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Breiðafjörður (Breidafjordur), Gulf Atlantic ok., Off the coast of Iceland. The length of 124 km, width 72 km, the depth of 50-100 m. Ports: Sandyur et al. Broad pennant (niderl. Breedwimpel), naval flag with the reduced size of the cloth and braids of different colors assigned to the commander of the ship, and senior divisions on the roads. Brady (Brady) Matthew (c. 1823-96), American master of photography. One of the founders of the photo essay (series of pictures dedicated to the Civil War 1861-65 in the US). BREIER (Breuer) (Breuer) Marseille (1902-1981), American architect and designer. A native of Hungary, since 1937 in the United States. One of the leaders of functionalism. In reinforced concrete buildings, furniture designs put together rationality with acute plastic expressiveness of the composition. Breuil (Bray) (Breuil) Henri Edouard Prosper (1877-1961), a French archaeologist, explorer of primitive art. Works on the Paleolithic. BRAIN (Braine) John (1922-86), English writer. The novel "The Way Up" (1957) is typical for the mentality of "angry young men". In the novel "Life at the top" (1962), "jealous God" (1964) - Freudian motifs. "Spy" novel "Pious Agent" (1975). Breit (Breit) Gregory (1899-1981), American physicist. Born in Russia, since 1915 - in the United States. Proceedings of nuclear physics, the theory of scattering, high-energy physics. Suggested (collab. With J. Wigner) formula, named after them. One of the pioneers of accelerator technology. Breit - Wigner formula describing the dependence of the probability of nuclear reaction energy "incident" near the resonance energy of the particle. Offered by American physicists G. Breit (G. Breit) and Yu Wigner in 1936. Breytenbach (Breytenbach) Breiten (b. 1939), South African writer and journalist. Writes on African and English. Collection of journalism "Season in Paradise" (1977-80), the novel "Memoirs of snow and dust" (1989). Poems. Breitenfeld (Breitenfeld), a village in Germany, north of Leipzig (now part of Lindenthal); about Breitenfeld during the Thirty Years War 09.17.1631 Swedish-Saxon army of Gustav II Adolf broke the troops of the Catholic League under the command of Tilly. BREYTSHEYD (Breitscheid) Rudolph (1874-1944), a member of the Social Democratic faction of the German Reichstag in the beginning. 30s. After the establishment of the fascist dictatorship emigrated. In 1941 the government issued A. Petain German fascist authorities. Died in Buchenwald concentration camp. Breckenridge (Brackenridge) Hugh Henry (1748-1816), American writer. One of the first novelists USA. Adventurous satirical novel "Modern Chivalry" (1792-1805) about the age of the frontier. Patriotic poem "The Battle of Bunker Hill" (1776), "The Death of General Montgomery" (1777). Breccia (ital. Breccia), cemented clastic rock composed of angular fragments of different rocks the size of St. 1 cm. There are volcanic, sedimentary and tectonic breccia. Keychain (fr. Breloque), small decoration in the form of small pendants made of metal, porcelain, ivory and so on. N., Which is attached to the chain pocket of men's watches, bracelet and so on. F. Keyrings were very much in fashion in the 18th century. and in the 2nd floor. 19 in. See. Also Chatelet. Bremen (Brehm) Alfred Edmund (1829-84), German zoologist, educator. Observations learned from trips to Africa, Europe, Zap. Siberia et al., Formed the basis of "Life of Animals" (Vol. 1-6, 1863-69; Russian translation, in 1911-15 and 1937-48). Thanks alive Description "lifestyle" and "kind" of animal labor Bremen (despite its anthropomorphism) was for many generations the best popular guide to zoology. Director of the Hamburg Zoo (1863-66), founder of the Berlin Aquarium (1867). BREMEN (Bremen), land in Germany. 0.4 thousand. Km2. The population of 684 thousand. People (1992). Adm. c. - Bremen. BREMENER Max Solomonovich (1926-83), the Russian writer. In prose, marked by humor and observation, refers to the problems of adolescent psychology, moral conflicts. Books: "The case of the Steppe" (1955), "The transfer is carried out from the class" (1960), "Chur, not a game!" (1962), "The presence of the Spirit" (1969), "Grenada parish" (1978) and others. Bremer (Bremer) Frederick (1892-1982), Belgian neuroscientist. Developed and implemented in physiological experiment method of isolated brain. With this investigated method role in the regulation of the reticular formation states of sleep and wakefulness. Found that the cerebellum is involved in the regulation of muscle tone. Bremerhaven (Bremerhaven), a city in Germany, the land of Bremen. 