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ИЗ СЛОВАРЕЙ (178)


BRANDT (Brandt) George (1694-1768), Swedish chemist and mineralogist. Major works on the study of arsenic and its compounds. Opened (1735) cobalt and study its properties. BRANDT Fyodor (Johann Friedrich) (1802-79), a Russian zoologist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1833). German by birth, in Russia since 1831. The founder and first director (from 1831), the Zoological Museum of the Academy of Sciences. Proceedings on the taxonomy, zoogeography, comparative anatomy and paleontology mammals. Brandukov Anatoly A. (1856-1930), cellist, conductor, composer, teacher. He played in ensembles with AG Rubinstein, Liszt, Rachmaninov. Professor (in 1906-17 Director) Music and Drama School of the Moscow Philharmonic Society and the Moscow Conservatory (1921). Works for Cello (plays piano concerts with orchestra). Anatoly Brandys (1923-88), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), Lieutenant General of Aviation (1985). During the Great Patriotic War in attack aircraft, the squadron commander; 227 sorties. BRANKOVIC George (1645-1711), Serbian historian. In 1683-99 put forward a plan to create "Kingdom of Illyria" - Slavic state from the Black Sea to the Adriatic m. The author of "Slavyanoserbsky Chronicles" (since ancient times). Brancusi (Brancusi) Constantine (1876-1957), Romanian sculptor abstractionist. In 1902 he moved from Romania to Munich, then in 1904 - in Paris. Create multiple versions of the same scene, combining them into groups ("The Kiss", 1910-21; "Fish", 1924-30). On the work of Brancusi reflected an interest in primitive sculpture of the African peoples. Brant (Brant) Sebastian (c. 1458-1521), German writer and humanist. Book of verse satires "Ship of Fools" (1494). Branting (Branting) Karl Hjalmar (1860-1925), one of the founders (1889) and leader of the Social Democratic Party of Sweden (SDRPSH; since 1907, Chairman of the Board). In 1917-18, Finance Minister in the Prime Minister 1920-25, in 1921-23 and Minister of Foreign Affairs. The Nobel Peace Prize (1921). Brant (Brantome) Pierre de Burd, Sieur de (1540-1614), French author, courtier. Author meaningful "Memoirs." Branham, in Greek mythology, a favorite of Apollo, who founded his sanctuary in Didim near Miletus; It was the first prophet. The priests of the temple belonged to the genus Branham (Branchidae). BRANHIOMIKOZ disease fish (mainly carp family), caused by the fungus. Affects the gills. Fish often die. Braslau city (since 1940) in Belarus, Vitebsk., On the shores of the lake. Drivyaty, 30 km from the railway Art. Druja. 10 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Vegetable drying plant, production of building materials. BRACELET (fr. Bracelet), annular (closeness or closed) decoration from a variety of materials (metal, bone, precious and semiprecious stones, velvet, beaded, silk or gold threads, and so on. D.). Bracelet worn mainly on the hands from the wrist to the elbow, as well as on their feet at the ankles. BRASS (fr. Brasse, from bras - a hand), the method of competitive swimming on the breast, characterized by simultaneous symmetrical limb movements in the horizontal plane. Brassai (Brassai) (pres. Name and fam. Gyula Halász) (1899-1984), a French photographer of Hungarian origin. Arrived in Paris in 1923, where he worked as a photojournalist. The most famous series of photographs of Paris night life ("Bijou in Montmartre", 1933). Brassens (Brassens) George (1921-81) was a French singer, poet, composer, actor. On stage since 1952. Many of the songs on their own texts. Brasseur (Brasseur) Pierre (1905-72), French actor. On the scene since 1925 ("Theatres boulevards" et al., Paris). Filmed in the movies: "Port of Shadows", "Children of Paradise", "On the outskirts of Paris," "The powers that be" and others. Fraternization Kirill (1911-86), the Bulgarian livestock, foreign member of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1967). Works on the biology, pathology, immunology, reproduction of farm animals. Bratina, Russian spherical vessel 16-17 centuries. drinking on Bratchina feasts ("to all the brethren") of wood, copper, silver, gold. BRATISLAVA (Bratislava), the capital of Slovakia, a port on the Danube. 