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Bulakh Peter (1822-85), Russian composer and educator. Author of popular romances and songs ("Troika", "That's the way of a large village"). His father, Peter A. (c. 1793-1835) and brother Paul Petrovich (1824-75) - opera singers. Bulakhovsky Leonid Tarkovsky (1888-1961), linguist, academician of Ukraine (1939), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Proceedings on Russian and Ukrainian linguistics, Slavic studies, Slavic accentuation. BULASHEVICH Yuri Petrovich (b. 1911), the Russian geophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1970). Proceedings of geophysical exploration techniques (mainly nuclear); developed the theory of neutron logging method and induced polarization; investigated the migration of radiogenic gases. Bulwer-Lytton (Bulwer-Lytton) Edward (1803-73), Baron, English writer. Novel about the life of the aristocratic society "Pelema" (vols. 1-3, 1828), a historical novel "The Last Days of Pompeii" (1834), drama ("Richelieu", 1839). Bulgakov Boris Vladimirovich (1900-52), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Proceedings on gyroscopic devices, tracking systems, theory of nonlinear oscillations. Mr Mikhail Bulgakov (1891-1940), Russian writer. In the novel "The White Guard" (1925-27), the play "Days of Turbin" (staged in 1926), "Running" (1926-28, staged in 1957) has shown the tragic conflict of the Civil War and the collapse of the "White movement". Many of the writer's works during his lifetime were not published. Novels and short stories: "The Fatal Eggs", "Diaboliad" (both books 1925), "Heart of a Dog" (1925, published in 1987); "Theatrical Novel" (unfinished, 1936-37, published in 1965). In the novel "The Master and Margarita" (1929-40, published in 1966-67) - the idea of perpetual conflict and moral asceticism creative forces of evil embodied in two temporary plans; in the grotesque image of modern (using mythological imagery) and evangelical scenes. Bulgakov Mikhail Petrovich (Metropolitan Macarius) (1816-82), Russian historian, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1854). Work "History of the Russian Church" (Vol. 1-12). Sergei Nikolaevich Bulgakov (1871-1944), Russian philosopher, economist and theologian. Since 1923, in exile, he lived in Paris. From legal Marxism, which Bulgakov was trying to connect with neo-passed to religious philosophy, then to Orthodox theology. Major works: "The Philosophy of Economy" (1912), "The God-manhood. Trilogy" (1933-45), "Philosophy of the name" (published in 1953) .BULGAKOV Sergey (June 16, 1871, Livny - July 13, 1944, Paris) Russian Orthodox theologian and philosopher, economist, writer and public figure. The early period was born in a family of a priest. He studied at Orel Seminary, having survived a crisis of faith, left it in 1888 and completed his education at Moscow University in 1894 in the department of political economy and statistics. Until the early 1900s. belonged to the flow of legal Marxism and doing research in the field of political economy, released the book "On the markets in capitalist production" (1897) and "Capitalism and Agriculture" (vols. 1-2, 1900). At the turn of the century departs from Marxist ideology, refers to the philosophy of German classical idealism, as well as the Russian thought, Dostoevsky and Vl. Solovyov. This evolution was characteristic of the Russian intelligentsia of the time, and soon became one of Bulgakov recognized spiritual leaders. He is involved in the collection "Problems of Idealism" (1902), released a collection of his articles under the program entitled "From Marxism to idealism" (1903), is actively involved in a variety of initiatives ensuing religious and philosophical revival - in the magazines "New Way" and "Life Matters "collections" Questions of religion, "" On Vladimir Solovyov, "" religion Leo Tolstoy "," Milestones "in the work of religious and Philosophical Society of memory Vl. Solovyov and publishing "The Way", where in 1911-17 be published important works of Russian religious thought. In 1906 he was elected to the 2nd State Duma (as a non-partisan "Christian Socialist"). The most important of lectures and articles that period they collected in the book "Two Cities" (vols. 1-2, 1911). In the philosophical developments of the 1910s (the book "Philosophy of Economy", 1912, and especially "Unfading Light", 1917) outlines the basics of Bulgakov's own teachings, to be in line sophiology Solovyov and PAFlorenskogo, but tested and marked influence of the late Schelling. During the revolution process of gradual return to the Church and the Orthodox outlook completed in the revolutionary years of the adoption of the priesthood (1918). Bulgakov is actively involved in the work of the Local Council of the All-Russian Orthodox Church (1917-18), and works closely with Patriarch Tikhon. On the October Revolution he responded Dialogue "at the feast of the gods", written in the style and spirit of the "Three Conversations" Solovyov and entered into the collective book "Out of the depths" (1918; reprint 1991). During the Civil War, while in the Crimea, Bulgakov working intensively on the philosophical writings. In the "Philosophy of the name" (1920; published 1953) and "The Tragedy of philosophy" (1920-21, published in German translation, 1927), he concludes that Christian speculation may be expressed without distortion only in the form of dogmatic theology, which has since and becomes the main area of his work. Emigration In 1922 about. Sergius included in the drafting of the GPU on the initiative of Lenin lists of science and culture to be expelled abroad. December 30, 1922, he left the Crimea, and after a short stay in Constantinople in May 1923, a professor of canon law and theology at the Faculty of Russian Scientific Institute in Prague. With its close participation creates Orthodox Theological Institute in Paris (1925). Since its opening until his death about. Sergius was its permanent head, as well as a professor of dogmatic theology. Under his leadership, Sergey House (complex of college buildings with the church of St. Sergius of Radonezh) has grown into the largest center of Orthodox spirituality and theology. One of the main founders of the Russian Student Christian Movement, Bulgakov took part in his first congresses in Psherove (Czechoslovakia) and Arzherone (France) and then went on to oversee it. In 1930 he became one of the most influential leaders and ideologues of the ecumenical movement, the work of which is incorporated in 1927 by the World Christian Conference "Faith and Order" in Lausanne. In 1939, Bulgakov was diagnosed with cancer of the throat, he underwent several operations, visited the verge of death, and to a great extent lost the power of speech. However, until the last days of life in occupied Paris continued to serve the liturgy and lectures (which cost him a great effort), as well as working on new compositions. Reading Reading Bulgakov always come to the fore in the critical moments of life in Russia: the revolution of 1905-07, the beginning of the First World War, 1917. Its unusually wide range of: religion and culture, Christianity, politics and socialism, the problem of the public, the path of the Russian intelligentsia, the problems of church life, art and other problems. Bulgakov - one of the main exponents of "vehovstva" ("Milestones", 1909, art. "heroism and selfless devotion ") as an ideological movement to the intelligentsia to the sobering up, move away from utopianism and revolutionism rabid, spiritual work and constructive social position. They developed the idea of social Christianity include analysis of the Christian attitude towards the economy and politics (with an apology for socialism, gradually marching on the wane), criticism of Marxism, but also bourgeois-capitalist ideology projects "party of Christian politics", responses to issues of the day (from the standpoint of Christian the liberal-conservative centrism) and so on. n. The theme of Russia decided, after Dostoevsky and Vl. Soloviev, in the ways of the Christian philosophy of history. The First World War marked Slavophile articles full of faith in the universal vocation and a great future power. But in the dialogue "On the feast of the gods" and others. Russia's fate is drawn in colors and disturbing apocalyptic theology Doctrine nepredskazuemosti.Filosofiya and Bulgakov in its development two stages: the Sorcerer (before his expulsion from Russia) and theological, but all the way it is was the doctrine of God-manhood and Sophia, the Christian doctrine of the world and its history as a reunion with God. His motive - the justification of the world, the promotion of values and meaning of life in the whole of bodily fullness. Arguing with German idealism, Bulgakov rejects the thesis that the mind and thinking -vysshee start having exclusive prerogative of connection with God. Justification of the world includes Bulgakov justification matter and the type of its philosophical outlook he sometimes prescribed taken Solovyov expression "religious materialism". Using as the Fathers of the Church, the ideas of ancient philosophy, Bulgakov makes them Christian adjustments. Matter - is not only "MeOH" is not a universal substrate decorated sensible things, it also "earth" and "mother", participates at the will of God in the world as being the creative process, to continue the act of creation. Crown and the aim of this work - the earthly birth of the God-Man Christ, in which matter acts as Bogozemlya and the Virgin, and the world goes back to union with God. Communication God and the world is determined by the concept of Wisdom Bozhiey.Sofiologiya Sofilogicheskaya system of dogmatic theology Bulgakov developed mainly in the "big trilogy": "Lamb of God" (1933), "The Comforter" (1936), "The Bride of the Lamb" (1945). Here comes close to Sofia "ousia", the essence of the Holy. Trinity. This convergence, as well as its consequences, provoked opposition and controversy; In 1935 Bulgakov doctrine was condemned in the decrees of the Moscow Patriarchate, as well as foreign Bishops' Council in Karlovci. VN Lossky, who gave a critical analysis of teaching is that the essence of it - "absorption personality sophianic-natural process that removes freedom" ("The dispute about Sophia", Paris, 1936). Bulgakov posted opponents, but the "dispute about Sophia" and has not received a final decision. Criticism sophianic ideas does not affect, however, many important topics and sections of Bulgakov, his analysis of the religious aspects of the history, the material of human activity, the phenomena of sex, creativity and art. Compositions: St. Peter and John. 1926.Drug Bridegroom Burning Bush. 1927.Lestvitsa Jacob. 