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BUDAPEST (Budapest), the capital of Hungary, on the Danube. Emerged as an independent administrative unit. The administrative center of Pest counties. The population of 2 million. People (1992). A major transport hub of the country. International Airport. Mechanical engineering (instrumentation, electrical, transport, tractor); textile, chemical, pharmaceutical, rubber, sewing, printing, food processing industry. Metropolitan. University. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Academy of Music. Museum of Fine Arts, the Hungarian National Gallery, the Museum of Folk Art and Ethnography, East Asian art. Theatres: Opera, drama - National, they. I. Madách, "Vichsinhaz", operetta and others. It is known from Roman times (Aquincum). Consists of 3 historical parts - Pest, Buda and Óbuda (known since 1148), incorporated in 1872 in Budapest. With the 50-ies. 14 in. Buda - the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1541-1686 under the Ottoman yoke, from the beginning. 18 in. under the rule of the Habsburgs. Since 1867, the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary, 1918 - independent state of Hungary. In March 1944 was occupied by Nazi troops, liberated by Soviet troops (February 13, 1945) at the Budapest operation. Remains of the Roman city of Aquincum (now a museum; 1-4 cc.), The fortress of 13-17 centuries. Royal Palace (13-18 cc.). National Museum (19 in.), The Parliament (1884-1904). BUDAPEST CONVENTION (secret) between Russia and Austria-Hungary, Russia 15.01.1877 consent to the occupation by Austrian troops in Bosnia and Herzegovina, subject to the Austrian neutrality in the Russian-Turkish war. Austria gave a reason to demand renegotiation of the San Stefano Peace 1878. Budapest operation, 29.10.1944-13.2.1945, during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front (Marshal of the Soviet Union Malinovsky, Tolbukhin) in December 1944 in Budapest, surrounded by nearly 190-thousand. group from the German Army Group "South" (Colonel-General G. Friessner) and after heavy fighting eliminate it, freeing Budapest (02/13/1945). Budapest University. L. Eotvos, Hungary, founded in 1635. In 1990 St. 8 thousand. Students. Buddha (Skt., Letters. - Enlightened) .. 1) the name given to the founder of Buddhism, Siddhartha Gautama (623-544 BC. E.), There is, according to legend, from the royal family of the Shakya tribe in the North. India (one of the names of the Buddha - Sakyamuni, "the hermit of the Shakya") ... 2) Buddhism - a being who has attained the highest state sovershenstva.BUDDA (Skt., And fell Buddha, Tibet. Sangs rgyas - awake, his sight, the Enlightened One, Knower otherworldly light), 1) in Buddhism the highest state of spiritual perfection; 2) the name of the ancient Indian sage Sakyamuni after finding them a special spiritual experience (gift) The relatively earthly life of the Buddha, which lasted 80 years, the ancient sources give conflicting information. South Pali tradition believes that he lived in 623-544 BC. e., and in 1956, respectively, noted 2500 anniversary nirvana of the Buddha, which is conducted on the day of the Buddhist chronology. North Mahayana tradition dates from nirvana 2420 to 290 BC. e., but most schools agree to 380 BC. e. European scientists adhere to two basic concepts of dating: revised long - 483 (+3) BC. e. and short - 380 (+ 30) BC. e. The latter is more justified archaeological and cultural istoricheski.Zhizn Lives of the Buddha is a few centuries later; they reported that he was born in the royal family Shakya tribe in the foothills of the Himalayas (town of Lumbini in the south of modern Nepal) and was given the name Siddhartha (Pali - Siddhattha, literally succeeds Successful). Shuddhodana father's name (in Pali - Suddhodana literally having rice), mother - Maya (illusion). Tsarevich lived in the palaces of the capital of Shakya Kapilavastu (in Pali - Kapilavatthu) to 29 years, managed to marry the princess Yashodhara (Keeper of Fame), and they had a son Rahula (grasp on the fly). On the streets of the capital Siddhartha met an old man, a leper, a funeral procession and a hermit. These four meetings had a tremendous impact on the prince, who lived without worries and anxieties. He decided to leave san, leave his family and go into the desert by his clan name Gautama (Pali - Gautama, literally Best of the shepherds, so called Vedic sage, which is produced from the sort Shakya kings). In the monasteries of the Desert Gautama spent 6 years studying spiritual sciences and asceticism, he surpassed in knowledge and abilities of their teachers, and then began to search for their own liberation, culminating in Enlightenment (bodhi) .Prosvetlenie As a result, the last he knew that existence is suffering , beginningless