441 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). International Airport. Center for Chemical and petrochemical industries. Engineering, food processing, textiles, clothing, printing industry. University. Slovak Academy of Sciences. Slovak National Gallery. Since 1541 the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary; subjected to German colonization (13 in. German name Pressburg, Pre? burg). On 01.01.1919 Bratislava - the main town in Slovakia. Castle Castle (9-18 cc.), The remains of the city fortifications (13-18 cc.) Gothic church (St. Martin, 13-19 cc.), Baroque palaces and classicism. Bratislava University. Comenius, Slovakia (Czechoslovakia), founded in 1919. In 1991 St. 18 thousand. Students. Bratsk, city (1955) in the Russian Federation, Irkutsk region., A port on the Bratsk Reservoir. Railway station. 259.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Timber industry complex. Plants: aluminum, power engineering and others. Industrial Institute. Theater. Arose in connection with the construction of the Bratsk hydroelectric power station to the north of the ancient settlement of Bratsk (founded in 1631 as a fort), the flooded waters of the Bratsk reservoir. "Fraternal Democrats," International Society of London (1845-53). Based left Chartists and revolutionary émigrés. Leaders - George. Garni, E. Jones. "Fraternal people," the Russian name of the Buryats in 17-18 centuries. Communal schools, 1) vsesoslovnye schools in the 16-18 centuries. with the Brotherhood. The initial stage - Diploma, singing the notes; Elder - Slavic, Greek, Latin and other languages, grammar, rhetoric, poetics, the elements of mathematics and philosophy; Orthodox religion ... 2) In the Volga region in 1867-1913 missionary primary schools "Brotherhood of St. Guria". Bratsk reservoir on the river. Angara. Formed by the dam of the same name HPP. Completed in 1961-67. The area of 5470 km2, the volume of water 169.3 km3. 2 main Reach: on p. Angara length of 500 km, the maximum width of 33 km; on p. Oka length of 370 km. Shipping. Used for timber rafting, water. Fishing. Port Bratsk. Brotherhood, national and religious and educational non-governmental organizations 15-18 centuries. when Orthodox churches in Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, the Czech Republic (Lviv, founded in 1586, Kiev, 1615, Lutsk, 1624, et al.). Fought against national oppression and violent stick a catholic faith of the Orthodox population. According to the structure resembled the urban guilds, have statutes. Opened schools, printing, Collegium. Brattain (Brattain) Walter (1902-87), American physicist. Opened (1948), together with John. Bardeen effect transistor and created the first transistor. Nobel Prize (1956, together with John. Bardeen and William Shockley). Brother Sergei Nikitich (b. 1904), a Russian lawyer, Doctor of Law, Honored Scientist of Russia (1960). Proceedings of the general theory of law and Soviet civil law. Bratukhina Ivan Pavlovich (1903-85), a designer, a scientist in the field of helicopter, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1962). Worked in TsAGI, then in the MAI, where experimental design bureau under his leadership was released a number of small series helicopters, t. H. "Omega". USSR State Prize (1946). Braude Lucy (pres. Lyudmila name) Yu (b. 1927), the Russian literary critic, translator, Doctor of Philology (1978). The main area of interest - Scandinavian literature, foreign children's literature, translation problems. Books: "Hans Christian Andersen" (1971), "Storytellers Scandinavia" (1974), "Flight of Nils. The fate of the book by S. Lagerlof" (1975), "I do not want to write for adults!" Documentary essay on the life and work of A. Lindgren "(1978)," The Scandinavian literary fairy tale "(1979). Braude A. Isay (1896-1970), the Russian organist, pianist, musicologist, teacher, Honored Artist of Russia (1957), Doctor Art History (1965). BRAULEZ (lice bees), invasive disease caused wingless fly - Braulio. Worker bees are restless, uterus stop laying eggs, often die. BRAUN (Braun) Werner von (1912-77), the designer of rockets. One of the leaders German military rocket research center at Peenemunde (1937-45), which was set up V-2 rocket (V-2), application of the German command for firing cities in the UK and Belgium. Since 1945 in the US, where, under his direction, the rocket "Redstone "" Jupiter ", a series of launch vehicles" Saturn "and others. BROWN (Brown), Herbert (b. 1912), American chemist. Major works on the chemistry of boron. hydroboration reaction was opened (1959), has developed quantitative methods for studying molecules steric strain . Nobel Prize (1979, together with G. Wittig). BROWN (Brown), John (1800-59), fought for the liberation of black slaves in the United States. In 1855-56 led the anti-slavery rebellion in Kansas. Participated in the "Underground