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Brătianu (Bratianu) (Bratianu) John the Elder (1821-91), Chairman of the Council of Ministers of Romania in 1876-88 (with a break in 1881). Member of "monstrous coalition" since 1875 the leader of the National Liberal Party. Government Brătianu proclaimed (1877) independence of the Romanian state from Turkey to accede (1883) Romania to the Triple Alliance 1882 Bruges (Flam. - Brugge, French. - Brugts), a city in Belgium, the North Sea, the administrative center prov. Zap. Flanders. 117 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Transportation hub; sea port (outer harbor in Northern m. - Zeebrugge and Ostend), node navigable canals in Bruges - Zeebrugge, Ostend Bryugge-, Bruges - Ghent. Metal, machinery, chemicals, food processing, textiles, laces. Dutch Museum of Art. Municipal Art Gallery. Known from 7 in. In the 11-14 centuries. one of Europe's largest centers of craft-guilds and international trade. Gothic Cloth Hall (13-14 cc.) With the city tower (13-15 cc.). Church Onze-Lieve-Vrauekerk (13-16 cc .; with "Madonna" by Michelangelo). "Bruges Matins", revolt (the night of May 18, 1302) artisans Bruges against the French King Philip IV, who in 1300 took Flanders; the signal for a general uprising that ended French rule in most parts of Flanders. TROUSERS (Bruck), Charles (b. 1911), French conductor. Member of the Resistance Movement. In 1950-54 conductor of the Netherlands Opera, 1955 - Radio Orchestra in Strasbourg, in 1965-70 - the Philharmonic Orchestra of the French Radio and Television. Rutabaga, a biennial herbaceous plant of the genus of cruciferous sprouts. Grow turnips dining room and fodder, in Europe, North. America, North. Africa; in the Russian Federation, mainly in the European part of the Non-Chernozem zone. Bruckner (Bruckner), Alexander (1856-1939), Polish linguist and literary critic, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1889). Works on the history of Polish language and literature. The main work "Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language" (1927). BRYULLOV Alexander Pavlovich (1798-1877), a Russian architect, representative of late classicism. Brother Karl Briullov. The buildings of the former headquarters of the Guards Corps (1837-43) on the Palace Square. in St. Petersburg, Pulkovo Observatory (1834-39); a number of studies have used the style of Gothic architecture. BRYULLOV Karl Pavlovich (1799-1852), Russian painter and draftsman. Brother A. Briullov. In 1823-35 and from 1850 he lived in Italy. Creativity Bryullova submitted to the painting of Russian classicism jet romanticism and vitality. Works Bryullova marked statement sensually plastic beauty Rights ("Bathsheba", 1832), the dramatic tension of images ("The Last Days of Pompeii", 1830-33), realistic tendencies, subtle psychological (Portrait of M. Lanci, 1851 self-portrait, 1848). Brilliant master of ceremonial portrait ("rider", 1832) .BRYULLOV Karl Pavlovich [12 (23) December 1799, St. Petersburg - June 23, 1852, Marciano, near Rome], a Russian artist. Along with AA Ivanov - the most famous Russian master iso-art romantizma.Rannee creativity. Brullov in Italy native of Russified German family, the son of a woodcarver, Brullov studied at the Academy of Fine Arts (1809-21) in AI Ivanov and AE Egorov. Leaving to Italy as a pensioner Society for the Encouragement of Arts, lived and worked there in 1823-35. Impressions "midday edge," his nature and art helped the young Brullov translate the experience of academic classicism, educational copying antiquities in living images, full of sensual charm. Even for the early paintings of the artist is characterized by virtuoso drawing and composition, emotional, warm color ("Italian Midday" 1827, Russian Museum, "Bathsheba", 1832, Tretyakov Gallery). It acts as a master of secular portrait, making a full-scale motif in the sample Rajski idyllic harmony ["Horsewoman (J. And A. Pachchini)", 1832, ibid]. "The Last Days of Pompeii" Overwhelmed thirst great historical themes, in 1830, having been at the site of the ancient city, Brullov began work on the painting "The Last Day of Pompeii". The result is a majestic "picture-disaster" (completed in 1833 and stored in the Russian Museum), which is adjacent to the iconographic variety of kindred in spirit to the works of the masters of Romanticism (T. Gericault, W. Turner et al.) - Works that arise to the extent that as a series of political upheavals caused by