series of births and deaths of every creature, but you can get rid of it; he recalled all its previous rebirth as a Bodhisattva (beings striving for enlightenment); become omniscient and knew that attained liberation (moksha) from the chain of rebirths (samsara), which is in this world only out of compassion (karuna) to beings, preaching the truth revealed to him the way of salvation and the median, which runs between the extremes of pleasure and self-torture, that he bezzhelannym walks (in this important as its epithet Tathagata, literally just a passer) in the world of peace, nirvana (literally nedunovenie). It was after getting enlightenment Shakyamuni Buddha, the Enlightened One. Preaching This event occurred near the town of Gaya (Bodh Gaya in modern Indian state of Bihar). The next 45 years of his life the Buddha preached set them in a state of enlightenment Law, Dharma (in Pali - Dhamma, Tibetan chos). All these years the Buddha with the students marched (almost in a circle) in 6 cities of the middle reaches of the Ganges valley. First sermon he delivered at Sarnath near Varanasi, the latest in Kushinagar. Place of birth, enlightenment, first and last sermons - the four shrines, the most revered by all Buddhists in the world. The Buddha did not leave behind a successor, and announced as such law, everyone has the right to follow that by virtue of their understanding. -One Of the Buddha Dharma began uniting Buddhism. The doctrine of the Buddha is already in the early texts formed the doctrine of the Buddha's Law, according to which a Buddha - a special kind of creatures other than humans, gods, and so sverhbogov. D. Before Shakyamuni was already at least 6 Buddhas (one of the Pali monuments lists 24 x Buddhas), and after the expected Maitreya Buddha (one who is Love). They all share the same external signs (32 large and 80 small, under which were developed visual canons), omniscience, 10 forces of the Buddha, and so on. D., And they all teach the same law (see. Buddhism). In the writings of the Great Vehicle (Mahayana) the doctrine of the Buddha has developed considerably. Here the Buddha - the supreme principle of the unity of all things, it's everywhere, always and everywhere, including in each of the innumerable creatures that as a result of acquisition of the Act and spiritual development in many reincarnations eventually become Buddhas. At the same time, the Buddha - this is the whole universe, which is regarded as the body of the Buddha (Buddha-kaya) or Law Body (Dharma-kaya). Any kind of multiplicity is only an illusion (Maya) One. Later produced the doctrine of celestial Buddhas five countries, which are reached in the highest meditation sessions. All this has changed and expanded the mythology of the Buddha, though the early legends of Sakyamuni are preserved in these ritual and contemplative complexes as a subsection of the Earth's history the appearing of the body (Nirmal-kaya) of the Buddha, in which he is illusory descends into the lower regions of the universe. Scripture Diamond Chariot (Vajrayana) supplemented these doctrines idea of the primordial Buddha (Adibuddha) - mythological image of a single being, as well as the idea of an instant, like a thunderbolt (vajra), enlightenment, after which the adept becomes a Buddha, and which can be achieved in this life with using certain practices and means (upaya) .Literatura: Arya Shura. Garland Jataka, or stories about the exploits of a Bodhisattva / Trans. with Skt. AP Barannikova, O. Volkova. M., 1962.Dzhataki / Trans. Pali B. Zakharyin. M., 1979.Ashvaghosha. The life of Buddha. Kalidasa. Drama / Trans. Balmont. M., R. 1990.Pishel Buddha's life and teachings. M., 1911.Kozhevnikov VA Buddhism compared with Christianity. Pg., 1916. T. H. 1-2.Behert Contradictions in the dating of the Parinirvana of the Buddha and the origins theravadskoy chronology // Vestn. ancient history. 1993. № 1.Zhizn Buddha. Novosibirsk, 1994.Androsov VP Origins of Buddhism (to the methodology and theory study) // religions of the ancient East. M., 1995.Thomas EJ The Life of Buddha as Legend and History. London, 1952.Nanamoli Bhikkhu. The Life of the Buddha according the Pali Canon. Kandy, 1984.Lamotte E. History of Indian Buddhism from the Origin to the Saka Era / Transl. from French by Sara Webb-Boin. Louvain, 1988.When did the Buddha Live? The Controversy on the Dating of the Historical Buddha / Ed. by H. Bechert. Delhi, 1995.Wayman A. Untying the Knots in Buddhism. Selected Essays. Delhi, 1996.V. P. Androsov Buddha Evgeniy Fedorovich (1859-1929), a Russian linguist, Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1916). Proceedings on dialectology and history of the Russian literary language. Buddhism, one of the three (along with Christianity and Islam) world religions. Originated in Other. India in 6-5 centuries. BC. e. Considered the founder Siddhartha Gautama (see. Buddha). Main directions: Hinayana and Mahayana. The flourishing of Buddhism in India 5. BC. e. - Early. 