Railroad." In 1859, Brown led a small detachment seized the government arsenal in Harpers Ferry (Virginia). Detachment of troops was blocked almost completely destroyed, Brown was hanged. BROWN (Braun) Karl Ferdinand (1850-1918), German physicist. Works on the radio. Proposed t. N. Brown tube for the study of electrical oscillations. Created a crystal detector and several types of antennas. Nobel Prize (1909, together with G. Marconi). BROWN (Brown) Michael Stewart (b. 1941), American geneticist. Work on lipid transport mechanism and regulation of cholesterol metabolism in animals and humans. Nobel Prize (1985, together with John. L. Goldstein). BROWN Leopoldovich Nicholas (1902-75), Russian poet. In poetry, marked by the search for new means of expression, returns to the theme of nature, the fate of writers and poets, personal memories. Collections of poetry: "Peace and Master" (1924), "The onslaught of the Future" (1931), "Loyalty" (1936), "Marine Glory" (1945), "Earth in the Light" (1955), "Painting" (1963 ), "Only life" (1972) and others. BROWN (Brown) Norman (b. 1913), American philosopher and essayist. One of the ideologists of the counterculture and the "sexual revolution" of the 1960s. Author essayistic books "Life Against Death" (1959), "The Body of Love" (1966), "Apocalypse and / or transformation" (1991). BROWN (Brown) Robert Hanbury (p .1916), English and Australian astronomer. First discovered (1950) the radio emission of a normal galaxy - Andromeda. One of the inventors of radio interferometer (1952) and the optical intensity interferometer (1956) to measure the angular size of stars. BROWN (Brown), Thomas (1605-81), English writer and scholar. Author of books of essays Baroque "Religio medici" (1643), "The funeral urn" (1658, translated fragments of JL Borges and A. Boem Casares in Spanish), and others. Works attracted the attention of literary avant-garde of the 20th century. (V. Woolf). BROWN (Braun) Volker (b. 1939), German writer. Collections of poetry. Problems of identity formation - in a series of stories "carefree life Casta" (1972-79); socio-philosophical "novel about Hinze and Kunze" (1985). Play "Tink" (1975), "Big World" (1979), "Siegfried Talk German women rage" (1987). BROWN Charles Brockden (1771-1810), American writer. Predromantik; Gothic novels: "Wieland" (1798), "Ormond" (1799); in the novel "Edgar Huntly" (1799) for the first time in American literature depicted the life of the Indians. Browning (Browning), John (1855-1926), American designer and industrialist. Created a series of automatic pistols, hand, heavy machine guns and large-caliber. Robert Browning (1812-89), English poet. Introduced into English poetry genre monologue-confession; depth psychology, ethical problems in the book "Characters" (1864) et al., novels in verse (in Vol. h. "The Ring and the Book," vols. 1-4, (1868-69), the drama. Browning (nee Moulton, Moulton) Elizabeth Barrett (1806-61), English poet. The wife of R. Browning. Social poetry tends to be sentimental and philanthropic interpretation of social problems (the poem "Lament of children", 1844, the same name freestyle processing Nekrasov, 1861) . Love lyrics. Verse novel "Aurora Leigh" (1857) on women's emancipation. Brown, class mineral oxides, the approximate formula Mn2 + Mn63 + SiO12. Usually black and brown or gray granular aggregates. The hardness of 6-6.5 and a density of 4.7 -4.9 g / cm3. The ore of manganese. Brunswick (Braunschweig), a city in Germany, the land of new. Saxony. 259 thousand. inhabitants (1992). The port on the river. Ocker and Mittellandkanal. Mechanical engineering, textile, food and others. industry. University. Founded in the 11th century. The Cathedral (12th c.). Braunstein Evseevich Alexander (1902-86), a Russian biochemist, academician of the USSR (1964) and Academy of Medical Sciences (1945), Hero of Socialist Labor (1972). Major works on the metabolism of amino acids and the chemistry of enzymes. Opened transamination reaction and justified their role in nitrogen metabolism. Developed (jointly with MM Shemyakin) general theory of action of enzymes containing vitamin B6. Lenin Prize (1980), the USSR State Prize (1941). Brauchitsch (Brauchitsch) Walter von (1881-1948), German Field Marshal (1940). In 1938-41 Commander of Land Forces. Dismissed for failure blitzkrieg against the Soviet Union and disagreements with Hitler. BROUWER (Brouwer) (Brouwer), Adrian (1605 or 1606-1638), Flemish painter. Intense in color, sometimes dramatically grotesque scenes from the life of the peasants and the urban poor ("quarrel over a game