1929.Soch. 1933. T. 1-2.O Holy Wisdom. Decree of the Moscow Patriarchate and memoranda prof. prot. Sergius Bulgakov Metropolitan Eulogius. 1935.Avtobiograficheskie notes. 1948 1990.Pravoslavie. 1965 1991.Hristianstvo and the Jewish question. 1991.Literatura: Seraphim Sobolev (Archbishop). The new doctrine of the Holy Wisdom. Sofia, 1935.Pamyati about. Sergius Bulgakov. 1945.Zander L. God and the world. 1948. T. 1-2.Osorgina T. Bibliography of works on. Sergius Bulgakov. 1987.Monahinya Elena. Professor Archpriest Sergei Bulgakov // Theological works. 1986. T. 27.Naumov K. Bibliographie des oeuvres de p. Serge Boulgakov. Raris, 1984.S. Horuzhy BULGAKOV Fedor Ilyich (1852-1908), a Russian journalist and art historian. "Art Encyclopedia" (vols. 1-2, 1886-87), a collection of biographies of "Our artists" (vols. 1-2, 1889-90). Bulgakov Yakov Ivanovich (1743-1809), the Russian diplomat, writer, translator; honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1795). In 1781-89 envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary in Constantinople. Gained recognition by Turkey joining the Russian Crimea, Taman and land on the river. Kuban. Since 1790 envoy in Warsaw. BULGAKOV Maya G. (1932-94), the Russian actress, People's Artist of Russia (1976). She worked in the studio theater actor. In the cinema since 1955. The most significant role played in the movie: "Nasty anecdote" (1965), "Wings" (1966), "No Path Through Fire" (1967), "Crime and Punishment" (1969), "Farewell" (1981), "Demon" (1991), in the television movies "Gypsy", "lawyer" and others. Bulgan, a city in Mongolia, in the valley. Orkhon aimag Bulganskogo administrative center. 11 thousand. Residents. Light, food, woodworking industry. BULGANIN Nikolai Alexandrovich (1895-1975), political figure, Hero of Socialist Labor (1955), Colonel-General (1944 and 1958); in 1947-1958 held the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union. Since 1937 Chairman of the CPC of the RSFSR, 1938 Deputy Chairman of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since 1944 member of the State Defense Committee, from 1947, Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers and at the same time in 1947-49 Minister of the Armed Forces, in 1953-55 Minister of Defense of the USSR. In the 1955-58 chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers, then chores. Bulgari see. Bulgarians. Bulgaria (until 1926 Spassky, until 1935 Spassk-Tatar, until 1991 Kuibyshev), a city in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan, on the banks of the Volga (Kuibyshev reservoir), 100 km from the railway Art. Cherdakly. 8.4 thousand. Residents (1992). Meat-packing plant. Founded in 1781. To the south of the modern Bulgar - fort Bulgaria (10-14 cc.) - Architectural and Archaeological Museum. Bulgarin Thaddeus Venediktovich (1789-1859), Russian journalist, writer. Published the newspaper "Northern Bee" (1825-59, 1831, together with NI Grech), the magazine "Son of the Fatherland" (1825-39, together with the Gretsch) and others. Author nravoopisatelnogo, with elements of adventure novel "Ivan Vyzhigin" (1829). Bulgaria (Bulgaria) Volga-Kama, the state of the Bulgars of the Volga-Kama, Finno-Ugric peoples and others in Wed. Volga and Kama in the 10 - early. 15th centuries. Capital: Bulgar, with 12 in. Bilyar city. Trade with the Arab Caliphate, the Byzantine Empire, the Eastern Slavs and others. The military and commercial rivalry with Kievan Rus, and later - Vladimir-Suzdal principality. Conquered by the Mongols in 1240. By the 2nd floor. 14 in. split into Bulgarian and Zhukotinskoe knyazhestva.BULGARIYa (Bulgaria) Volga-Kama, a medieval state on the territory Avg. Volga and Kama. Played an important role in the process of ethnogenesis of modern Kazan Tatars, Chuvash, Mordovians, Udmurt, Mari and Komi. Got its name from the tribal union of Turkic-speaking nomads who settled in the Volga-Kama region from the Azov steppes in 7-8 centuries. Under the influence of local agricultural Finno-Ugric tribes Bulgars (Bulgaria) go to sedentary zhizni.Vozniknovenie States first written about Bulgaria are beginning. 10. - The time of formation of the Bulgarian state, which was the center of the town of Bulgar (now s. The Bulgarians Bulgarian district of Tatarstan). The young state became dependent on the powerful Khazar Khaganate. To strengthen its position Bulgarian king Almas turned for support to the Arab Caliphate, leaving Bulgaria adopted Islam as the state religion. The collapse of the Khazar Khaganate after his defeat of the Kievan prince Svyatoslav I Igorevich into 965 secured de facto independence Bulgarii.Rastsvet pre-Mongol BulgariiBulgariya becoming the most powerful state in the Avg. and Lower. Volga region, which provide well-being due to its favorable geographical location at the intersection of water and land trade routes, as well as due to the abundance of fertile black soil. Bulgaria became a center for the production and export of wheat, furs, cattle, fish, honey, nuts and various crafts products (hats, boots, known in the East as "Bulgaria", metal products, leather). However, the main turnover of Bulgarian merchants was trading transit between East and West, in addition, the Bulgars was known for its market of slaves who were brought from the Russian lands and northern Volga. To carry out trading operations in Bulgaria from the beginning. 