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Adamantane (from the Greek. Adamas, b. P. Adamantos - diamond), colorless crystals with a camphor smell. Molecular structure similar to that of diamond. Adamantane has an abnormally high (for hydrocarbons) melting point (269 ° C). Adamantane derivatives and homologues - pharmaceuticals, lubricants and others. Hadamard (Hadamard) Jacques (1865-1963), French mathematician, a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). Proceedings on differential equations, function theory, number theory, mechanics. Adamawa-Eastern languages, subfamily Niger-Congo languages. Adamishina Anatoly Leonidovich (b. 1934), the Russian diplomat. In 1978-86 the head of the European Department of the Foreign Ministry. In 1986-90 Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. In 1990-92 Ambassador to Italy. In 1992-95, First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation. ADAMOV (Adamov) Arthur (1908-70) was a French playwright. Early poems in the style of surrealism. In the spirit of the avant-garde theater play "Parody" (published 1950), "The Invasion" (1950). The tragedy of "Spring '71" (1961) poeticises courage of the Paris Communards. Book thinking about drama and theater "Here and Now" (1964), a satirical song ("Holy Europe", 1966, et al.), A book of memoirs, "Man and Child" (1968). ADAMOV T. (pres. name and fam. Gregory B. Gibbs) (1886-1945), Russian writer. Sci-fi novels "The winners of the bowels" (1937), "The Secret of Two Oceans" (1939) and others. Adam's Bridge, a chain of shoals and coral islands between the n-word and the Indian subcontinent. Sri Lanka. Length of 30 km. According to legend, Adam, expelled from paradise on earth (on about. Sri Lanka), Adam went on the bridge to the mainland. Adam's Evgenia (1912 / 13-1991), the Russian painter, People's Artist of Turkmenistan (1964). Themed paintings on the life of the Turkmen people ("All the same I will learn!", 1957; "The Turkmen mother - Motherland", 1967), portraits. Adamovich Alexander (Ales) Mikhailovich (1927-94), the Belarusian and Russian writer, member of the Academy of Sciences of Belarus (1980). Roman-film series "Partisans" (ch. 1 - 2, 1960-63), the story "Khatyn story" (1972), "I'm from the Fiery Village" (1977, together with J. Bryl and Kolesnikov), "The Punisher" (1980), "Blockade Book" (1977-81, together with D. Granin), anti-war lyric-dramatic story-warning "Last Pastorale" (1987); literary work, journalism. George V. Adamovich (1892-1972), Russian poet and critic. In 1923 he emigrated to France. Exquisitely dispassionate perception dull flow of life (poetichskie collections of "Purgatory" 1922, "the West", 1939) completed the acquisition of reconciling "light" (a collection of "Unity", 1967). In the collections of critical essays ("Solitude and Freedom", 1955; "Comments", 1967) - understanding of cultural and historical fate of the older generation of Russian emigration (essay about Ivan Bunin, Vladimir Nabokov, ISShmelev, DSMerezhkovsky et al.). Adamovich Iosif Aleksandrovich (1896-1937), one of the leaders of the struggle for Soviet power in Belarus. In the 1924-27 chairman of the BSSR. In the context of mass repressions committed suicide. Adamovich-Iodko Nikolai (p. 1915), a Russian test pilot. Conducted a full test aircraft La-7. Research in the field of aviation ergonomics, automatic control systems. Adam's tree, the same as paulownia. Adam's apple (Adam's apple), a bump on the front of the neck in men formed the thyroid cartilage of the larynx. The name is connected with the biblical legend of ingested Adam's apple. ADAMS (Adams) (Adams) Bryan (b. 1959), Canadian singer, songwriter, guitarist. Author of numerous hits. The album "Into The Fire" (1987) has sold more than 1 million. Copies. Member of charitable actions of rock musicians. In the beginning. 