1st millennium. N. e .; spread in the south-east. and the Centre. Asia, partly Avg. Asia and Siberia, assimilating elements of Brahmanism, Taoism, and others. In India, 12 in. dissolved in Hinduism, strongly influenced him. Brahmanism opposed inherent dominance of external forms of religious life (in Vol. H. Ritualism). In the center of Buddhism - the doctrine of "4 Noble Truths": there are suffering, its cause, the state of liberation and the path to it. Suffering and liberation - subjective states and at the same time a kind of cosmic reality: suffering - the state of anxiety, tension, equivalent will, and at the same time ripple dharma; liberation (nirvana) - the state of disconnectedness person outside world and at the same time the termination of excitement dharma. Buddhism denies the otherworldliness of liberation; Buddhism has no soul as unchanged substance - human "I" is identified with the combined operation of a particular set of dharma, there is no opposition between subject and object, spirit and matter, there is no God as the Creator and certainly a supreme being. During the development of Buddhism in it gradually developed a cult of Buddha and bodhisattvas, ritual, appeared Sangha (monastic community), and so on. D.BUDDIZM, the oldest religion in the world, whose origins date back to the work of the Indian sage Sakyamuni Buddha who preached in the cities of the valley of the Ganges about 5 c. BC. e.Buddizm never knew a single church organization (even within the same state), or other centralizing social institutions. The only common to all Buddhist rule is a rule to keep the Three Jewels (tri-ratna): the Buddha, the Dharma and sanghu.Eto simple rule handed down from generation to generation, from teacher to student and sold in almost all countries of South, East and Central Asia, and in 20 in. - North America, Europe, and Russia. According to this rule, 1) is the Buddha - perfect enlightenment, omniscient being who has attained spiritual heights in a natural way through the development of the mind and heart in a long sequence of rebirth (samsara). Chief among these vertices are enlightenment (bodhi) and Consolation (Nirvana), which marks the final liberation (moksha) and achieving the ultimate goal of spiritual aspirations in India and other Eastern cultures, it is not available nor gods nor saints other religiy.2) There Dharma - law, public enlightenment, which is the semantic core of the universe, according to which all the processes taking place inside and outside of human lives, with which you can understand the laws of life and society, intermeshing and interdependence of all. This Act and the Buddha told his disciples grasped as the Word text sutras (sermons, conversations). The texts of the Buddha Fa several centuries transmitted orally. In 80 BC. e. they were first written in Pali, specially created by Buddhist monks language (Sanskrit close) Indo-European group. These writings amounted canon Theravadin school (elders) were called Three Baskets (Tripitaka, the Pali language - Tipitaka): Shopping statute, rules of conduct (Vinaya Pitaka), Shopping interviews, sermons (Sutra Pitaka, in Pali - Sutta Pitaka ) Shopping and teachings Act (Abhidharma Pitaka, in Pali - Abhidhamma Pitaka). It is in basket weaving palm leaves boxes kept records of texts distributed otdelam.3) There sangha - the community of equals, who have no property, mendicant (bhikkhus, in Pali: bhikkhu), Community Media Law, the custodians of knowledge and skills, which are of generation to follow the path of Buddy.Buddizm began as a movement of the poor and the outcasts in the disintegration of tribal relations and the formation rannegrazhdanskogo society. People not found a place in the emerging social structures, the Buddha offered his Law (Dharma) and the way of salvation from suffering in the community brotherhood, is outside the civil life and government institutions, but also does not break them, spiritually nourished citizens and nursing them financially . Thus, life on the margins of society, on the border between civilization and nature in the community (sangha), the monastery became the most suitable place for the improvement of the mind and psyche cheloveka.Istoriya spread very first documentary evidence of Buddhism that became engraved in stone edicts of Emperor Ashoka (268-231 BC. e.) that united the north-eastern, northern and central India, showed the huge influence of the Buddha Law on domestic and foreign policy of the state. Ashoka sought to influence and to neighboring countries, sending Buddhist missions there, including the distant Sri Lanka. The same time