of cards"), landscapes ("Moonlight"). BROUWER Leytzen Egbert Jan (1881-1966), Dutch mathematician. Marked the beginning of a new direction in mathematics - intuitionism. Received a number of important results in the topology. Brahimi ... (from the Greek. Brachys - short), part of the compound word meaning "short", "short" (eg., Brahikefaliya). BRAHIKEFALIYA (from Bracha ... and Greek. Kephale - head) (brachycephalic), in anthropology is the ratio of the length and width of the head, in which the width is greater than 0.81 length. Sign used in rasovedenii. Avg. Mezokefaliya, Dolihokefaliya. Brachymorphic (from Bracha ... and Greek. Morphe - the form, shape), in anthropology - the type of the proportions of the human body, characterized by a wide body and short limbs. Avg. Mesomorphic, Dolihomorfnost. Brachiopods, the same as brachiopods. Brachistochrone (from the Greek. Brachistos - the shortest and chronos - time), the curve of steepest descent, t. E. That of all sorts of curves joining two points A and B, along which a heavy ball rolling without friction from point A, in the shortest time to reach point B. If the resistance of the medium is absent, the brachistochrone - cycloid. Brahma, in Brahmanism one of 3 higher gods, the creator-god, the creator of the universe and of all things. The cult of Brahma is practically absent. Usually depicted four-faced, four-handed, sitting on a swan. BRAHMAVARTA, a sacred country Vedism and Brahmanism, created by the gods. "Lies between the rivers Saraswati and Drishadvati. Brahmagupta (Bramagupta) (c. 598-660), Indian mathematician and astronomer. The main essay" Improved teaching of Brahma "(" Brahmasphutasiddhanta ", 628) , much of which is devoted to arithmetic and algebra. brahmaloka in Hindu mythology, the upper sky, the world of the gods. It is situated on the mythical Mount Meru. Brahman, 1), one of the central concepts of Indian philosophy and religion, Hinduism, cosmic spirituality, the impersonal Absolute underlying all that exists. There was a variety of interpretations, from the fullness of various definitions to the deprivation of any determinableness from identity with a separate deity to denying the possibility of identity with anything specific ... 2) A member of the highest priestly caste. brahmanda (Skt. Brahma egg) in the mythology of Brahmanism the universe arose from the original eggs. Brahmanism, 2nd stage (1st thousand. BC. e.) the formation of the Indian religions - Hinduism, which developed as a result of adaptation to the Vedic religion Indo-Aryan tribes local cults of Indian indigenous population. Supreme gods - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, the great role played animistic ideas, the cult of ancestors. Elaborate ritual, performed by Brahmins, strict regulation of ceremonial life, ascetic feats were regarded as means of ensuring the law of karma best reincarnation of the soul (samsara) and the final liberation from the chain of rebirths. Brahman, 1) one of the higher castes in India, by origin - the ancient caste (varna) priests. Livelihoods of the majority of Brahmins are not associated with a religious cult, and land tenure, public service, etc. ... 2) The ancient Indian scriptures (8-6 cc. BC. E.) To complement the Vedas and containing mainly the description and interpretation of Vedic ritual religion. Brahmaputra (Brahmaputra) River in China, India, Bangladesh, in some areas called Matsang, Tsangpo (in Tibet), Dihang (at the break through the Himalayas Brahmaputra), Jamuna (Bangladesh). 2,900 km, the basin area 935 thousand. Km2 (before merging with the Ganges and Meghna 506 thousand. Km2). Flows through the south of the Tibetan Plateau, across the Himalayas; in the lower reaches - by Gangetic plain. Flows into the Hall of Bengal., Forming with the Ganges and Meghna delta of the total. (St. 80 thousand. Km2). The average water consumption of 12 thousand. M3 / s. The maximum flow in the summer; there are floods. Navigable for 1,290 km from the mouth (in Tibet - in some areas). BRAHMACHARIN in ancient India - student to study the Vedas; first ashram life aria. Brahma, one of the oldest varieties of Indian syllabic writing, which arose in the 3rd century. BC. e. Brahma goes most modern types of letters of India and Indochina. Brahmo Samaj (Society of Brahma), religious reform educational society in Bengal (British India), founded in 1828 by R. Paradise. LANGUAGE Brahui (Brahui language) refers to the Dravidian languages. Writing based on Arabic script. BRAC (Brac), an island in the Adriatic m., As part of Dalmatian Islands, Croatia. 