131 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Outport Bremen in the estuary. Weser, one of the main passenger ports in the country, the fishing harbor (St. 50% of the fishing fleet of Germany). Engineering, in Vol. H. Shipbuilding, fish processing, chemical industry. Naval arsenal. Apex (Ger. Bremsberg), underground excavation inclined to drain minerals from the overlying to the underlying horizon mine. BREMSEBRUSKY WORLD 1645, completed a successful Sweden Theater War 1643-45. Prepared in Bremsebru. Sweden received Gotland and Ezel (Saaremaa), a number of Danish possessions on the Scandinavian Peninsula (Jämtland, Härjedalen and 30 years Halland). BRAND (Brenda), a large copper-molybdenum mine in Canada (prov. Of British Columbia). In operation since 1969. The ore reserves St. 128m. M with the content of Cu 0,14%, Mo 0.03%. Brenna Franzevich Victor (1745-1820), designer and architect. Italian in origin. In 1783-1802 he worked in Russia. Participated in the construction and decoration of palaces at Pavlovsk and Gatchina, Mikhailovsky Castle in St. Petersburg. Brenner (Brenner), pass in the Alps, near the border of Austria and Italy. The height of 1371 m. In the tunnels under the Brenner - railway and highway connecting the years. Innsbruck and Bolzano. Bronsted (Bronsted) Johannes Nicolaus (1879-1947), a Danish chemist. Proceedings on chemical kinetics, catalysis and thermodynamics of solutions. Suggested (1923) proton theory of acids and bases. Developed (1929) theory of acid-base catalysis. Brentano (Brentano) Clemens (1778-1842), the German romantic writer. Lyric poetry; stories and ballads in the national spirit; collection of folk tales and songs "Knaben Wunderhorn" (1806-08, published in conjunction with the LA Arnim). Lujo Brentano (1844-1931), a German economist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1895). Thought it possible resolution of social conflicts through reforms. Franz Brentano (1838-1917), German philosopher Edmund Husserl's phenomenology predecessor. Developed the doctrine of intentionality (objective consciousness) as a generic feature of psychic phenomena. Brencens (Brencens) Edward (1885-1929), Latvian painter, graphic artist, stage designer. Paintings ("In 1905") and illustrations Brencens inherent dramatic symbolism, expressive images. Brera (Brera) (Pinacoteca di Brera), an art gallery in Milan. Founded in 1809. Western European, in Vol. H. Italian (Mantegna, Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci School, Lombard frescoes), painting. Bresse (HDI. Beautiful), in Celtic mythology, the legendary first king of Ireland after arriving at her land the tribes of the goddess Danu; It tells the saga of "The Battle of Mag-tured." BRESSON (Bresson) Robert (b. 1907), French director. Earned a reputation for exacting artist who does not go to commercial compromises. His creative style is different ascetic rigor. World fame brought Bresson film adaptation of the novel by J. Bernanos' Diary of a Country Priest ", 1950. Other films:" Sentenced to death fled ", 1956; "The Trial of Joan of Arc", 1962; "Meek", 1969 and "Four Nights of a Dreamer, 1971, by Fyodor Dostoyevsky), and others. Films were awarded prizes Bresson film festivals in Cannes, Venice, San Sebastian, Berlin. In 1994 received the prize" Felix ". BREST (up to Brest-Litovsk in 1921, until 1939 Brest-over-Bug), a city in Belarus, the center of Brest region., at p. Mukhavets, where it flows in the river. Zap. Bug. The river port and railway junction. 277 thousand. inhabitants (1991 ). Mechanical engineering, light and food industry. Production of household chemicals, building materials, furniture and others. 2 university. 2 theaters. The Museum of Brest Fortress. History Museum and others. known since 1090 (Berestye). from 14 in. in Lithuania and Poland, since 1795 in Russia, in 1919-39 in Poland. BREST (Brest), city and port in north-western France, on the Brittany Peninsula. 148 thousand. inhabitants (1990). Naval Arsenal. Mechanical Engineering, in Vol. h. The shipbuilding industry, the chemical industry. Brest-Litovsk peace treaty official name Brest Peace (1918). The Brest Fortress, fortress within the city of Brest, Belarus. Built in 1833-38, modernized in the late. 19 - early. 