1990s. wrote the music for the film "Robin Hood", a song for the movie "The Three Musketeers" (1993). ADAMS (Adams) Henry Brooks (1838-1918), American writer, historian. In the novel "Democracy" (1880) - criticism "Gilded Age" from the standpoint of Puritanism. Literary and aesthetic study of medieval France ("Mont Saint-Michel and Chartres", 1904). In the autobiographical book "Education of Henry Adams" (1907) - culture understanding the US entry in the 20th century. John Adams (1735-1826), 2nd president of the United States in 1797-1801, a member of the Revolutionary War in the North. America 1775-83. ADAMS John Bertram (1920-84), an English physicist, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1982). Proceedings on charged particle accelerators of ultrahigh energy. John Couch Adams (1819-92), English astronomer, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1864). Proceedings on celestial mechanics. Investigated the secular acceleration of the Moon. Independently and to Y. Leverrier calculated the orbit and position of the planet Neptune (1845). John Quincy Adams (1767-1848), the 6th president of the United States in 1825-29. Son George. Adams. In 1809-14 the first US envoy to Russia. In 1817-24 Secretary of State, one of the authors of the Monroe Doctrine (1823). Maud Adams (1872-1953), American actress, working in the company under the direction of Charles Frohman (Ch. Frohman). Acted in the plays of William Shakespeare, John. Barry (J. Barrie), showing a tendency toward melodrama starring. Since 1937 Professor Stephens College. ADAMS (Adams), Roger (1889-1971), an American organic chemist. Major works on organic synthesis and chemistry of physiologically active compounds. Created in 1923 named after him, the catalyst for the hydrogenation of unsaturated organic compounds. Proposed a method for obtaining adamsite. Samuel Adams (1722-1803), one of the organizers of the liberation struggle of the British colonies in North. America. Head of the organization "Sons of Liberty". Correspondence Committee founded in Boston - the prototype of the local revolutionary power. Walter Sydney Adams (1876-1956), American astronom.Trudy by spectral studies of stars and the sun. One of the authors of the method for determining the parallax of stars according to their spectra (1914). Adams, yellow crystals, mp 195 ° C. Proposed at the end of the 1st World War II as a toxic substance that irritates the upper respiratory tract. Adamson (Adamson) Amandus (1855-1929), Estonian sculptor. Monument battleship "Mermaid" in Tallinn (1902), realistic images of folk ("A fisherman from the island Fly", 1892). Joy Adamson (1910-80), naturalist, writer and artist. She was born in Austria. Since 1938, lived in Africa (Kenya). Popular books on nature and the animal kingdom in Africa ("Born Free", "Spotted Sphinx"). An active leader in the field of wildlife. Killed by poachers. Adamson (Adamson-Eric, Adamson-Eric) Eric (Eric) (1902-68), the Estonian painter, master of decorative art. Landscapes, still lifes, portraits ("Father", 1930-32); tissue, leather and jewelry to Estonian national traditions. Adamstown (Adamstown), the administrative center and the only settlement on. Pitcairn, British possession in the southeastern part of the Pacific approx. Approx. 100 people. Adamyuk Emilian Valentievich (1839-1906), one of the founders of ophthalmology in Russia. Proceedings of glaucoma, trachoma and others. ADAMYAN Nora (pres. Fam. And the name of Adam Eleanor G.) (b. 1910), Russian writer. In the stories, novellas ("zero three" 1961 collection "Three under one roof", 1981), the novel ("second wife", 1966) - contemporary moral problems. ADAMYAN Petros Ieronimovich (1849-91), Armenian actor. On stage with 1866. In 1879-88 played in Tbilisi, Baku, Shusha and others. One of the greatest tragedians. Among the roles: Hamlet, Othello ("Hamlet," "Othello" by William Shakespeare), Michael ("Another victim" GM Sundukian). Adan (Adam) Adolf (1803-56) was a French composer. "Giselle" (1841), approved the romantic trend in the French ballet "Le Corsaire" (1856), Opera and others. ADANA (Adana) (Seyhan), a city in southern Turkey, administrative center of Adana il. 916 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Mechanical Engineering; textile, food processing, wood processing, cement industry. University. Shopping Centre area of cotton. Dangme Language (self - adangbe, dangmeli), the people of Ghana. The number of 700 thousand. People (1992). Language Dangme Language. Adhere to traditional beliefs, there are Protestants and Catholics. Adanson (Adanson) Michel (1727-1806), a French botanist. Researched tropical Africa. In his work "The families of plants" (1763) suggested that their natural system and the first to apply mathematical methods in plant systematics. Adapazari (Adapazari), a city in Turkey, administrative center il Sakarya. 