent state. Burkina Faso - an agrarian country. The share of gross domestic product (1991,%): Agriculture approx. 40, 14. Pastoralism industry. Cash crops: cotton, peanuts, oil palm, sugarcane. River fishing. Production of lumber. Ginning, textiles, vegetable oil, meat slaughterhouse, leather and footwear enterprises. Extraction of mercury, gold, manganese, nickel, phosphates, marble. Production of electricity 157 million. KWh (1991). Exports: livestock and livestock products, cotton, peanuts. Length of roads - 13.3 thousand. Km of railways - 495 km. Major trading partners: France, Germany, Côte d'Ivoire. Currency - the CFA franc. BURKOV Georgy (1933-90), Russian actor, Honored Artist of Russia (1980). In 1964-80 at the Moscow Drama Theater. Stanislavsky, in 1980-88 (with breaks) at the Moscow Art Theatre, in 1984-87 at the Moscow Drama Theater. Pushkin. Distinguishing comedian; appeared in dramatic roles: Prokhorov Zheleznov (the first version of "Vassa Zheleznova" Gorky), Stepan Golovlev ("Golovlevs" by Saltykov-Shchedrin), and others. Filmed in the movies: "Stove-shop", "Kalina red "," They fought for the Motherland "," wounded animal "," From the Life of a rest "and others. BURKHARDT (Burckhardt) Jacob (1818-97), Swiss historian and philosopher of culture, founder of t. n. cultural-historical school of historiography, highlights the history of the spiritual culture. Works on the history of Greek culture and culture of Italy during the Renaissance. BURKELLO (Burchiello) (pres. The name of Domenico di Giovanni, Giovanni) (1404-49), Italian poet. One of the creators of comic poetry, called in the 15-18 centuries. burkelleski. Burlacu, salaried workers in Russia 16-19 centuries., Moves river vessels manually using twine and fun. Mainly non-black peasants obrok provinces. BURLESQUE (Burlesque) (from Italian. Burlesco - joking), 1) poetry geroikomicheskoy kind of classicism: the image of "high" subjects "low" style unlike the travesty - the image of "low" subjects "high" style. Example - comic perelitsovki "Aeneid" by Virgil in Scarron, Kotlyarevskyi ... 2) Music play rough-comic, sometimes bizarre nature; akin Capriccio. Burlin LAKE, bitter-salty lake in the west of the Altai kr. 31.3 km2 and an average depth of 1.65 m. Production of salt. BURLYUK David Davidovich (1882-1967), Russian poet and artist. One of the founders of Russian futurism. Since 1920 in exile. Seething Nikolai Petrovich (b. 1946), Russian actor, film director, Honored Artist of the Russian Federation (1984). In 1961-64 at the Moscow Academic Theatre. Moscow City Council. In 1967-68 in the Moscow Theater. Lenin Komsomol. In the cinema in 1961. As a teenager, with great success played a major role in the film A. Tarkovsky's "Ivan's Childhood" (1962). Filmed in the movies: "Andrei Rublev" (1971), "The Miserly Knight" ("Little Tragedies" by Alexander Pushkin, 1980), "Wartime Romance" (1984), "The Master and Margarita" (1993) and et al. As a director to make a film on his own script, "Vanka-Cain" (in the anthology "Poshehonsky antiquity", 1977), "Lermontov", in which he played the title role (1986), and others. Burmeister Vladimir Pavlovich (1904-71) The Russian choreographer, People's Artist of the USSR (1970). In 1941-1960 and since 1963 the chief choreographer of the Musical Theatre. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko, where among other productions created a new version of the ballet "Swan Lake" by Tchaikovsky (1953). USSR State Prize (1946). Burma (Boorman) John (b. 1933), English film director. Creative manner Boorman characterized traditional British cinema exquisite style and interest in historical topics. "Excalibur" (1981) - one of the most successful films of the chivalric times; "Deliverance" (1972) and "The Emerald Forest" (1985) are devoted to the dramatic confrontation between nature and culture. Burmistrov (Pol. Burmistrz), managing estates in Russia, oversaw the execution of duties by peasants, the order in the village, and so on. N. Burmistrovo Natalia (b. 1918), the actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1972). On