the initial wavelet of the French Revolution, covers various European countries. Tragic pathos picture is enhanced expression of turbulent plastic shapes and sharp chiaroscuro contrasts. Briullov was able to portray the throes of one impulse crowd of citizens in the fatal moment of its historical existence, thereby creating the first example of the multi-figure painting, historical outcomes that all Russian painting of the 19th century realized as its most important task. "The Last Days of Pompeii" makes a splash - both at home masters and abroad. In Italy and France, now hailed as a triumph of the first Russian art school. Gogol devotes her enthusiastic article of the same name (1834), calling it "a complete, global creation", where "all affected" - is reflected in the form of "extreme crisis Felt entire mass." Politically charged "Pompeii" sensitively felt and Alexander Herzen ("A new phase of Russian literature", 1864) .Vostochnye motives Other great historical ideas Bryullova with which he wanted to repeat the success of "Pompeii", remain unfulfilled or exercise only partially (sketch of "Invasion of Rome Genseric," 1833-35, Tretyakov Gallery). In 1835, on the way from Italy to his homeland, he creates sketches of the Eastern Mediterranean, combining dreamy lyricism with a fine archaeological and everyday observation. Later oriental motifs come to life in the film "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai" (based on the story of the poem of Alexander Pushkin, 1849, Museum of AS Pushkin, Pushkin) and adjoining outline for harem temu.Bryullov in Russia solemnly greeted at home as the first artist of Russia, he impelled by Emperor Nicholas I, refers to the Russian past. But the picture is "The Siege of Pskov by Stefan Batory" (1836-37, Tretyakov Gallery) did not become a new masterpiece, because it failed to achieve a convincing composite and ideological unity of the military and church history. Artist enthusiastically takes on monumental and decorative projects; antique and mythological motifs acquire its full vitality in the sketch painting of the Pulkovo Observatory, especially in the song "Sleeping Juno and the park with the baby Hercules" (Tretyakov Gallery). Studies and sketches of angels and saints to St. Isaac's Cathedral (1843-48) infused with inner strength and greatness, but here, as in Pulkovo, the end results (performed with the participation of PV Basin and others) are much colder than the original plan. Much sincerely many small things Briullov, such as watercolors to works of Alexander Dumas and others (including the "Negro of Peter the Great" Alexander Pushkin, 1847-49, Tretyakov Gallery), - their ironic twist style anticipates "world of Art ".Portrety portrait remains an area where talent Bryullova reigns sovereignly and brilliantly. He still writes bravura secular portraits, impressive for its strong colorful and compositional effects ("Countess YP Samoilova, remove from the ball with the stepdaughter A. Pachchini", about 1842, Russian Museum). Otherwise, contemplative calm mood dominates the images of artists, more restrained in color, which seemed to flicker inside shape, emphasizing the spiritual significance of the models ("The Poet NV Puppeteer", 1836; "The sculptor IP Vitali," about 1837, both - in the Tretyakov Gallery, "VA Zhukovsky", 1837-38, Kiev Museum of Taras Shevchenko, "IA Krylov," 1839, "AN Strugovschikov" in 1840, both - in the Tretyakov Gallery). This cycle is adjacent and "Self-Portrait" (1848, Tretyakov Gallery), painted a warm tone and a light brush, but feel the mood of deep melancholy, fatigue and ill-health. Since 1849 Briullov, weakening of the disease, lives on about. Madeira, and since 1850 - in Italy. And in the last period of his life, the wizard creates expressive, full of subtle spiritual grace portraits ("Archaeologist M. Lunch", 1851, Tretyakov Gallery, unfinished painting "J. Tittoni in the image of Joan of Arc", 1852, private collection, Rome) warmed poetic humor sketches of national life. Influence As a professor of the Academy of Arts in 1836-49, Briullov had a great influence on Russian iso-art and as a teacher. However, the direct representatives bryullovskoy school (JF Kapkov, PN Orlov, AV Tyranov, FA Moller et al.), Interesting in themselves masters of the genre and religious paintings and portraits, as a whole only continued the style of the teacher, does not last significantly enriched. By the romantic school Bryullova belonged as an artist