171 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Engineering, food, chemical, glass, wood industry. Adaptation syndrome (the general adaptation syndrome), a plurality of defense reactions of the human or animal (preferably Endocrine) under stress. In the stage adaptation syndrome distinguish anxiety (mobilization of defense forces), resistance (adaptation to difficult situations), exhaustion (with a strong and prolonged stress can result in death). The concept of adaptation syndrome and stress nominated H. Selye. ADAPTATION (from medieval Latin. Adaptatio - adaptation), in biology - a set of morphological, behavioral, population and others. Peculiarities of the species, providing the possibility of a specific way of life of individuals in certain environmental conditions. Adaptation is called and the process of generating devices. In physiology and medicine refers to the process of addiction. Adaptation of social process of interaction of a person or social group to social environment; includes the assimilation of norms and values of the environment in the process of socialization, as well as change, to transform the environment in accordance with the new conditions and objectives of the activity. ADAPTER (from Lat. Adapto - adapts) technique - 1) coupling device adapter. 2) The extra tape to the camera, allowing use not covered by its design light-sensitive materials, etc.. Sizes and types. 3) The device to be mounted on a camera with interchangeable lenses custom frames. 4) Same as pickup. Adaptive system is the same as self-adapting system. Adapted, lightweight text literary and artistic et al. Works adapted to poorly prepared reader or children; often used in the study of foreign languages. Adachi (Arab. - Custom), some Muslim nations customary law. Adashev Aleksei Fedorovich (? - 1561), courtier, a member of the Selected glad. Brother DF Adasheva. From the end. 40s. led the eastern Russian politics, with Ser. 50s. - All diplomacy. The initiator of reforms Ser. 16 in., Strengthen the central government. Headed bit compilation books and chronicles. Since 1560 in disgrace. Adashev Daniel F. (? - C. 1563), courtier. Brother AF Adasheva. Member of the Kazan campaign and the Livonian War. In 1559 the first governor in the Crimean campaign. Since 1560 in disgrace. Executed. ADASHEVSKY Ignatievich Constantine (1897-1987), Russian actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1985). Since 1925 the Leningrad Drama Theater. Pushkin. USSR State Prize (1951). Advaita Vedanta (non-dualism of Vedanta), the Indian religious and philosophical doctrine, one of the main varieties of Vedanta developed Shankara (8-9 cc.); the emergence of this theory associated with the name of the sage Gaudapada (5 in.). Claims nerazdvoennost basic spiritual principle (Brahman-Atman), his only reality and the illusory nature of the empirical world (Maya). Advection (from Lat. Advectio - delivery), the horizontal movement of air from one area to another Earth. Avg. Convection. ADVENTIVE PLANTS, the same that we had to plant. Adventists (from Lat. Adventus - coming), the Protestant Church (mainly in the United States originated in the 30's. 19 in.). Preach the proximity of the "second coming of Christ" and the advent of the world, "the millennial kingdom of God." The most numerous Seventh-day Adventists (in Russia since 1880-ies.). ADVERBIALIZATSIYA (from Lat. Adverbium - adverb), the transition to the dialect words (or their word forms) other. Parts of speech. Eg., Adverbializatsiya nouns: Russian "home", "evening", the German abends. ATTORNEY (lat. Advocatus, from advoco - invite), a person whose profession - to provide legal