10. minted its own coins - dirhem.Ozhivlennaya trade contributed to the development of cities. In addition to the Bulgar, were aware of other cities such as Suvar, Bilyar (Bulyar) Oshel and others. 12. is base on the banks of the river Kazanka city Claims Kazan (old Kazan), in the late 14th century. transferred to the present location. Cities were not only administrative and commercial centers, but also a powerful fortress. The need for protection from nomad raids from neighboring steppes forced the Bulgarians to build ramparts and moats, which often reach a length of several kilometers. In defense of the state plays a significant role as numerous fortified manor Bulgarian znati.Prinyatie Islam contributed to familiarizing Bulgaria to the culture of the Muslim world. Old Turkic alphabet was replaced by Arabic, open primary schools and madrassas. Archaeological finds everyday objects with inscriptions indicate widespread literacy among the Bulgarian population. In Bulgaria there own scientists: lawyers, theologians, physicians, historians, astronomers. In 1212 the poet Kul Gali was established on the Bulgar language poem "Kyssa and Yusuf", widely known in Turkish literature of his time. Realizing itself outpost of Islam, Bulgaria contributed to its penetration into neighboring lands. So, according to legend, in 986 Bulgarian preachers on arrival in Kiev offered Grand Prince Vladimir I Svyatoslavich take islam.Bogatstvo Bulgaria, its desire to control trade with the East led to frequent attacks of neighbors. If the fight with Bulgars nomadic Cumans was quite successful, the collisions with the Russian princes caused much more damage Bulgaria. Already in 985 Prince Vladimir made a successful campaign against Bulgaria, and in the 12th century. with the rise of Vladimir-Suzdal principality, who sought to expand its influence in the Volga region, the struggle between the two neighbors escalated. Constant military threat forced the Bulgarians to move his capital into the country - the city Bilyar (now s. Bilyarsk Alekseevskogo district of Tatarstan), won the Russian sources the name of the "Great City". Despite the fact that the Bulgarians managed in 1219 to capture and plunder Ustiug, overall superiority on the Russian side. Especially suffered a heavy defeat Bulgaria in 1220, when Russian troops was taken Oshel et al. Kama city. Only the rich mercy allowed Bulgars avoid ruin capital. After this there is peace, confirmed in 1229 in exchange voennoplennyh.Poyavlenie Eastern steppes of Mongol-Tatar hordes made to reconcile old rivals. In 1223 the Mongols defeated the Russian-Polovtsy army at the Battle of Kalka, but on the way back were badly battered by the Bulgars. In 1229 and 1232 the Bulgarians manage to reflect the attacks of the Mongols. In 1236 Batu, gathering significant forces began the largest campaign in the West. His first victim was Bulgaria. In the autumn of the same year Bilyar et al. Of the city were captured and ruined, after which the Mongols moved to Russia. However, the resistance has not yet been finally broken, and again in 1240 Bulgaria has undergone ruin kochevnikov.Bulgariya under the rule of the Golden Horde In 1243 Batu established within the boundaries of the Mongol Empire State Golden Horde, one of the provinces which became Bulgaria. Despite the loss of their independence, it enjoyed some autonomy, its rulers became vassals of the Golden Horde Khan, paid him tribute and supplying soldiers in the army of the Horde. High culture of Bulgaria has become an important part of culture Golden Ordy.Prekraschenie devastating attacks of nomads, the restoration of trade relations has helped to revive the economy of Bulgaria. The highest peak it reached in the first half of the 14th c., Was promoted and adoption of Islam as the state religion of the Golden Horde. Bulgaria during this period stands conductor of Islam to neighboring nations - Mordovians Votyaks, Bashkirs. In addition, the city becomes a temporary residence of Bulgar Khan of the Golden Horde. The city draws its brick and white stone buildings. Many palaces, mosques, caravanserais and public baths, paved streets, underground water pipe testified about the wealth and prosperity of Bulgaria. Bulgars were the first in Europe mastered melting cast iron, which cast boilers. Their metalwork, jewelry, ceramics are widely used in medieval Europe and Azii.Raspad From the middle of the state. 14 in. political situation in the Golden Horde complicated, begins a fierce struggle for imperial throne, reinforced separatist tendencies. In 1361 the Prince-Temir Bulat has torn from the Golden Horde vast territory in the Volga region, including Bulgaria. Golden Horde Khans only a short time manages to reunite the state, where everywhere is in the process of crushing and separation of individual territories. Bulgaria is divided into two virtually independent principality - Bulgarian and Zhukotinskoe with the center in Zhukotin (Djuketau) .In the second half of the 14th - early. 