and Taras Shevchenko, who was also his student. References: K. Briullov letters, documents and memoirs of contemporaries. M., 1961. Atsarkin E. K. Briullov: Life and Work. M .; L., 1963. Leontiev GK next picture. L., 1983. Karl Briullov: Album / Thread-status. M. Rakov. M., 1988.M. Sokolov Brumaire (fr. Brumaire, from brume - fog), 2nd month (22/23 October and 20/21 November), the French republican calendar (1793-1805). Brunetiere (Brunetiere), Ferdinand (1849-1906), a French critic, historian and literary theorist. Change literary trends and aesthetic tastes explained artistic aspirations of the creative personality ("History of French literature of the classical period," 1904-12). Bruning (Bruning), Henry (1885-1970), the German chancellor in 1930-32, a spokesman for the Catholic party "center." In 1934 he emigrated to the United States. Bruno (Bruneau), Alfred (1857-1934), French composer and music critic. The representative of naturalism in the French opera, creativity close to the Italian verismo. Opera (many of scenes, sometimes libretto Zola) "The Siege of the mill" (1893), "The Hurricane" (1901); ballets; symphonic works; vocal cycles and other works. Brunswick (Brunschvicg) Leon (1869-1944), French philosopher, representative of t. N. critical rationalism. Argued the need to use the scientific method in philosophy, interpreting it as an independent activity from the objective world of the mind. Bruce (Bruce) David (1855-1931), English bacteriologist and epidemiologist. Opened (1886), the causative agent of brucellosis and proved that infection occurs through the milk of infected animals. Proceedings on etiology and epidemiology of tropical infections. Robert Bruce (1274-1329), the Scottish king and 1306. In 1314 defeated the English army at Bannockburn town. In 1328 England won by recognizing the independence of Scotland. William Bruce (1867-1921), Scottish explorer and physician. In 1892-93 and 1902-04 led oceanographic research in m. Weddell discovered Coats Land, Antarctica. Author of the project Transantarctic transition from m. To m Weddell. Ross (fulfilled B. Fuchs in 1957-58). BRUCE Vilimovich Jacob (1670-1735), Count, Russian statesman and military leader, a close associate of Peter I, Senator, President and Berg- Manufactures and colleagues (1717), Field Marshal (1726). Member of the Crimean and Azov campaigns 80-90th. 17 in. and the Northern War of 1700-21. Translations of foreign books, was in charge of the Moscow Civil typography. It is named after the civil calendar 1709-15. BRYUSOV Alexander Yakovlevich (1885-1966), archaeologist, doctor of historical sciences. Brother V. Bryusov. Proceedings on the Neolithic and Bronze Age. Valery Yakovlevich BRYUSOV (1873-1924), Russian poet. The founder of Russian Symbolism. Historical and cultural problems, rationalism, complete the image, declamatory system (book of poems "Tertia Vigilia" - "Third Watch", 1900; "Urbi et Orbi" - "Urbi et Orbi", 1903; "???????? "-" Wreath ", 1906). Historical novels: "The Fiery Angel" (1908), "The Altar of Victory" (1913). After the October Revolution led socio-educational activities. Literary criticism. Proceedings of prosody. BRYUSOV Nadezhda (1881-1951), the Russian musicologist and activist in the field of music education and enlightenment, Honored Artist of Russia (1950). Sister V. Bryusov. Writings on music pedagogy; musical-theoretical method of education, folk music. Brussels sprouts, a biennial herbaceous plant of the genus of cruciferous sprouts. In the food consumed kochanchiki diameter of 2.5-5 cm, formed on the stem in the axils of the leaves (20-35 pcs.). Brussels Pact in 1948, the Treaty of Western European Union. Brewster (Brewster), David (1781-1868), Scottish physicist, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1830). Studied the polarization of light. Set (1815), a law named after him, opened the circular polarization. Invented the kaleidoscope lens designed for lighthouses and perfected the stereoscope. Brewster's law, when a light beam is incident on the dielectric surface at an angle? Whose tangent is equal to the refractive index (the Brewster angle), the reflected light from the dielectric surface, is completely polarized. Set D. Brewster in 1815. Bryukhovetskiy Ivan Martynovich (? -1668), Hetman of Left Bank Ukraine in 1663-1668. Sought separation of Ukraine from Russia; Cossacks killed. Brukhonenko Sergei Sergeyevich (1890-1960), a Russian physiologist. Developed a method and created the