assistance to citizens and organizations, in Vol. H. Protection of their interests in court. One of the oldest professions. See. Judicial protection. ADVOCACY, voluntary self-governing organization of lawyers. As a rule, all countries are associations (associations, boards) the Bar (at the regional, provincial or other scale) to protect the rights of lawyers. In Russia, the legal profession was established judicial reform in 1864. ADHESION (from Lat. Adhaesio - sticking), clutch surfaces of dissimilar bodies. Due to possible adhesion and electroplating coatings, bonding, welding et al., As well as the formation of surface films (eg., Oxide). ADDA (Adda), a river in northern Italy, a left tributary of the river. On. 313 km. Basin area of 8 thousand. Km2. The origins of the Alps, flows through the lake. Como, in the lower - by Po Valley. The average water flow of 250 m3 / s. HPP. Moves to Milan Channel. During the Italian campaign of Russian and Austrian troops under the command of Field Marshal Suvorov 15-17 (26-28). 4.1799 on Adde smashed the French army of General Jean Moreau. Addams (Addams) Jane (1860-1935), one of the organizers of the movement for social rights of US citizens. Founder (1889) and Director (until 1935) "Hull-House" in Chicago - the first US charitable organization for the resettlement of poor immigrants in the well-appointed home. Vice-president of the American Association for women's suffrage (1911-14). President of the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (1919-29). The Nobel Peace Prize (1931, together with NM Butler). Addis Ababa, the capital (since 1889) of Ethiopia, the administrative center of the same administrative territory. Located at an altitude of 2.4 thousand. M. 1.7 million. Inhabitants (1989). International Airport. Metalworking, food, light, wood, cement industry. University. The headquarters of the UN Economic Commission for Africa and the Organization of African Unity (OAU). Founded in 1887. The Palace of Menelik II (1894), House of Africa (1963, stained glass - A. Tekle). Addison (Addison), Joseph (1672-1719), English writer. Participated in the publication of educational magazines "Chatterbox" (1709-11), "The Spectator" (1711-14); laid the foundations nravoopisatelnogo essays and realistic novel of the 18th century. Thomas Addison (1793-1860), English physician. Described bronze disease (Addison's disease), and pernicious anemia. Addison's disease, the same as bronze disease. Additively (from Lat. Additivus - added on), property values, which consists in the fact that the value corresponding to the entire object, is the sum of the values corresponding to its parts, whatever way was broken object. Eg., The additivity of volume means that the volume of a body is equal to the sum of the volumes of its parts. Adequate (from Lat. Adaequatus - equated equal to) corresponding, true, accurate; in the theory of knowledge - a true reproduction in thinking ties and relations of the objective world. ADELAIDE (Adelaide), a city and port in Australia, in the hall. Saint Vincent and the administrative center piece. South. Australia. 1.1 million. Inhabitants (1991, with suburbs). Engineering, oil refining, chemical, food processing, light industry. University. Observatory. Founded in 1836. Adele LAND (Terre Adelie), eastern part of the territory. Antarctica, between 136 and 142 ° E. d. The thickness of the ice up to 2000 m. Opened in 1840 by the French expedition J. Dumont d'Urville, named after his wife. Adelunga Fedor Pavlovich (1768-1843), Russian historian, bibliographer, corresponding member (1809), honorary member (1838) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The first Russian study on the book statistics, bibliography notes foreigners on Russia and others. Adelgeim brothers: Robert L. (1860-1934) and L. Raphael (1861-1938), Russian actor, People's Artists of Russia (1931). Speaking in the classical repertoire in many cities have contributed to raising stage culture theaters periphery. Adelphi Onifissky (Egyptian) (d. Between 337-361), bishop, confessor. Memory in the Orthodox Church on May 21 (June 3), in the