396 km2. Height up to 778 m. The Mediterranean shrubs. Sea resorts. Marriages in demographics, frequency of marriage. Usually measured by the number of registered marriages per year per 1,000 population or the number of married during the year per 1,000 unmarried (unmarried) marriageable age. The result of marriage - the number of unmarried. Marriageable age, the legal minimum age for marriage. In Russia, the age of marriage for men and women 18 years of age. In exceptional cases, a decrease in the age of marriage for 1 or 2 years. The marriage contract, in some countries (France, Italy, Germany) a written agreement bride and groom on the mode of their property after marriage (joint or separate disposal of property). Brashman Nikolai Dmitrievich (1796-1866), a Russian mathematician and engineer, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1855). Major works on mathematical analysis, fluid mechanics. The founder of the Moscow Mathematical Society. Brasov (Brasov), a city in Romania, the administrative center of Brasov County. 324 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Engineering, chemical, light industry, cement, wood, food, printing industry. University. Known since 1234 under the name Crown. In the 15-16 centuries. the main city of Transylvania. Fortifications (13-17 cc.), City Hall (13-18 cc.) Gothic church ("Black", between 1385-1477). WINDLASS (niderl. Braadspil), ship winch with two drums on a horizontal shaft to lift the anchor or mooring. LOG gymnastic, sports equipment from a bar (length 5 m, width 13 cm, height 16 cm) and two poles. The height of the upper edge of the timber above the floor 1.2 m. Bregvadze Nani G. (b. 1938), the Georgian pop singer, People's Artist of the USSR (1983). Since 1959, the Georgian Philharmonic soloist. The repertoire of songs Georgian composers, Russian romances and others. BREGGER (Brogger) Waldemar Christopher (1851-1940), Norwegian petrography, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1898), foreign honorary member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930). Investigated the conditions for the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Developed the doctrine of magma differentiation. Bregenz (Bregenz), a city in Austria, on Lake Constance., The administrative center of Vorarlberg. St. 25 thousand. Residents. Textile, electrical, chemical, footwear industry. HPP. Tourist and sports center. Breguet pocket watch with the battle, are produced in the workshop of French master AL Breguet (Breguet, 1747-1823). Brad, a symptom of mental disorder, which manifests itself in the false judgments, inferences, which are only a subjective basis and not amenable to correction. BREDA (Breda), a city in the Netherlands. Marina on the river. Marc. Railway junction. 125 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Production of artificial silk, cigars; leather and footwear industry; mechanical engineering. Founded in the 10th century. Castle (12-16 cc.). Bredel (Bredel) Willie (1901-64), German writer, president of the Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic (since 1962). In 1933-34 Nazi concentration camps, in 1934-45 in the antifascist emigration. Member of the Spanish Civil War of 1936-39. Anti-fascist novel "The Trial" (1935), historical trilogy "relatives and friends" (1941-43) and "New Chapter" (1959-64); screenplay about E. Telman (1953-55, together with filmmaker M. Chesney Helle). Bredero (Bredero) Gerbrand Adrians (1585-1618), Dutch poet and dramatist. Drama "Roderick and Alphonse" (1611), realistic comedy ("Moorish", published in 1617), lyric poetry imbued with democratic spirit. BREDIG (Bredig) George (1868-1944), German chemist, foreign corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1929). Major works on catalysis. Introduced (1907) notion of asymmetric catalysis. Bredikis (Bredikis) Vytautas (b. 1930), the Lithuanian architect, People's Architect of Lithuania (1984). Residential district Lazdynai in Vilnius (1965-66, 1969-73, co-author). Lenin Prize (1974). Bredin, willow tree kind. Bredikhin Fyodor Alexandrovich (1831-1904), a Russian astronomer, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890). To perform precise astrometric, photographic and spectroscopic observations; under the direction of gravity Bredikhina began research in Russia. Works on research of comets and meteors: created classification and mechanical theory of comet forms the tails and the collapse of the theory of comets, meteor showers education. Brezhnev, the name of Naberezhnye Chelny in Tatarstan in 1982-88. Brezhnev Dmitry Kuchma (1905-82), the Russian agronomist-vegetable grower, breeder, Academician of Academy of Agricultural Sciences (1956), Hero of Socialist Labor (1975). Works on the biology of vegetable crops. Under the leadership of Leonid Brezhnev developed a system of greenhouse seed varieties of vegetable plants. USSR State Prize (1952). Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (1906-82), 1st (1964-66) and general (1966-82), Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Supreme Soviet (1960-64, 1977-82), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1976), Hero socialist Labor (1961), Hero of the Soviet Union (1966, 1976, 1978, 1981). In World War II political work in the Soviet Army. Since 1946, 1st Secretary of Zaporizhzhya, Dnipropetrovsk regional committees of the CP (b) of Ukraine. In 1950-52 the 1st Secretary of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Moldavia. Since 1953, Deputy Chief of the Political Administration of the Soviet Army and Navy. In 1954-56 2nd secretary, 1st secretary of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. In 1952-53, 1956-60, 1960-64 Secretary of the CPSU Central Committee, Chairman of the Council of Defense of the USSR. One of the main organizers of the displacement of Khrushchev (1964). During his stay Brezhnev as general secretary of the country's conservative tendencies prevail, the growing negative trends in the economy, social and spiritual spheres of society, made intervention in Czechoslovakia (1968), Soviet troops entered Afghanistan (1979) .BREZHNEV Leonid Ilyich [6 (19) December 1906, the village of Kamenka (now Dnipropetrovsk), Ukraine - November 10, 1982, Moscow], Soviet statesman and political figure, the first since 1964, since 1966 the general secretary of the Communist KPSS.Partiynaya career out of working families. From 1921 he worked at the Kursk oil mills. He graduated from the Kursk Agronomy School (1927) and Dneprodzerzhinsk Metallurgical Institute (1935). He worked as deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Sverdlovsk region Biserskogo. (1929-30), director of Metallurgical College in Dneprodzerzhinsk (1936-37). Member of the CPSU since 1931. In 1935-36 he served in the army. Since 1938 Head of the Department of the Dnipropetrovsk regional committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, 1939 - Secretary obkoma.V during the war of 1941-45, Brezhnev was deputy chief of the political directorate of the Southern Front, from 1943 - Head of the Political Department of the 18th Army. From 1945 - Head of the Political Department of the 4th Ukrainian Front. Ended the war with the rank of Major General (1943) .In 1946-50 the first secretary of Zaporizhia, Dnipropetrovsk regional committees then. Since 1950, the first secretary of Moldova. At 19 Party Congress (1952) on the recommendation of Stalin, Brezhnev was elected secretary of the Central Committee and a candidate member of the Presidium of the Central Committee of the Party. In 1953-54 Deputy Head of the Main Political Directorate of the Soviet Army and Navy flota.V 1954 at the suggestion of Khrushchev, Brezhnev translated in Kazakhstan, where he worked for a second, and in 1955 -First Secretary of the Communist Party of the republic. Since 1957, member of the Presidium and the Secretary of the CPSU. As a person who enjoys the full confidence of Khrushchev, in 1960 he was appointed Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet SSSR.Prihod to power in 1964, Brezhnev headed a conspiracy against Khrushchev, after the removal of which holds the post of first secretary of the CPSU Central Committee. Brezhnev was endowed with the instinct of power: in the hardware of the struggle for power and influence in the party he timely eliminated their explicit and potential adversaries (eg Shelepin, NV Podgorny), placing in key positions personally loyal people (Yu V. Andropov, NA Tikhonov, NA Shchelokova, Konstantin Chernenko, SK Tsvigun). By the early 1970s. Party apparatus believed Brezhnev, regarding it as his protege and defender system. Omnipotent party nomenklatura rejected any reforms sought to maintain mode, which allows her the power, stability and extensive privileges. For a period of stagnation under Brezhnev style was characterized by conservatism. He had neither the political will nor the vision for the development of the country. In economics, there is a tendency of stagnation, which in the 1970s. offset by favorable foreign economic situation for the USSR. The lion's share of resources absorbed the military-industrial