15 in. These Duchy experiencing the constant military pressure Russia. Her protege in 1370 occupies the Bulgarian throne, and in 1376 appeared in Bulgar Russian officials, who are responsible for the control of trade. More damage Bulgars applied frequent attacks ushkuynikov plundering their cities. A heavy blow to Bulgaria was struck in 1431 Moscow army of Prince Fedor Motley, after which Bulgaria lost the southern lands, which passed under the control of Moscow. Independence retained only the northern territories, the center of which is Kazan. It is on the basis of these lands began to be formed in the Avg. Volga new state - the Kazan Khanate and the new ethnic group - Kazan tatar.Literatura: Smirnov AP Volga Bulgars. M., 1951.Fahrutdinov RG Essays on the history of Volga Bulgaria. M., 1984.Davletshin GM Volga Bulgaria. Spiritual culture. Pre-Mongol period X - beg. XVII. Kazan., 1990.Kazakov EI Culture early Volga Bulgaria. Stages of ethnic and cultural history. M., 1992.N. B. Samover Boldak Alexey (b. 1951), Russian actor, Honored Artist of Russia (1989). Worked in theaters Ryazan, Pavlodar, Tomsk, Karaganda, in Chekhov Art Theater. Maxim Gorky. Theatrical roles: Satine ("The Lower Depths" Gorky), Kuroslepov ("Ardent Heart" by Alexander Ostrovsky), and others. To create images, use bright, contrasting colors, often resorting to the grotesque. The greatest fame brought Buldakov satirical role of General Mikhailovich in the movie AV Rogozhkin "Peculiarities of the National Hunt" (1995). Filmed in the movies: "Help" (1989), "Shirley Myrli" (1995), "For what?" (1995), "Pioneer Mary Pickford" (1995); in the television movie "White Clothes" (1993) and others. Boldak Gennady Nikanorovich (1924-90), a Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1984), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1988). The chief architect of Leningrad (1971-87). Major works (with a group of authors); general plan of Leningrad (1960), the project of reconstruction of Sinop waterfront (1980-ies.), subway station "Civil Prospect" (1978) - in Leningrad. Buldakova Lyudmila (b. 1938), the Russian athlete (volleyball), Honored Master of Sports (1960), Coach. Olympic champion (1968, 1972), the world (1956, 1960, 1970), Europe (1958, 1967, 1971), the Soviet Union (1960-73 repeatedly). Boulet (Gr. Bule - Council), in the ancient Greek city-one of the highest authorities of the state control and various administrative functions. Boulez (Boulez) Pierre (b. 1925), French composer, conductor. Experimented in the field of concrete music, using pointillism, Sonorism, serial technique. Headed orchestras in several countries, in 1971-75 chief conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. Since 1975 Head of the Institute for Research and Coordination of music and acoustic problems (Paris). BULIDEN (Boliden) (Boliden), mining district in Sweden (Västerbotten county). Brings together a group of pyrite-polymetallic and lead-zinc deposits. Developed in the 17th century. Explored reserves of the district of St. 35 million. Tons of ore with a Pb content of 4%. Underground mining. Bulimia (Gr. Bulimia, letters. - Bovine hunger), insatiable hunger, accompanied by weakness, pain in the epigastric region; and when there is some other endocrine diseases. Bullitt (lat. Bulla - ball; Wed-century. Lat. - Printing, paper printing), in the Middle Ages round metal seal, generally bonded papal, imperial, royal acts, and the name itself acts. See. Golden Bull in 1222, the Golden Bull 1356. Bull (English. Bullet, letters. - Bullet), the penalty in hockey for a rough reception against the player with the puck in scoring situations - throw on the run on goal, only protects the goalkeeper. BOULLE (Bull) Ole (1810-80), the Norwegian violinist, composer and folklorist. Artist virtuoso. One of the founders of the national school of music. Founded in Bergen 1st National Theatre (1850). Works for Violin, theatrical music, arrangements of folk melodies. Had an impact on the work of Edvard Grieg. Boulonnais horse, the oldest heavy draft breed, bred and bred in France (Boulogne). Animals are large, hardy, undemanding and workable. BOULOGNE (Boulogne-sur-Mer, Boulogne-sur-Mer), a city and port in the west of France, at the break. Pas-de-Calais. Passenger service to Dover and Folkestone (UK). Ok. 50 thousand. Residents. Metallurgy, shipbuilding; fish industry. Bulygin Alexander G. (1851-1919), statesman. Since 1902 Assistant Governor-General of Moscow. In January-October 1905 the Minister of Interior. In July 1905 developed a draft law on the establishment of the Duma elections and the position of it (see. Bulygin Duma). Since October 1905 a member of the State Council. Bulygin Duma, called in the literature (named AG Bulygina) zakonosoveschatelnogo highest representative body of the Russian Empire. According to the developed project in July 1905, most of the population (workers, soldiers, women, and others.) Did not have the right to vote. Convening Bulygin Duma thwarted revolutionary events in October 1905 (see. October All-Russian Political Strike of 1905). Bulygin Alexander Dmitrievich (1838-1907), a Russian biochemist, Professor (1869), the founder of Russia's first Department of Medical Chemistry at the University of Moscow. Works are devoted to metabolism. One of the first study carried out in 1868 by bile acids and urine composition. BUL (Boulle) Andre Charles (1642-1732), a French master of art furniture. The representative of classicism, graced by strict forms of furniture complex mosaic pattern (marquetry, metal, bone, etc.). BUL (Boole) George (1815-64), English mathematician and logician, one of the founders of mathematical logic. Developed the algebra of logic ("Investigation of the Laws of thought", 1854). "Potatoes" (Belarusian. - Potatoes), the modern Belarusian folk dance song. 2/4 time signature. Gravis, a syndrome of cranial nerves (glossopharyngeal, vagus and hypoglossal), the nuclei of which are located in the medulla oblongata. Manifested mainly swallowing disorders (dysphagia) and speech (dysarthria). BULBENKOVA Olga (1835-1918), creator of the fashion studio in St. Petersburg in the middle. 19 in., Which existed until 1917, known as "Mrs. Olga". The most popular made this workshop court Gown, the so-called "loops". See. Also train. BOULEVARD (fr. Boulevard), wide, tree-lined avenue along the street, the sea, and so on. D. Creating a network of boulevards plays a significant role in the greening of cities. BULDENEZH (fr. Boule de neige - snowball), ornamental shrub with white spherical inflorescences; belongs to the genus Viburnum. BULLDOGS (from the English. Bull - the bull and dog - dog), a group of short face dogs (Bulldogs English and French). Large and medium Bulldogs characterized by a large force. Everywhere few. Bulldozers (Eng. Bulldozer), 1) digger for cutting and moving soil, loose materials, rocks and so on. N. A distance of 200 m in the construction of roads, waterworks, and so on. N. The working body - the blade (length 5.5 m) - is located on crawler tractors or wheel tractors ... 2) Press for hot and cold bending parts in dies. Bultmann (Bultmann) Rudolph (1884-1976), a German Protestant theologian, philosopher and historian of religion, a representative of dialectical theology. In the works of 20-ies. founded t. n. formal-historical school in religious studies. In the beginning. 40s. made with the program "demythologizing" of faith. BOOM (Eng. Boom), 1) the sudden, brief increase in industrial production and trade, characterized by rising commodity prices and exchange rate securities ... 2) In a figurative sense - the hype, excitement about anything. BOOM, exercise equipment, flat wooden beam length 5.4 m, width 16 cm, rectangular in cross-section, which is mounted on racks. PAPER (from Italian. Bambagia - cotton), the material mainly from plant fibers. Was first obtained in the 2nd century. in China. From the 19th century. is produced mainly from wood. Known St. 600 kinds of paper. 1 characterized by a mass m2 (4-250 grams) of a thickness (4-400 microns), mechanical properties, color, whiteness, smoothness, absorbency and so on. G. Synthetic paper, made of chemical fibers (polyvinyl alcohol, polyamide, etc.). by conventional production of paper; Synthetic paper is also known from polymer films (in Vol. h. filling). Used for production of maps, banknotes, documents, movie screens and others. PAPER reactivity (indicator paper), absorbent paper attached to them reagents that change color upon interaction with the analyte. Are used to determine the pH value (pH) solutions, rapid detection and identification of certain chemical elements and compounds. Papermachine unit for receiving (casting) paper and paperboard from certain types of pulp. Consists of a wire section (which is formed and partially dewatered paper web), as well as pressing, drying and finishing parts. Paper machines produce newsprint paper web at speeds up to 850 m / min to a width of approx. 9 m. Tikhon Pimenovich papers (1910-41), one of the first commanders of the guerrilla unit during World War II in Polesie, Hero of the Soviet Union. Of "paper architecture" .. 1) is not intended for a specific building, free architectural sketches and drawings ... 2) The direction in Russian architecture and iso-art of the last quarter of the 20th century. (A. Brodsky, I. Utkin, AI Zosimov, NA Bronze, MI Filippov et al.), Which is characterized by graphic architectural fantasies, combining parody - in relation to the Soviet architecture - motives with romantic utopias in the spirit arheologizmom. Paper-tree, one of the species of the genus Broussonetia. BUMAZHNOSLOISTY Plastic decorative, sheet lining material of pressed paper impregnated with thermosetting polymers (top layer of color, often imitating precious woods). It has high strength and resistance to thermal and chemical influences. Metallised paper capacitor, an electrical capacitor in which the dielectric is a special paper. Is used in the low-frequency high voltage circuits with a large current (eg., For power factor improvement). PAPER spar, mineral; cm. Art. Calcite. BUMAZEYA (from Italian. Bambagino, letters. - Cotton), soft, mainly cotton, fleece (usually on the wrong side). Of fustian sew women's dresses and children's clothing. Bumba (Bumba) Vaclav (b. 1925), Czech