Catholic on 21 September. ADEN, Yemen's economic capital, the administrative center of the governorate of Aden. 318 thousand. Inhabitants (1984). Transit port on the Arabian m. International Airport. Oil refining, textiles, food processing. Ship repair. University. In ancient times, known as Adana (Asana). In 1839 - 1967 the British military base. ADEN, British colonial possession in 1839-1967. November 30, 1967 on the territory of Aden created an independent state. See. Yemen. Adenauer (Adenauer) Conrad (1876-1967), Federal Chancellor of Germany in 1949-63. In 1917-33 Lord Mayor of Cologne, 1920-32 Chairman of the Prussian State Council. One of the founders (1946) and since 1950 the chairman of the Christian Democratic Union. Made a significant contribution to the creation of the Basic Law (constitution) and the state of Germany. In 1951-55 the Minister for Foreign Affairs. Germany has achieved acceptance in the Western European Union and NATO. In 1955, the Adenauer government established diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union. Aden Le Roy (Adenet le Roy) (c. 1240 - c. 1300), French poet. The last of the great trouveres, author of poetic novels "Bert Megalopodidae" and others. Adenine, a purine base. Is contained in all living organisms, in structure of nucleic acids (one of four "letters" of the genetic code), adenosine phosphates, and some other coenzymes. Biologically important substances. Adenoviral diseases, acute infectious diseases of humans and animals caused by adenoviruses. Occur in the form of acute respiratory diseases or with a primary lesion of the mucous membranes of the eyes, intestines. Adenoviruses (from the Greek. Aden - iron and viruses), a family of DNA viruses that cause human and animal adenoviral disease. CYCLIC AMP (cAMP), a nucleotide, one of the most important biochemical regulators. Involved in the molecular mechanisms of action of many hormones, transmission of nerve excitation, visual perception, muscle contraction, and others. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a nucleotide; purine base includes adenine, ribose and 3 monosaccharide residues of phosphoric acid. In all living organisms serves as a universal accumulator and energy carrier. Under the action of specific enzymes terminal phosphate groups are cleaved with the release of energy that goes into muscle contraction, synthetic and others. Vital processes. Drugs used adenosine vascular spasm, muscular dystrophy. Adenoids (from the Greek. Aden - iron and eidos - kind), growth pharyngeal tonsil; more common in children 4-8 years of age; make it difficult nasal breathing, often reduced hearing. Adenocarcinoma (from the Greek. Aden - iron and karkinoma - tumor), a malignant tumor of epithelial glandular organs (breast, gastric mucosa, and others.). Adenoma (from the Greek. Aden - iron and ... ohm), a benign tumor of breast, thyroid, and others. Glands, glands and mucous membranes, eg., The stomach; preserves the original structure of the glandular tissue. BPH disease of elderly men; swollen glands, difficulty urinating, frequent urge to urinate; complication - acute urinary retention. Gulf of Aden, the Arabian m., Between the p-ovami Arabia and Somalia. Depth up to 4525 m. It is reported Bab-el-Mandeb. with the Red m. The main port - Aden. Edentulous (from a - a negative prefix and armor. Dens, b. P. Dentis - tooth), the absence of all or many teeth due to impaired formation of tooth germs in the embryonic period. ADEPT (from Lat. Adeptus, letters. - Reached), 1) on the mysteries of any teachings of the sect. 2) The zealous adherent of any teaching ideas. Ajay EKAPAD (Skt. Legged goat), Vedic deity, the mediator between heaven and earth. ADZHAMETSKY Reserve, in western Georgia. Founded in 1935. The area of 4849 hectares. Forests of relict species: oak Imereti, oak Gartvisa, Zelkova carpinifolia et al. Adjani (Adjani) Isabelle (b. 1955), a French film actress, producer. In 17 years, won the Critics Award as an actress Paris theater "Comedie Francaise." In the film debuted in the film F. Truffaut's "The History of Adele H." (1975). Filmed in the movies A. Téchiné, V. Herzog, C. Saura, P. Chereau ("Queen Margot"). The award "Cesar" for the starring role in "Camille Claudel" (1988). Adjara (Adjara Autonomous Republic) in Georgia, in the south-western part of the Caucasus. 