and date from the earliest monuments of religious architecture in Buddhism, especially the stupa - mounds over the remains of Sakyamuni Buddha, which were excavated in the territory of the valley of the Ganges to the northern outskirts of the empire in Gandhara (eastern part of present-day Afghanistan) and have been preserved thanks to the fact that approximately with 2. stupa decorated with stone pedestals, bas-reliefs, fences and became centers of construction of temple-monasteries. Although scholars date the stages of Buddhism, based primarily on archaeological data (as Buddhist written sources for each country udrevnyayut start mythologize him that connect the origin of religion with visits to any of the Sakyamuni Buddha, or his immediate disciples, or with envoys of Asoka), all taki obvious that preserved material monuments were created much later arrival of Buddhist missionaries in the emerging state. For example, in South-East Asia from Myanmar (Burma) to Vietnam Buddhism gradually entrenched in 1-3 cc., With the exception of Laos, where it was only in the 16th century. The islands of the Malay Archipelago (primarily Java and Sumatra in Indonesia today) Buddhism penetrated in the late 7th century. To the north of the country in Central Asia Buddhists also came in 1. in times of great Kushan Empire, patronized Buddhism. The earliest of temple-monastery complex is dated 2. Hence, in the same century in two major caravan routes of the Silk Road Buddhists arrived in the city-state on the territory of modern Xinjiang (East Turkestan) and the Chinese capital Luoyang. Already Chinese Buddhism permeates the second half of the 4th century. on the Korean peninsula, and from there in the middle of the 6th c. in Japan. In Tibet, Buddhism spread from India mainly from mid-7th c., But finally entrenched and even became the state religion of the second half of the 8th century. In Tangut state 9-13 centuries. (north-western part of modern China) Buddhism in this role was strengthened in the 10th century. Mongol khans declared Buddhism (Tibetan version) the state religion in the second half of the 16th century .; Since that time, he was accepted and Oirats (Western Mongolia) formed in 17-18 centuries. great Dzhungar Khanate, stretching from the Semipalatinsk steppe and Altai to Tibet in the south and the east of Tuva (population of 18 in. - Buddhists), and the Kalmyk Khanate, went down in 1640 Muscovy. In the same century it was included and Trans-Baikal, which together with the Russian populated Buryats, already professing Tibetan Buddhism. In 1741 Empress Elizabeth legalized Buddhism and monasteries in Russia, whereby in 1991 celebrated the 250th anniversary of religion in our strane.Odnovremenno the spread of Buddhism in the North and East with 8 in. begins a gradual decline of Buddhism in the west and south of the Indian subcontinent, as well as the destruction and expulsion of monks warriors of Islam and the land of modern Afghanistan, the Central Asian republics, Pakistan. Directions in Buddhism and especially their religious teachings Numerous forms of contemporary Buddhism can be divided into three main areas of differing arches canonical literature, religious, social, behavioral, and others. Features. (1) Hinayana (Lesser chariot) Buddhism in South Asia is Theravada school (the teachings of elders) are the ancient one of 18 schools Minor chariots (Hinayana), the individual canonical texts and Postcanonical which have survived in Sanskrit and in Chinese and Tibetan translations. Theravada Tripitaka - historically the most authoritative account of the Law of the Buddha Sakyamuni. Already in the first sermon of the Enlightened (Dharma Chakra pravartana Sutra) defines the role of the law: it is designed for those who intend to follow the highest spiritual goals, liberation from the cycle of rebirth middle path (madhyama pratipat) lies between the two extremes of religious life. One is to meet the worldly desires believers indulging which clergy perform the rituals, sacrifices, and so on. E., The other - in the rejection of desire, mortification, penance, self-flagellation for the freedom of the self (atman) and the identification of I with the Absolute (Brahman or God). Buddha advised to avoid both extremes, not adhering to the satisfaction of desires, nor to deny them, strive for balance or equanimity (upeksha), in deeds, words, thoughts, love (Maitri) and compassion (karuna) for all beings, as well as joy (mudita) the purity of intentions. An important condition for such a lifestyle conducive to "true knowledge, peace, enlightenment, unregenerate world of sorrow," is a detachment, denial of self (anatman) and therefore Moego.Odna form of presentation of the Law in Theravada and Minor chariot - the doctrine of the four noble truths. The first one