first heart-lung machine (avtozhektor) (1920-25), who used in experiments on dogs at revitalizing their bodies after the onset of clinical death. In 1945-51 Brukhonenko method of reactivating the human body. Lenin Prize (1965, posthumously). Gastropods (snails), a class of mollusks. Head usually with tentacles and a pair of eyes. Sink (height from 0.5 mm to 70 cm) of helically twisted, some not. 3 subclasses: perednezhabernye, lung, Opisthobranchia; ok. 90 thousand. Species. Marine, freshwater and terrestrial forms. Many gastropod intermediate hosts of parasitic worms, a number of ground-based forms of damage garden and vegetable crops, some - target species. Gastrotrich, the same as gastrotrichs. Peritoneal thin serous membrane lining the inside of the abdominal wall and the covering bodies disposed therein. Inflammation of the peritoneum - peritonitis. Abdominal cavity of the body portion of the secondary or large; vertebrates contains internal organs except the kidneys and the heart, and mammals - and lungs. In humans, the abdomen is also called the abdomen. Typhoid fever, acute infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Salmonella (fever, severe general condition, rashes, lesions of the intestine). Infection from patients and bacteria carriers through water, food, dirty hands, flies. Bryanka, city (1962) in Ukraine, Lugansk region., At p. Lozovaja. Railway station (Avdakovo). 64.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Extraction of coal. Drilling Equipment Plant. Bryansk, a city in the Russian Federation, the center of the Bryansk region., At p. Desna. Railway junction. 460.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering and metal working (by "Bryansk Machine Building Plant", "Bryansk Automobile Plant", "Bryanskselmash" et al.), Chemical, light (in Vol. H. Worsted software), food and other. Industry. 4 university. 2 museums. 3 theaters. Known since 1146. the Bryansk region of the Russian Federation. 34.9 thousand. Km2. Population 1,464 thous. People (1992), urban 68%. 15 cities, 31 urban-type settlement (1991). Center - Bryansk. The surface is flat. Average January temperatures? 7 ° C, in July 18-19 ° C. Precipitation approx. 600 mm. The main river - Gums. Mechanical engineering (diesel engines, transport, agriculture, construction, road, textile machinery, machine tools, and other refrigerated section.) And metal working, chemical, building materials, light industry, food, timber and woodworking industry. Grain crops and industrial crops; potato. Vegetables, fruit. Dairy and beef cattle, pigs. Poultry farming. During the Great Patriotic War in the Bryansk forests - the center of the partisan movement. Bryansk (pres. Fam. Grigoriev) Yakov (1790-1853), Russian actor. From 1811 to St. Petersburg stage. The representative of Russian classicism. Bryansk principality old Russian, on the upper and middle Desna, founded in 1246, since 1356 in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1500 Bryansk and land principality reunited with the Russian state. Bryantsev Alexander Alexandrovich (1883-1961), Russian film director, People's Artist of the USSR (1956). On the scene since 1904. One of the founders and the first leaders of the national theater for children. Holder (1921) and the principal director (until 1961) the Leningrad Youth Theatre. USSR State Prize (1950). Bryantsev (Bryantsev) Andrei Mikhailovich (1749-1821), a Russian philosopher, professor at Moscow University (since 1795). One of the first Russian readers acquainted with the philosophy of Kant. Bryantsev Dmitry Alexandrovich (b. 1947), a Russian ballet dancer, choreographer, People's Artist of Russia (1989). In 1966-77 in the ensemble of Moscow Classical Ballet. Staged ballets at the Bolshoi Theatre, Leningrad Theater. Kirov and others. Since 1985, the chief choreographer of the Moscow Musical Theatre. Stanislavsky and Nemirovich-Danchenko. Choreographed "Hussar Ballad" TN Khrennikov (1979), "The Little Humpbacked Horse" Rodion Shchedrin (1981), "Optimistic Tragedy" MB Bronner (1985) and others. The Leningrad television set movies -balety "Galatea" (1977) and "old tango" (1978). Bryachislav of Polotsk (? -1044), Prince of Polotsk (1001), nephew of Prince Yaroslav the Wise. Father of Prince Vseslav. In 1021 attacked the Novgorod; on the way back defeated Yaroslav. BSISU Muin (1928-84), the Arab Palestinian poet, social activist. Compilations "Letters" (1952), "Homeland in the heart" (1970), "Business Card" (1974), "Poems on the window pane" (1980); memoir "Palestinian Notebook" (1978). Boisguillebert (Boisguillebert) Pierre (1646-1714), French economist, founder of classical bourgeois political economy in France, one of the founders of the labor theory of value. Bouaké (Bouaké) (Bouake, Bwake), a city in Côte d'Ivoire, the administrative center of the Department of Bouaké. 