20th centuries. During World War II small garrison under the leadership of the Brest Fortress P. Gavrilov, I. Zubachov, EM Fomin from 22 June to 20 th of July 1941, being surrounded, defended (not enough ammunition, food water) against the superior forces of the German fascist troops. In 1965 the Brest Fortress was awarded the title Hero-Fortress and the Order of Lenin and medal "Gold Star". Since 1971, the memorial complex. Brest region, the south-west of Belarus. 32.3 thousand. Km2. Population 1,484 thous. People (1991). Adm. c. - Brest. Union of Brest in 1596, the union of the Orthodox Church on the territory of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth with the Catholic Church. Adopted by the church council in Brest. The Orthodox Church in Ukraine and Belarus recognized the pope as their head, but kept liturgy in the Slavic language and Orthodox rites. Officially dissolved on the church council in 1946 in Lviv. Brest-Litovsk Treaty, 03/03/1918, the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Turkey. Germany annexed Poland, the Baltic states, Belarus and parts of the Caucasus, received a contribution of 6 billion. Marks. Soviet Russia went to sign the Brest peace, to save the Soviet regime. The "Left Communists" headed by NI Bukharin opposed the Brest peace and was ready to "go to the possibility of loss of Soviet power" in the interests of the international revolution. "The contract canceled by the Soviet government 13/11/1918 after the revolution in Germany. Brittany, historical area and a modern economic region in France, Brittany Peninsula. on the territory of Brittany - Department of Finistère, Côtes-du-Nord, Morbihan, Ille-et-Vilaine. 27.2 thousand. km2. The population of 2.8 million. people (1992) . The main town - Ren. from the middle. 9 in. duchy. in the 2nd floor. 12-13 centuries. vassal English, then French kings. from 1491 in personal union with France. joined France in 1532, to 1790 had the status of province. BRITTANY (Bretagne), the peninsula in western France. Washed Strait. Channel and the Atlantic ok. The coast is low and rocky, riasovogo type. The height of up to 384 m (Armorican Upland.). heather, peat bogs, landscape type Bocage. Bretton Garth see. Garth FB BRETON (Breton) Andre (1896-1966), French writer, one of the founders of surrealism. ("Manifesto of Surrealism", 1924). The declarations of the 1930s., In the books "Arkan 17" (1945), "Lamp Hours" (1948), without taking bourgeois culture, argued that a person finds freedom only in the intuitive mental acts repressed society. Breton horses, heavy draft breed, bred in France (Brittany), bred there. Animals of medium height, endurance and performance. Used in deriving the Tory breed. Breton language, refers to the Indo-European family of languages (Celtic group). Writing on the basis of the Latin alphabet. Breton people in France (Brittany). 1.05 million. People (1992). Breton language. Catholics. Brekhovskikh Leonid Maksimovic (b. 1917), the Russian physicist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR in 1968). Hero of Socialist Labor (1987). Proceedings of the acoustics, the theory of acoustic and electromagnetic waves. Outbound opened the propagation of sound in the sea (in conjunction with others.). Lenin Prize (1970), the USSR State Prize (1951, 1976). Brecht (Brecht) Berthold (1898-1956), German writer and director. In 1933-47 in exile. 1949 founded the theater "Berliner Ensemble". In philosophical and satirical plays on contemporary, historical and mythological subjects: "The Threepenny Opera" (staged in 1928, music K. Weil, published in 1931), "Mother Courage and Her Children" (established in 1939, published in 1941); "Life of Galileo" (established in 1938-39, was published in 1955), "The Good Person of Szechwan" (established in 1938-40, was published in 1943); "The Caucasian Chalk Circle" (set in 1954, music by P. Dessau, published in 1949), with a humanistic, anti-fascist positions put ostroaktualnye problem. Oriented, as well as in its own direction, he developed on the principles of "epic theater", involving an appeal not to the traditional "empathy" and to sober reason and critical analysis. Introduced t. N. alienation effect - a new perspective on familiar using modernized analogue ancient choir - Song-Zongo, building on the principle of staging film frame, and so on. n. to influence the theater of the 20th century. International Lenin Prize (1954). Brescia (Brescia) (Brescia), a city in the North. Italy, in the region of Lombardy, the administrative center prov. Brescia. 