complex (MIC) - the area of special concern Brezhnev. When it reached its apogee MIC that is detrimental to the development of the economy in general and aggravated the crisis. The economic reforms of the 1960s. were stopped, the growth of industry and agriculture declined sharply, scientific and technological progress has slowed. The Soviet Union is increasingly lagging behind in its development of the world's leading derzhav.Politicheskaya life was characterized by the growth of bureaucracy, increasing its arbitrariness. In the Party and Soviet circles (especially in the immediate environment of Brezhnev) flourished malpractice, embezzlement, corruption and fraud. However, the state security organs to strengthen the fight against dissent. Brezhnev personally approve of repressive measures against human rights activists in the field of foreign policy SSSR.V Brezhnev did much to achieve political detente in the 1970s. Were concluded US-Soviet Treaty on the Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms, which, however, were not supported by adequate measures of confidence and control. Discharge process was crossed introduction of Soviet troops in Afghanistan (1979) and other aggressive stock USSR. In relations with the socialist countries has initiated Brezhnev doctrine of "limited sovereignty", calling for action to intimidate until military intervention in those countries that have tried to pursue independent from the Soviet Union's domestic and foreign policy. In 1968, Brezhnev agreed to the occupation of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact countries. In 1980, preparing for military intervention in Polshu.Poslednie years being extremely vain man, Brezhnev had irrepressible passion for the awards, honorary titles and ranks. He became a hero of the Soviet Union four times (1966, 1976, 1978, 1981) and Marshal of the Soviet Union (1976). Effusive praises him were often absurd and ridiculous, generates a lot of jokes. A group of prominent Soviet journalists was commissioned to write the memories of Brezhnev ("Small Earth", "Renaissance", "Virgin Lands"), designed to strengthen his political authority. Include memoirs Secretary General in all school and university curricula and making them mandatory for "positive" discussion in every workplace, party ideologues have the opposite result. Since the mid-1970s. Brezhnev's health deteriorated rapidly, and by the early 1980s. he was essentially incapacitated as a politician. His physical infirmity, inability to lead the country to adequately assess the situation and took advantage in the struggle for power, influential members of the political rukovodstva.Literatura: L. Brezhnev: Materials for the biography. M., 1991.Medvedev RA Personality and epoch. The political portrait of Leonid Brezhnev. M., 1991. Pr. 1.Volkogonov DA Seven leaders. Gallery leaders of the USSR: In 2 book. M., 1995. Pr. 2.L. Molchanov Breza (Breza) Tadeusz (1905-70), Polish writer. The novel "Heaven and Earth" (vols. 1-2, 1949-50) reveals t. N. "remedial" regime in Poland before the 2nd World War; "The Feast of Belshazzar" (1952) - about the intellectuals in post-war Poland. The book "The Bronze Gate" (1960) denounces the policy of the Vatican. Brezan (Brezan) Yuri (b. 1916), Sorbian and German writer. Lives in Germany. Writes in German and Sorbian languages. Member of the Resistance Movement. Trilogy about the fate of the young German - "schoolboy", "Semesters lost time", "Years of manhood" (1958-1964), a mythological novel "Krabat, or transformation of the world" (1976), a philosophical novel "Portrait of father" (1982), stories verses. SHEETS (from niderl. Presenning), canvas, impregnated waterproof and antiseptic compositions. BREY (Bray) John Francis (1809-95), English utopian socialist. Put forward a program of economic transformation of capitalist society. Brueghel the Elder, or "peasant" (Bruegel de Oude, Boeren Brueghel), Peter (between 1525 and 1530-1569), Dutch painter and draftsman. Creatively reworked the lessons of Italian painting in the 16th., Created a deeply national art, based on the Dutch tradition and folklore. In the work of Bruegel difficult intertwined humor and fantastic grotesque, lyricism and epic picture of the universe ("The Fight Between Carnival and Lent", 1559; "Mad Greta", 1562; "Peasant Dance" series "Seasons", 1565; "Blind", 1568 ). Brady (Braid), James (1795-1860), a Scottish surgeon. Coined the term "hypnosis" (1843); one of the founders of the therapeutic use of hypnosis.
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