333 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Transport hub. International Airport. An agricultural center. Textile, leather and footwear and other enterprises. Boileau (Boileau) Nicola (1636-1711), French poet, theorist of classicism (poetic treatise "Poetic Art", 1674). Poetics of Boileau influenced aesthetic thought and literature of 17-18 centuries. many European countries, in Vol. h. Russia. Bualde (Boieldieu) Adrien (1775-1834), French composer. In 1804-10 he worked in Russia. Comic opera "The White Lady" (1825) marked the beginning of the Romantic movement in the French opera. BUAROBER (Boisrobert) François de le Blizzard (1592-1662), French writer, religious and political figure. Secretary of Cardinal Richelieu, one of the founders of the French Academy. The novel "Indian history and Horace Alexander" (1629), a collection of "Epistle" (1646). Boissier (Boissier) Gaston (1823-1908), French historian of antiquity, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1894). Work on the history of Roman society, the pagan religion, Christianity. Tambourine, percussion musical instrument membrane, sometimes with metal pendants. Common in many nations: Uzbek doira; Armenian, Azerbaijani, Tajik DEF; shaman tambourines among the peoples of Siberia and the Far East. Tambourine Mikhail Semenovich (1909-83), the Russian writer. The novel "White Birch" (Vol. 1, 1947, the USSR State Prize, 1948; Vol. 2, 1952) of the Great Patriotic War, "Steppe Eagle" (1959) about the development of virgin land "rapids" (1970); story "Stozhatry red summer" (1977), "Light distance youth" (1983). Buber (Buber) Martin (Mordechai) (1878-1965), a Jewish religious philosopher and writer close to the dialectical theology and existentialism. Lived in Germany (until 1933) and Israel. The central idea of the philosophy of Buber - being as a "dialogue" (between God and man, between man and the world). BUBILAS in Lithuanian mythology, the god of bees. Sergey Bubka Nazarovich (b. 1963), Ukrainian sportsman (athletics), Honoured Master of Sports (1983). Olympic champion (1988), World (1983, 1987, 1991, 1995), Europe (1986), the USSR (1984, 1985), winner of the World Cup and Europe (1985) in the pole vault. BUBNIS (Bubnys) Vytautas (b. 1932), the Lithuanian writer. The story "Birches in the Wind" (1959); novel trilogy: "thirsty land" (1970), "Three Days in August" (1973), "Flowering neseyannoy Rye" (1975); novel "The Hour of Destiny" (1979-80). Many of the works are devoted to the Lithuanian countryside. BUBNOV Alexander Pavlovich (1908-64), the Russian painter, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1954). Epic historical painting "Morning on the Kulikovo Field" (1943-47), genre paintings and illustrations. USSR State Prize (1948). BUBNOV Andrew S. (1884-1938), politician. Member of the CP of the Soviet Union since 1903. In 1917, a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. Since 1924 Head of the Political Department of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR. In the 1929-37 People's Commissar of Education of the RSFSR. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1917-18 and 1924-37 he. Member of the Politburo of the Central Committee in October 1917, a member of Orgburo in 1924-34. In 1925, Secretary of the Central Committee. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. BUBNOV George G. (1934-86), a Russian scientist in the field antennostroeniya and Applied Electrodynamics, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1972). Created a unique antenna systems radar complexes, and large measuring systems. Developed the principles of solar cosmic power. USSR State Prize (1978). State Prize of the Armenian SSR (1986). BUBNOV Ivan G. (1872-1919), a Russian engineer. Fundamental work on structural mechanics of the ship. Built submarines "Dolphin" and type "Bars". BUBNOV (Bubnoff) Sergei Nikolaevich (1888-1957), a German geologist and member of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin (1949). A native of Russia, since 1906 in Germany. Works on the regional and global tectonics. The classification of the structural