197 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Metallurgy, chemical, light and food industries. University. Academy of Literature and Art. Art galleries. Remains of Roman buildings. Town Hall (11-13 cc.), The Duomo Vecchio (11-15 cc.). Breshko-Breshkovskaya Catherine K. (1844-1934), a Russian politician. From the beginning. 1870s. adjoined to the populists, participated in the "going to the people." In 1874-96 in jail, in prison and in exile. One of the founders and leaders of the Socialist Revolutionary Party, its military organization. Participant of the Revolution of 1905-07. In 1907-17 again in prison and exile. After the February Revolution played an active role among the Right SRs. By October Revolution reacted with hostility: participated in the struggle against Soviet power in the Volga region and Siberia. In 1919 emigrated. In the revolutionary and democratic circles is known as the "grandmother of the Russian Revolution." Strafing, airplane flight at extremely low altitude (5-50 m) for a surprise attack on the object, cover air defenses. With the 50-ies. uses the term "flying at extremely low altitude" (up to 200 m). Bryaxis of Caria (2nd floor. 4 in. BC. E.), The ancient Greek sculptor. He worked on the decoration of the Mausoleum of Halicarnassus. Author of five colossal statues of gods in Rhodes, statues of Asclepius and Gigieyi in Megara. In Alexandria, he worked in the Serapion, the sanctuary of Serapis, and created the famous statue of the god, depicts him like Zeus, a mature man with a basket full of fruits on her head. Bryaxis circle belongs to the statue sits on a throne of Demeter (British Museum, London). His style is characterized by soft cut-off and the surface of the marble. Briand (Boroime) (Brian, Boroimhe) (926 or 941-1014), High King of Ireland from 1002. In 1014 the army defeated Brian invaded Ireland Danes at the Battle of Clontarf town, but he was killed Brian. Briand (Briand) Aristide (1862-1932), repeatedly in 1909-31, French Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs. One of the initiators of the project to create block "Pan-Europe", the Kellogg - Briand Pact in 1928, and others. In the 20-ies. conducted anti-Soviet policy; in 1931 took steps to rapprochement with France, the Soviet Union. The Nobel Peace Prize (1926, together with G. Stresemann) for "peaceful settlement of international relations." Brianza (Brianza) Carlotta (1867-1930), an Italian ballet dancer. The leading soloist of the theater "La Scala". In 1887-91 served in Russia. First performer of Aurora in "Sleeping Beauty" Tchaikovsky. BRIG (Eng. Brig, abbr. From Italian. Brigantino - brigantine), 1) two-masted sailing ship sea with direct sail ... 2) In the Navy - Battle sailing ship (18-19 cc.). BRIGADE (French. Brigade), .. 1) tactical formation in all kinds of armed forces, combat arms (forces), special forces; exist in different countries from the 2nd floor. 16 in., In Russia - from the beginning. 18 in. In the Army usually consists of several battalions (divisions) and units of special troops. Or may be a separate division to enter into ... 2) A group of people together to perform certain work package. FOREMAN (it. Brigadier), .. 1) officer rank in the Russian army in the 18th century., Intermediate between the Colonel and Major General; exists in the British and other armies ... 2) The head of the production team. Brigade Commissar, military rank (in 1935-42) of the supreme military-political composition of the Red Army and Navy. BRIGANTINA (from Italian. Brigantino), .. 1) two-masted sailing ship sea with square sails on the foremast (foremast) and oblique to the rear (main mast). In the 17-19 centuries. used in the Navy ... 