astrophysicist, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1988). Works on the physics of the Sun and solar-terrestrial relations. Houari Boumedienne (1932 or 1925-1978), President of Algeria since December 1976, the Chairman of the Revolutionary Council and the Council of Ministers since 1965. The Colonel (1957). Minister of National Defence since 1962. In 1963-65, First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers. BOOMERANG (Eng. Boomerang), curved wooden throwing mace, often crescent-shaped (some species, describing the curve back to the thrower); was distributed among the Australians, in the south-east. Asia, South. India, Dr. Egypt, Mexico. Bumi-PA Rita (1906-84), the Greek poet. Collections of "Pulse of my silence" (1935), "Athens" (1945), "A Thousand shot girls" (1963), "A cheerful light" (1966) are imbued with humanistic motifs and delicate lyricism. Boone, the same as groins. Bunaken Victor V. (1891-1979), a Russian anthropologist, Sc.D., Professor. Proceedings on anthropogenes, rasovedeniya, human morphology. Bunaken Nikolai Fedorovich (1837-1904), a Russian teacher, developed the foundations of elementary education. Methodologist of the Russian language. Author of textbooks. BUNGE Alexander A. (1803-90), the Russian florist taxonomist, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1833). Studied the flora of the Altai and Mongolia and China (1830-32), Persia (1857-59). Described many new species. One of the founders of geographical and morphological methods in plant systematics. BUNGE EARTH, an island in the central part of the New Siberian Islands (between about-you Boiler and Faddeevsky). The area of 6.2 thousand. Km2. Named for a Russian zoologist AA Bunge, party geographical expeditions in the 80s. 19 in. BUNGE Nicholas Hristianovich (1823-95), Russian statesman, economist, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890). In 1881-86 the Minister of Finance. In the 1887-95 chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. Pursued a policy of protectionism, government finance industry. The initiator of the cancellation of the poll tax. Bunge, the strait between about you-Kyushu and Shikoku, Japan joins the Internal m. With the Pacific approx. Length approx. 65 km long and between 14 and 75 km depth in the channel approx. 75 m. The main ports: Saeki, Usuki. BUND (Yiddish Bund - union) ("General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia"), the social-democratic organization representing mainly Jewish artisans western regions of the Russian Empire; founded in 1897 in Vilna. Leaders: R. A. Abramovich, IL Eisenstadt, AI Kremer and others. 1898-1903 and from 1906 an autonomous organization in the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, stood on the positions of the Mensheviks. After the October Revolution, there was a split in the organization: part of it opposed the Soviet regime, some joined the Russian Communist Party (b). In 1921 the Bund self-destruct. FEDERAL ARMED FORCES (Ger. Bundeswehr), the name of the armed forces of Germany since 1956. The Bundesrat (German. Bundesrat), 1) in Germany - the body representing land ... 2) Germany (1871-1918) - the upper house of parliament. (Bundestag it. Bundestag), in Germany, the lower house of parliament. BUNDZINGA (Nanga), School of Japanese ink painting. Developed in the context. 17 in. based on the traditions of Chinese school "Wen zhenhua" (11-17 cc.). Main features - lapidary, expression of the essence of philosophical ideas in the most limited means. Artists: Taiga Icahn, Buson Esa (both 18 in.), Thessaly Tomioka (2nd floor. 19 - beg. 20th c.). Bunsen (Bunsen) Robert Wilhelm (1811-99), a German chemist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1862). Together with the GR Kirchhoff initiated spectral analysis (1854-59), opened cesium (1860), rubidium (1861). Invented the gas burner (1855), ice calorimeter (1870). Developed based on gas analysis (1857). Bunsen - Roscoe LAW (reciprocity law): the density of blackening of the photographic image I is directly proportional to the exposure - the product of the irradiance E photosensitive layer to extract t (decrease offset by increased E t). Bunsen - Roscoe law is an approximation (see. Reciprocity failure phenomenon). Open R. Bunsen and Roscoe in 1862. Buniatyan (Buniatov) Nicholas Gavrilovic (1878 or 1884-1943), an Armenian architect. Chief Architect of Yerevan (1924-38). Refers to a form of Russian classicism (hotel "Yerevan", 1926) and Armenian architecture (hotel "Sevan", 1939). Ivan Bunin (1870-1953), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1909). In 1920 he emigrated. In the lyrics continued the classical tradition (the collection "Falling Leaves", 1901). In the stories and novellas shown (sometimes with a nostalgic mood) impoverishment manors ("Antonovsky apples", 1900), the cruel face of the village ("The Village", 1910, "Dry Valley", 1911), fatal neglect the moral foundations of life ("The Gentleman from San -Frantsisko ", 1915). Sharp rejection of the October Revolution in diary book, "Cursed Days" (1918, published in 1925). In his autobiographical novel "The Life of Arsenyev" (1930) - reconstruction of the past Russia, childhood and adolescence of the writer. The tragedy of human existence in the stories about love ("Mitya's Love", 1925; the book "Dark Alleys", 1943). Memoirs. Translated "The Song of Hiawatha" G. Longfellow (1896). Nobel Prize (1933). Bunich Paul G. (b. 1929), the Russian economist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1970). President of the Union of Leaseholders and Entrepreneurs of the USSR (1990), co-president (1991-93), President (1993) of the Union of Entrepreneurs and tenants of Russia. Proceedings on economic management, fixed assets and production capacities of industry, finance. BUNKER (Eng. Bunker), .. 