elements of the earth's crust and tectonic movements. BUBNOV Yuri (b. 1934), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Works on chemistry of organic and organometallic compounds. "Jack of Diamonds", Association of Moscow Artists (1910-16), refers to the pictorial and plastic quest in the spirit of creativity P. Cezanne, Fauvism and Cubism, as well as to the methods of Russian icons and popular prints, folk toys. Artists "Jack of Diamonds" (Pyotr Konchalovsky, AV Kuprin, AV Lentulov, I. Mashkov, R. Falk) solved the problems of construction of the form color, revealing the materiality of nature. Bubonic (from the Greek. Bubon - groin, swelling in the groin), lymphadenopathy inflammatory nature. Observed at some sexually transmitted and other infectious diseases (eg., The plague), and the rising of wound infection. Bubrik Samuil Davidovich (1899-1965), Russian film director, Honored Artist of Latvia (1949). Documentaries: "Vladimir Mayakovsky" (1940, 1955), "Maxim Gorky" (1941, 1958), "Leo Tolstoy" (1953), "Krupskaya" (1959), "Viva Cuba!" (1960). USSR State Prize (1948). Bubrikh Dmitry (1890-1949), linguist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Proceedings on Slavic accentuation, Finno-Ugric languages, and history entogenezu Finnish peoples. BUG WEST, see. Western Bug. BUG SOUTH see. Southern Bug. BUGAEV Alexander Stepanovich (b. 1947), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Proceedings on numerical modeling and the development of ultrafast information processing devices, and semiconductor, acoustic and magnetoelectronics. Bugaev Boris Pavlovich (p. 1923), statesman, Air Chief Marshal (1977), twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1966, 1983). During the Great Patriotic War in the Air Group of the Central Staff of the partisan movement. Since 1966 Deputy, 1967 1st Deputy Minister, in 1970-87 Minister of Civil Aviation of the USSR. Lenin Prize (1980), the USSR State Prize (1972). BUGAEV Sergey (b. 1936), the Russian scientist, Corresponding Member of RAS (1991, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1987). Works on the development of explosive diodes, high-current relativistic electron flow generators, power microwave generators. USSR State Prize (1984). Bugaenko Ivan (b. 1938), the Russian athlete (volleyball), Honored Master of Sports (1964), Coach. Olympic champion (1964, 1968), Peace (1960, 1962), Europe (1967). Buganda (Buganda), the state in Africa 14 - con. 19th centuries. Ethnic basis - people ligand (Baganda). Until the end. 18 in. depending Unoro. In the 19th century. powerful state. During the period of colonial conquest, from 1890 as a part of the British dominions, 1900 - Autonomous Province of Uganda Protectorate, from 1962 - independent Uganda (before 1967 enjoyed autonomy). Buganov Viktor Ivanovich (1928-1996), historian, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Proceedings of the socio-political history of Russia 11-18 centuries. Problems sources and historiography; bit edition chronicles and books. Yoke (from niderl. Beugel), 1) a metal ring at the top of the pile, protects it from damage when driving ... 2) Item susceptor (tram, trolley), sliding on the contact wire ... 3) The metal ring on the mast of the ship for fixing gear. Bougainville (Bougainville), a volcanic island in the Pacific approx., The largest group in the Solomon Islands. Is part of the State of Papua - New Guinea. 10 thousand. Km2. The population of 159.5 thousand. People (1990). The height of 2743 m. Rainforests. Bougainville - one of the largest copper deposits in the world. Developed since 1972. The hydrothermal copper-porphyry. Ore reserves St. 915m. Tons at an average grade of 0.46% Cu. In ores as Au (0.51 g / t), Ag (1,2 g / t). Named for LA Bougainville. Bougainville (Bougainville) Louis Antoine de (1729-1811), French explorer. In 1766-1769 the head of the first French circumnavigation expedition discovered the islands in the arch. Tuamotu Louisiade and re Solomon Islands. Bouguer (Bouguer) Pierre (1698-1758), a French scientist, one of the founders of the photometry. Developed methods for measuring the light intensity. Set (1729), the law of light attenuation (Bouguer's law - Lambert - Beer). In 1735-43 led the arc measurements in Peru (jointly with S. M. Condamine). Bouguereau - Lambert - Beer's law, which determines the attenuation of light from the initial intensity I0 as it passes through a medium with absorption index k and the thickness l: I = I0 (exp - kl). Solutions for k -? C (C - concentration? - Absorption coefficient of the solution of unit concentration). Discovered experimentally P. Bouguereau (1729), theoretically derived IG Lambert (1760), for the solutions studied by Baer (1852). Boogie, 1) the manner of piano playing, accompanied by blues (see. Blues): free improvisation on the characteristic, repetitive melodic and rhythmic pattern in the bass. Originated in the US in the context. 