2) sailing and rowing boat in the Russian Navy 18. to transport troops and supplies in coastal areas; had 2-3 guns. Brigg (Brig) Alexander Fedorovich (1792-1859), Decembrist, a retired colonel. Member of the Patriotic War of 1812 and foreign campaigns. Member of the "Union of Welfare" and the Northern Society of the Decembrists. Sentenced to 2 years' hard labor. From 1827 to Nerchinsk mines in 1828-56 in exile in Pelym, Kurgan. BRIGITA (Latinized form of Brigantia, from HDI. Vertex), the goddess of Celtic myth, the daughter of Dagda, the goddess of wisdom, patroness of poetic craft and secret knowledge. Depicted as a bird with a human head. Briggs (Briggs), Henry (1561-1630), English mathematician. Compiled and published the first table of common logarithms. Briggs logarithms, the same as the logarithm. Named for Mr. Briggs. Breeder (Eng. Breeder), a kind of breeder reactor. BRIDGE (Eng. Bridge, letters. - Bridge), a type of card game (2 pairs play) with a deck of 52 cards. Presumably originated in Constantinople (1870), according to other sources - in Russia (in the 1880s.). The most common sports version of the bridge. World Bridge League (WBF; founded in 1960) brings together 96 countries (1990). The European Bridge League was founded in 1948, All-Russian league sports Bridge - Olympics held in 1989. Since 1960, the World Championships - in 1950, in Europe - since 1932. Bridge (from the English. Breeches), pants, skinny leg and slightly flared up. They are worn with boots normally (eg., While riding a horse). In some armies belonging officer's uniform. Bridgman (Bridgman) Percy Williams (1882-1961), American physicist and philosopher. Founder of High Pressure Physics, developed methods for pressure up to 425 thousand. Atmospheres studied the properties of many substances at high pressures (Nobel Prize, 1946). One of the founders of operationalism. Bridgeport (Bridgeport), city and port in the northeastern United States, pcs. Connecticut. 142 thousand. Residents (1990, with the suburbs of St. 400 thous. Inhabitants). Engineering and metalworking, chemical industry. Universities. Bridgetown (Bridgetown), the capital and main port of Barbados. 97.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1990, with suburbs). International Airport. Food processing, light industry. Briede (Briede) Alexander (b. 1901), Latvian sculptor, People's Artist of the USSR (1972), corresponding member of the Academy of Arts (1958). Chamber and monumental statues, tombstones in Riga, portraits, fine porcelain plastic. Brier (Brierre) Jean (b. 1909), a Haitian poet and social activist. Writes in French. Patriotic drama in verse, the poem "Black Soul" (1947), "Discovery" (1962); collection of poems "Keep God" (1945) is dedicated to J. Rumen, "Another World" (1973), "Figures of clay and gold" (1977). BLASTING (from the French. Brisant - crushing), the ability to produce explosives in the explosion of the local crushing of the solid medium, directly adjacent to the charge. Industrial brisance explosives are 7-30 mm. High explosives, the class of explosives, explosive transformation which takes place in the form of detonation. Apply for weaponization, blasting caps and blasting operations. Breeze (fr. Brise), winds from the diurnal periodicity along the shores of seas and large lakes. Day breeze blows from the reservoir to the heated coast, night - with chilled coast the water. Breezes usually apply to several tens of kilometers on either side of the coastline and a height of several hundred meters; most frequently observed in the tropics. Briquettes (fr. Briquette), compressed in the form of bricks, tiles and so on. N. Of coal, ore, sawdust or others. Fine material in order to reduce losses in its subsequent use. For the consolidation of briquettes used binders additives (pitch, bitumen, liquid glass, cement, etc..). Proposed in Russia AP Veshnyakov (30-ies. 19 in.). Brickner Gustavovich Alexander (1834-96), Russian historian. Works on the history of the 18th century. (biography of Peter I, Catherine II, Pososhkov; Russian-Swedish relations, cash account). Bruckner (Bruckner) (Bruchner) Edward (1862-1927), German geographer and climatologist. Proceedings of the periodic climate change (ie. N. Bruckner cycle length approx. 35 years), eustatic sea level, glaciation of the Alps. Co-author (with A. Penck) concept of ancient glaciation of the Alps. Briling Nikolai Romanovich (1876-1961), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Major works on automotive internal combustion engines, heat engineering. BRILLIANT (from the French. Brillant, letters. - Brilliant), flawless diamond jewelry, special artificial cut that reveals its maximum brilliance. Due to the high dispersion of the reflected light of the diamond "plays" with all the colors of the rainbow. Weight of the diamond is measured in carats (0.2 g). Diamonds, in the printing industry - typeface, size (size) which is 3 points (approx. 