states that the existence of which consists in the birth, aging, sickness, death, failure to reach a desired and so on. D. Is suffering (dukkha). The second truth proclaims the cause of suffering a triple thirst: sensual pleasures, existence and fatal degeneration. The third postulates that suffering can be terminated only eradicate the causes, thirst. The fourth offers for this Eightfold Path (aka Middle), each step of which must be in the correct Buddhist, namely the contemplation of the law, thinking about it, speech, behavior, way of life support, force application, memory and sosredotochenie.Eti four truths and their various aspects (commonly referred to as 16) are the best facilities in-depth reflection and meditation (practical connection adept attention, concentration, and intuitive wisdom), which in Buddhism play a key role in knowledge and spiritual development. The state of absolute rest, Nirvana is the ultimate goal of the religious path. A precondition for accession to the way it was, following the example of the Buddha, leaving all worldly cares and responsibilities, forgetting affections and inclinations, breaking family ties and vows as a monk. In a small chariot only considered the last members of the sangha, obschiny.Budda taught that the world is nowhere eternal essences, the immortal gods, imperishable souls. In the universe and in a non-existent beings whatsoever constancy, but only regular, incessant alternation of the emergence and development, destruction and death, stay in unmanifested state and new manifestations. This reversible process of samsara without beginning. For each of the existing stretches heavy chain of karma as a result of his actions in countless rebirths in which he has already visited both God and the king, and animals, and the creation of hell. But most preferred to improve and achieve nirvana fate cheloveka.V karma anciently believed adherents of other religions of India. Buddhist interpretation of the idea of the inevitability of retaliation, retribution different negation of the idea of eternal media karma t. E. The soul, atman. Furthermore, according to the Small Schools chariots only independent moral and spiritual efforts can favorably affect the fate of the law of karma for the individual no power nor any other people, neither gods nor supernatural powers "of purity and impurity associated only with itself, one another not clear "(Dhammapada, 165). One of the distinctive descriptions of karmic causality was teaching about 12 chain links of dependent arising (Pratītyasamutpāda) characterizing the three successive individual's life - past, present and buduschuyu.Sredi largest representatives of Hinayana, who have contributed immensely to the development of early doctrines and writings which have been preserved in the original, we should mention first of all two thinkers 5 .: Theravadin Buddhaghosa and sarvastivadina Vasubandhu. (2) Mahayana (Great Vehicle) The earliest Mahayana texts - Perfection of Wisdom sutra is (Prajna-paramita) that date back to 1. BC. e. - 1. n. e. and which began to be translated into Chinese in the second half 2. According to legend, it is believed that they, too, said the Buddha Sakyamuni, but their meaning was not understood by the people and therefore these sutras 500 years stored naga (serpent-dragon) and the gods, until he came Nagarjuna (historians date his life 2-3 cc.) Mahayanists which it is the second Buddha, and ushered them again, giving detailed explanations and comments. The same happened with some Mahayana sutras second generation, which were explained to people Maitreya (or Maytreyanathoy) and Asanga in 4-5 centuries. Mahayana texts as sutras and commentaries, and others. Works, written in Sanskrit, but not all have been preserved in the original. From 2 to 11 cc. Sanskrit manuscripts actively translated into Chinese, and were assembled into a single huge Tripitaka. From 8. Sanskrit manuscripts also translated into Tibetan language and 14 in. they have been edited and arranged in a single canon, consisting of two collections: Gandzhur (The word Buddha in 108 volumes of encyclopedic format) and Dandzhur (interpretation of the law by Indian craftsmen in 225 volumes). Chinese and Tibetan Buddhist canon, firstly, substantially and structurally identical, secondly, also include the Hinayana sutras and tantras of Vajrayana (Diamond Chariot) as Mahayana consciously recognizes virtually infinite variety of ways and means of Buddhist liberation. The doctrine great vehicle the emphasis is on the doctrine of celestial and terrestrial Bodhisattvas. First - this is the enlightened beings who have attained enlightenment (bodhi), but before they have vowed to stay in the round of rebirths, to help other beings achieve this state of nirvana and, although the latter in