3.0 thousand. Km2. The population of 382 thousand. People (1991), urban 48%; Georgians (325 thousand. man, 1991), the Russian Armenians. 5 districts, 2 cities, 7 urban settlements (1991). Capital - Batumi. Washed Black m. Most of the busy foothills and mountains of the Lesser Caucasus. The climate is humid subtropical. Average January temperatures on the coast of 4-6 ° C, in the mountains from 2 to -2 ° C, respectively, July 20-23, and 16-20 ° C. Rainfall 1000-2800 mm per year. River Chorokh. St. 50% of the territory is covered with deciduous and spruce-fir forests; in the coastal strip of subtropical vegetation. Kintrishsky Reserve. In the 6-4 centuries. BC. e. Adjara - part of the Kingdom of Colchis, Iberia then. With 4. n. e. a Lasik with 10. in the united Georgia. In the 11th century. was invaded by the Seljuks in the 13th century. - Mongol-Tatars. Since the 17th century. under Turkish rule. In 1878, annexed to Russia (Batumi region.). In 1918-20 occupied by Turkish and then British troops. 16/07/1921 created Adjara Autonomous Republic within the Georgian SSR. Since December 1990 the Autonomous Republic of Adjara. Major industries include oil refining, engineering (electrical products, food processing machinery, shipbuilding), flavoring (tea, tobacco, wine, canning, etc..), Light wood. Adzharistskalskaya HPP. Main crops: tea, citrus, tobacco, tung; vineyards; corn crops. Cattle, sheep and goats. Oil pipeline from Baku. Seaside resorts: Batumi, Kobuleti, Tsikhisdziri, Green Cape, Makhinjauri, Ord. Adjarans see. Art. Georgians. Ajatashatru (5 in. BC. E.), The ancient Indian king, a contemporary of the Buddha. Ajami ibn Abu Bakr (1120-ies. - Beg. 13 in.), The Azerbaijan architect. The representative of the Nakhichevan architectural school. Monumental buildings with elegant forms and divisions of the decor (the mausoleum of Yusuf ibn Kuseyir, 1162, and Momina Khatun in Nakhchivan). ADJEMIAN Vartan Mkrtichevich (1905-77), the Armenian director, People's Artist of the USSR (1965), Hero of Socialist Labor (1975). Since 1928, the Armenian Theater. Mravyan (Leninakan), from 1939 in the Armenian Theater. Sundukian (Yerevan, 1953 chief director). USSR State Prize (1951). Ajivikas, Old religious and philosophical movement, puts forward the idea of predestination of all phenomena, the dominant role of destiny, fate. Denied the authority of the Vedas. Adzhimushkay, underground quarry (now within the city of Kerch), which during the Great Patriotic War (May - October 1942) heroically defended surrounded by Soviet troops. (St. 10 thousand. People) after the withdrawal of troops from the Crimean front Kerch Peninsula . Ajina Tepe, a monument of art Tokharistan, remnants of Buddhist monasteries 7-8 centuries. near the city of Kurgan-Tube in Tajikistan. Sanctuary, cells, stupas. Clay sculpture (in Vol. H. 12-meter figure of the reclining Buddha), wall paintings. Heciyê Cindî (b. 1908), a Kurdish writer (Armenia). Historical-revolutionary novel "Help" (1967), the novel "And spring has come" (1978), short stories, works of Kurdish literature and folklore. Ajman Emirate (principality) as part of the United Arab Emirates. Area 251 km.2. The population of 76 thousand. People (1991). The main town - Ajman. Ajmer (Ajmer), a city in north-west India, pieces. Rajasthan. 402 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Textile industry, machine building. Religious center. Founded in the 12th century. Architectural monument of 12-16 centuries. Azeglio (Azeglio) Taparelli Massimo d '(1798-1866) was an Italian writer, one of the leaders of the liberal wing of the Risorgimento. Proposed to unite Italy "from above", under the leadership of the House of Savoy. In 1849-52, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of Sardinia. Historical novels "Ettore Fieramosca" (1833), "Niccolo de Lapi" (1841), "Memories" (1858).

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