1) receptacle (fixed or mobile) for bulk storage of bulk and lump materials are discharged through the bottom part of the closure is and feeders to regulate the release of the material ... 2) Bunker ship - the space on board for fuel storage ... 3) concrete shelter, long-term fortification. Bunker vessel (bunker), is used to supply ships with fuel in port or while swimming. BUNKER-train, rail vehicle for continuous loading, transportation and unloading rock mass in the mine. Closely Boris (b. 1922), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1974), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1958, 1982). Brother FV Bunkin. Major works on radio engineering and electronics. Lenin Prize (1980), the USSR State Prize (1970). Closely Fedor (b. 1929), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1992). Brother BV Bunkin. Proceedings of the statistical radio physics and quantum electronics. BUNOSTOMOZY, helminthiasis (from the group nematosis) cattle and sheep caused by Ancylostoma, parasitic in the small intestine. Symptoms: diarrhea, emaciation. Bunraku, see. Dzeruri. Horsetail (Turk.) 1) long shaft with a ball or tip, strands of horsehair brushes and at the upper end; sign of power in the Turkish pashas, Polish and Ukrainian hetman and chieftains Russian Cossack troops in the 15-18 centuries ... 2) Impact self-sounding instrument in major military orchestras. Bunyoro, see. Unoro. Buñuel, Buñuel (Bunuel) Louis (1900-83), Spanish film director. Movies: "Un Chien Andalou" (1928), "Nazarene" (1958), "Viridiana" (1961), "Tristan" (1970), "The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie" (1972), "That Obscure Object of Desire" (1977). Bunyakovskii Viktor Yakovlevich (1804-89), Russian mathematician, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1830). Works on the integral calculus, the theory of inequalities, number theory, probability theory and demography (population statistics). Buonarroti (Buonarroti) Michelangelo see. Michelangelo. Ban Me Thuot (Buon Me Thuot), a city in south-central Vietnam, the administrative center of the province. Dak Lak. 76 thousand. Inhabitants (1976). Transport hub. Woodworking, food industry; mechanical engineering. The district center for the production of coffee and cocoa. Buor Haya, lip in the southern part of the m. Laptev, south-east of the delta. Lena. The length of 120 km, the width at the entrance of 110 km, the depth of 18 m. The port of Tiksi. Boer, Na2B4O7.10H2O. In nature - class mineral borates, chemical precipitate withering of boron salt lakes (eg., Lake. Serls, USA). Colourless crystals, m.p. 60,8 ° C, is poorly soluble in water. Component fluxes for metal welding, charge for glazes, glass and ceramics, detergents, antiseptics, preservatives. Gimlet usually determined by the direction of the magnetic field straight conductor with current if gimlet right threaded screw in the direction of the current, the direction of rotation of the handle will coincide with the direction of the magnetic field. BURAKOVSKY Vladimir Ivanovich (1922-94), the Russian cardiac surgeon, academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (1978), Hero of Socialist Labor (1982). Proceedings on the surgical treatment of congenital heart defects in infants, hyperbaric oxygenation. Lenin Prize (1976), the USSR State Prize (1973). Buran (Turk.), Local (mainly in the Asian part of Russia and in the North. Kazakhstan) the name of a snowstorm with strong winds and low temperatures. "Buran" air space shuttle. Made on the aircraft type scheme "tailless" low-wing double sweep. The total starting weight up to 105 tons, length 36.4 m, height of 16.5 m in the parking lot, a wingspan of approx. 24 m, capacity up to 30 tons. Start ship via carrier rocket "Energy", descent and landing on the "airplane" mode. The first unmanned flight with a stopover in automatic mode 15 November 1988. alyssum, a genus of plants of the cabbage family. Annual and perennial grasses, sometimes shrubs. Ok. 150 species, mainly in the Mediterranean. Some breeds (called alyssum or Gmina Kamiennik). Nicolas Bourbaki (Bourbaki Nicolas), pseudonym under which a group of mathematicians in France undertook (1939) attempt to explain various mathematical theory from the standpoint of formal axiomatic method (multi-volume treatise "Elements of Mathematics"). Antoine BOURBON see. Antoine of Bourbon. BOURBON (Bourbon), Charles (1490-1527), Duke, constable of France from 1514. In 1494-1559 the Italian Wars French troops under his command in 1515 won a victory at Marignano. From 1524 fought on the side of the Emperor Charles V, in 1525 at Pavia captured the French king Francis I.
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