such an ideal practical altruism fades into the background. Earthly bodhisattva - a Mahayana monks and laymen, seeking enlightenment out of compassion to the sufferings of others. This should be done with love, but without attachment, which can be learned with the help of 10 (in the early Mahayana - 6) types of improvement: giving, morality, tolerance, determination, concentrated contemplation (meditation), soulful wisdom, the way of prayer, strength and knowledge . Attains perfection is characterized by many qualities, including svehestestvennymi adept abilities: clairvoyance, clairaudience, reading other people's thoughts, memories of past incarnations, miraculous power. Bodhisattva constantly on the road, accumulating virtue and knowledge, learning the mystery of emptiness (shunyata) .This Great Void (Shunya), which is possible to contemplate, and is the only true reality. It remains the Buddha - the absolute unity of being indistinguishable from the Void and neohvatimoe thought (acintya). Everything else imaginable, ranging from samsara and nirvana is an illusion (maya), deception, game awareness. Consequently, the illusion - a way of representing the Buddha, and getting rid of it - is to achieve the state of Buddhahood, which is always, everywhere and in everything, including us. The entire universe can be likened to the Body (kaya) of the Buddha, is illusory is divided into 2, 3, 4 body of the Buddha. Of these, one (Body shape) or two (Body incarnation, eg., Which was the people Shakyamuni Buddha, and the body of pleasure) is convenient to represent, but in reality it is only illusory means of communication of the Body of the Law (Dharma-kaya), which in reality is the Buddha and emptiness. Home School of Mahayana school began midwayers (Madhyamika) and School of Yoga of consciousness (Yogacara, vidzhnyanavada), who had several podshkol in India, and now existing among the Tibetans, Chinese, Japanese and others. Mahayana Buddhists as the corresponding national schools, stemming from the two Indian . The differences between the latter were limited mainly to methods of evidence presentation of doctrine. (3) Vajrayana (Diamond Chariot, Buddhist Tantrism) The earliest texts (Tantra) Diamond Chariot scientists refer to the 5-6 centuries. Tantra teaches only dedicated (so there is great importance in ritual) in countless ways yoga practice, which includes numerous elements and secret cults parent. Being doctrinally almost identical Mahayana (supplemented with provisions on the possibility to gain enlightenment in this life is, the primacy of the way of practical tools, and so on. D.), Vajrayana developed a multi-level system of yoga. There are three external systems Tantrism: 1) Kriya Tantra, Tantra or action, ritualism body and speech, 2) Charya Tantra or Tantra Yoga simple mind, 3) Yoga Tantra or Tantra Yoga complex mind, and three internal systems Tantrism 1) Maha yoga, yoga or a great father to the contemplation of the illusory body, 2) Anu yoga, yoga or parent to the contemplation of the Void, 3) Ati-yoga, or the yoga of the Great completeness (dzogchen) as a state of perfection Primordial Buddy.Bolee early external systems Tantrism spread in China and Japan. Both systems Tantrism practiced only in India, the Himalayas, Tibet and among the Mongolian people, but now this Tantrism (especially Dzogchen) is popular in the West and in Rossii.Literatura: Dhammapada / Trans. Pali VN Topo. M., 1960.Voprosy Milinda / Trans. Pali AV Paribka. M., 1989.Vasubandhu. Abhidharmakosha / Trans. with Skt. VI Rudy. Section I. M., 1990. Section III. SPb., 1994.Buddizm translations: Almanac. SPb., 1992-1993. Vol. 1-2.Almaznaya Sutra / Trans. with Skt. VP Androsov. Elista, 1993.Chatuhstava or four Buddhas anthem, and Mahayanavimschika or 20 stanzas of the Mahayana, Nagarjuna composed / Trans. with Skt. VP Androsova // East. 1995. № 4-5.Scherbatskoy FI Fav. tr. on Buddhism. M., 1988.Androsov VP Nagarjuna and his teachings. M., 1990.Rozenberg O. Tr. on Buddhism. M., 1991.Buddizm: Dictionary. M. 1992.Buddizm in Japan. M., 1993.Govinda (Lama Anagarika). Psychology of early Buddhism. Fundamentals of Tibetan mysticism. SPb., 1993.Konze E. Buddhist meditation. M., 1993.Lysenko VG Early Buddhist philosophy. M., 1994.Buddiysky view of the world. SPb., VP 1994.Androsov Indian Buddhism and Tibetan civilization // Asia - the dialogue of civilizations. SPb., 1996.Thomas E. The History of Buddhist Thought. London, 1953.Warder A. K. Indian Buddhism. 1970.Plaeschke H. Buddhistische Kunst. Leipzig, 1972.Dutt N. Mahayana Buddhism. Delhi, 1978.Snellgrove D. Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. London, 1987.Williams P. Mahayana Buddhism. London, 1989.Gombrich R. Theravada Buddhism. London, 1994.V. P. Androsov
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