1.13 mm); the smallest of fonts. Almost out of use. BRILLIANT-LERMAN Varvara (1888-1954), the Russian plant physiologist. Opened (1925), the phenomenon of stimulation of photosynthesis at a small dewatering plant ('phenomenon Diamond "). DIAMOND Alexander Ivanovich (1867-1933), Russian Orthodox theologian, historian of medieval philosophy. Professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy (1903). Proceedings of the theology of John Scotus Erigena, of the Arian controversy. Brilliant green, basic triphenylmethane dye, antiseptic; used in the form of aqueous or alcohol solutions to lubricate the skin when it diseases and injuries. Brillouin (Brillouin) Leon (1889-1969), French physicist, 1941 in the United States. Works on the theory of solids (ie introduced. N. Of the Brillouin zone), quantum mechanics, magnetism, radio physics, information theory, philosophy of science. Brillouin Zones, polyhedra, constructed according to certain rules in the reciprocal lattice of the crystal. The first Brillouin zone contains all physically nonequivalent lowest resolution quasimomenta characterizing the state of the electrons. The shape of the Brillouin zone is determined by the symmetry of the crystal. The concept of the Brillouin zone is used in solid state theory. Suggested by Brillouin in 1930. Brindisi (Brindisi), a city and port in the South. Italy, in the region of Apulia, in the Strait. Otranto, administrative center of the province. Brindisi. 93 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Refining and Petrochemicals, Tube, aircraft factories. Railway ferry Brindisi - Patras (Greece). In ancient times, the best Roman harbor (called Brundisium) on the Adriatic m. Brinell (Brinell) Johan August (1849-1925), a Swedish engineer. Works on the metallurgy of steel and determination of the hardness of metals and alloys. Suggested (1900) method for determining the hardness of metals, named after him. Brinell method defined indentation hardness of metals in the test sample tempered steel ball. Brinell hardness is measured in units HB (Hardness Brinell). Named for the Swedish engineer Yu Brinell. BRINES (Brines) Francisco (b. 1932), Spanish poet. Collections of poetry "Burning Embers" (1952), "The experience of separation" (1974, expanded and revised edition - 1984), "Autumn in the rose garden" (1986, National Prize for Literature). Brynner (Brynner; pres. The name of Taiji Khan, Taidje Khan) Yul (1915-85), American film actor. Born in Sakhalin in Russia. He started his career as a circus acrobat. Remembered by the audience in the role of a cowboy in the film Chris D. Sturges' The Magnificent Seven "(1960). In 1956 won the "Oscar" for his role in the comedy "The King and I". Bryologists (from the Greek. Bryon - moss and ... logy), Section of Botany, studying mosses. Brion, the same as hulwort. Bryophytes, the same as mosses. BRISBANE (Brisbane), the city and port in eastern Australia, the administrative center piece. Queensland. 1.3 million. Inhabitants (1990, with suburbs). Engineering, oil refining, chemical, food industry; shipyard. University. Briseis, in Greek mythology, daughter of the king Leleges Briseya, Captive Achilles. Agamemnon took her from Achilles after was forced to return Chryseis he belonged to her father. This was the reason for the anger of Achilles and the quarrel between the Achaean chiefs (story "The Iliad" by Homer). Brissot (Brissot) Jacques Pierre (1754-93), leader of the French Revolution con. 18 in., The leader of the Girondins. In the Convention since 1792 led the fight against the Jacobins. By sentence of the Revolutionary Tribunal executed. Bristol Bay Atlantic ok., Near the south-western coast of the UK. The length of 230 km, depth up to 50 m. The main ports: Bristol, Cardiff, Newport. Bristol Bay of the Bering Sea., In the south-western coast of Alaska. The width of the entrance approx. 480 km, the depth of 27-54 m. Fishing (cod, flatfish and others.). British Elbyzdyko Tsopanovich (1881-1923), playwright Ossetian. Plays (in Vol. H. Tragedy "Amran", 1913-23, published in 1927) are imbued with social liberation motives.
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