19 in ... 2) North American dance (4/4); emerged in the 1920s. based on the boogie-woogie piano. In the Zap. Europe has spread after 1945. Buginese, refers to south-Sunda-Sulawesi languages, traditionally included in the Indonesian group of the Austronesian language family. Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet. Bugis (self - tougik), the people of Indonesia (mainly in the southwest of. Sulawesi). Number 4,550,000. Man. They also live in Malaysia and Singapore. The total number of 4.6 million. People. (1992). Buginese language. Believers are Sunni Muslims. Bugrimova Irina (b. 1910), the Russian Circus, People's Artist of the USSR (1969), Hero of Socialist Labor (1979). Together with AN Buslaev performed (since 1929) in the air rides, then in a room with trained animals; in 1946-76 tamer of lions. BUGROV Nikolai Alexandrovich (1837-1911), Nizhny Novgorod merchant, industrialist and millionaire. Of the Old Believers. Owned a steam mill. Presented the Nizhny Novgorod City Duma building, built shelters, schools and others. Supported Old Believers who lived in the woods and on the Kerzhents p. Irgiz. Pingo, permafrost landforms round shape formed by the freezing of wetland strata of rocks and increase their volume due to local accumulation of ice. Developed in the area of distribution of permafrost in the tundra and forest tundra. Lyman, a bay in the northern part of the Black m. Length 47 km, width up to 11 km. Merging with the Dnieper estuary forms the Dnieper-Bug estuary. Navigable. On Bug estuary - Nikolaev. Bugsko KAZAKOV REBELLION (Bug Cossack troops) in July - September 1817 (center - Voznesensky) in connection with the transfer of military settlement. Suppressed by government troops. Buh Cossacks, created in 1803 on the river. South. Bug composed of three regiments. In 1817 transferred to the military colonies and transformed into regular regiments Lancers. Bugulma, city (with 1781) in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan, at the confluence. Bugulminka at p. Zai. Railway station. 91.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Oil. Mechanical Engineering (Plant "Nefteavtomatika" ON "Bugulmaneftemash" et al.) And metal, porcelain factory; food enterprises. Theater. Museums: Local History and Jaroslav Hasek (in 1919 was the assistant commandant of Bugulma). Founded in 1736. Bugulma-Belebey Upland, flat watershed (height up to 418 m) left tributaries of rivers. White, Kama and Volga. Buguruslan, city (with 1781) in the Russian Federation, Orenburg region., At p. B. Kinel. Railway station. 54.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plant "Radiator"; food, light industry. Near Buguruslan - oil and gas. Theater. Museum. Founded in 1748 as a settlement. Budag Ruben A. (b. 1910), the Russian linguist, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1970). Works in the field of general and Romance Linguistics and Philology. Buda-Delianov (Budai-Deleanu) Jon (c. 1760-1820), Romanian poet and educator. Defended the idea of national self-assertion. Heroic and satirical poem "Tsyganiada" (1875-76). Buda-hash in Chinese mythology the god of prosperity and happiness, identified with Maitreya. Depicted as a man with a fat belly. Buda-Koshelev, city (1971) in Belarus, Gomel. Railway station (Buda-Koshelevo). 8.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food industry. Budantsev Sergei Fedorovich (1896-1940?) Was a Russian writer. In prose, marked stylistic variety and experimentation with form, refers to the controversy between the Bolsheviks and the Social Revolutionaries with their different views on the revolution (the novel "Mutiny", also known as "Commander", 1922), a complex post-revolutionary situation in Turkmenistan (novel "Locusts" 1927 ), psychological problems ("The Story of the suffering of the mind", 1929), and others. Books: "The Japanese duel" (1927), "Zenit" (1934), "Writer" (published in 1959), and others. in 1937, repressed; died in prison.
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