stage since 1936, since 1948 in Tbilisi Russian theater. BURNASHEV (Burnashev) Fathi Zakirovich (1898-1946), Tatar poet, playwright, theater critic. Romantic tragedy "Tahir and Zuhra" (1920), the drama "Young Hearts" (1920), a heroic drama "Falcon" (1934); poems, articles. Bournonville (Bournonville) August (1805-79), Danish ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher. One of the leading representatives of the Romantic movement. In 1830-77 (with breaks) worked in the Royal Ballet (Copenhagen). Created St. 50 ballets. Bournonite, mineral subclass of complex sulphides, CuPbSbS3. Impurities As, Fe. Gray granular aggregates, grain. Fragile. The hardness of 3-3.5; density of 5,7-5,9 g / cm3. Occurs in polymetallic deposits. Lead ore, copper. Burnoose (Ar.), 1) hooded cloak of white woolen cloth from the Arabs ... 2) Rhode old Russian top women's clothing. BUROV Andrew K. (1900-57), a Russian architect, inventor, Doctor of Technical Sciences. Projects developed large-block (1939-41) and large-(1948-49) houses, a method of manufacturing anisotropic fiberglass construction materials (1956). Derrick, construction (usually metal construction) over the well for lowering and lifting drilling tools, casing, downhole motors. Height is usually up to 60 m. Borehole see. Well Drilling. RIG, complex equipment, mainly for the construction of wells. Distinguish between stationary, mobile, self-propelled and portable rigs. Drilling ship, floating structure for offshore drilling wells; equipped with a slot in the center of the body, which is set over rig, and a special system to keep the vessel on the wellhead. Drilling rig machine mounted on a self-propelled platform or mobile frame, used for drilling vertical and inclined, mainly explosive, wells. SHREW, born mammals shrew family. The body length of 4-9 cm, 2.5-8 cm tail. The crowns of the teeth are reddish brown. 50-65 species in Eurasia, North. America and northern South. America. American pygmy shrew - one of the smallest mammals weighs approx. 2 of 2 species are protected. BUROP (Burhop) Stoneleigh Eric Henry (1911-80), English physicist and public figure. President of the World Federation of Scientific Workers (since 1970). Proceedings of nuclear physics and elementary particles. International Lenin Prize (1972). Boras (Boras), city in south-west Sweden. 102 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). A major center of the textile and clothing industry; mechanical engineering. BURSA (Bursa) (Bruce), a city in northwestern Turkey, administrative center of Bursa il. 835 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Textiles, food processing, cement, auto assembly and woodworking industry. University. Founded in the 2nd century. BC. e. (called Prus). Since 1326 the first capital of Bursa Ottoman (Turkish) state. Orhanbeya Mosque (the beginning. 14-15 cc.), Ulu Cami (14 - beg. 15 cc.), Yesil Cami (15 in.); Mausoleum Yesil-turbot (15 c.). BURSA (from Wed-century. Lat. Bursa - bag), a hostel for poor students at medieval universities; in Russia until 1917 - at religious schools and seminaries. Bursian Victor R. (1886-1945), a Russian physicist. Proceedings on thermodynamics, physics of crystals, geophysics. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Bursitis, inflammation of the mucous bags periarticular with repeated injuries, friction, infection control, and others. Taal, the same as Afrikaans. Bursa Boris (b. 1905), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology. Works on the history of Russian literary criticism, about the life and work of Leo Tolstoy, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Gorky, Pushkin. USSR State Prize (1987). Boorstin Celestine Leonovich (1888-1938), mathematician, academician of the Byelorussian SSR (1931). Until 1929 he lived in Austria. Since 1929 Professor of the Belarusian University in Minsk and at the same time (since 1931) Director of the Physical-Technical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the Byelorussian SSR. Proceedings on differential geometry and differential equations, the theory of distribution groups. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Burtases tribal alliance 5-11 centuries. to Wed. and N. Volga. Agriculture, hunting. From 7. under the authority of the Khazar khanate, then the Kievan state. Assimilated by Volga-Kama Bulgaria and other peoples of the Volga region. Burtin Youri (b. 1932), the Russian critic and publicist. Wide publicity received his work "On chastushkas" (1968), "To you, from another generation ..." (1987), "The real criticism of Yesterday and Today" (1987) and others. Chief Editor of "Democratic newspaper" (1991 together with IM Klyamkin), "Civil thought" (1993). Collection of articles "The opportunity to object" (1988). Buru (Buru), mountainous island in the arch. Maluku Islands in Indonesia. 8.8 thousand. Km2. Height up to 2429 m. Rainforests. The main town - Namlea. Burundi, Republic of Burundi (fr. Republique du Burundi), a state in eastern. Africa. 27.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 5.66 million. People (1993); Burundi (ethno-social groups - Hutu, Tutsi, Twa pygmies-). The urban population of 6.3% (1990). Official languages - French and Burundi. Ok. 80% of believers - Christians (mostly Catholics), part adheres to local traditional beliefs. Administrative divisions: 15 provinces. Capital - Bujumbura. The head of state - the president. Legislature - unicameral National Assembly. Located on a plateau (elevation 1500-2000 m), the western edge of which is raised up to 2670 m. Subequatorial climate. Monthly average temperatures 15-20 ° C, 23-25 ° C depressions. Precipitation from 800 to 1600 mm per year. Bass River. Nile (Ruvuvu, Akanyaru) and Congo (Malagarasi, Ruzizi). Oz. Tanganyika. Secondary savanna. National Parks Kivira, Ruzizi, Ruvuvu; Reserves. In the 18th century. there was a state of Burundi. In the context. 19 - early. 20th centuries. Burundi has been invaded by colonizers; 1903 Burundi included in German East Africa. After the 1st World War, Burundi - part (called Urundi) Belgian Mandate, from 1946 the Trust Territory of Ruanda-Urundi. Since July 1962 the independent Kingdom of Burundi. Since November 1966 the republic. In 1987-93 power in Burundi was in the hands of the Provisional Committee for National Salvation. In 1992 a new constitution. In 1993 general elections were held on a multiparty basis. Burundi - an agrarian country. The share of the gross national product (1991,%): 48.5 agriculture, industry 13 cash crops: coffee, cotton, tea. Livestock. Fishing (the lake. Tanganyika). Production of electricity 99 million. KWh (1992). Enterprises for processing of agricultural products; textile, cement, sawmill factory. The length of the road 6.3 thousand. Km. There are no railroads. Navigation on the Lake. Tanganyika (the main port - Bujumbura). Exports of coffee, cotton, tea, cotton fabrics. Major trading partners: Germany, USA, France, UK. Currency - Burundi Franc. Chipmunk, squirrel family genus of mammals. 18 species in the forests of the Northern Hemisphere. To the east of 45-50 ° c. d. - Siberian chipmunk, body length up to 17 cm, tail up to 12 cm on the back 5 black longitudinal stripes. In Siberia, sometimes damaging forestry and agriculture; secondary target species (fur). Breakers, sea waves, collapsing at some distance from the coast (in contrast to the surf). Formed over submerged shafts, reefs, shoals. Burhaneddin Sivas (Burhaneddin Sivasi) Ghazi Ahmed (1345-98), Turkish poet and scholar. Ruler of Sivas (Turkey), the sultan. Lyric poetry imbued with the ideas of Sufism. Writings on Islamic law. Burhan Mirza (? -1549), The leader of the peasant revolt antisefevidskogo in Shirvan in 1547-49. Proclaimed himself the Shirvan Shahs. After his death, the uprising was crushed. Burhanov Asli Badriddinovich (b. 1915), Tajik actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1965). Since 1933 the Tajik Theater. Lahuti (Dushanbe). Burhanov Shukur (1910-87), the Uzbek actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1959). Since 1928 the Uzbek Theater. Hamza (Tashkent).
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