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Bocage (Bocage) Pierre (c. 1799 - c. 1862), French actor. Theater "Odeon", "Port-Saint-Martin" (Paris), and others. Roles heroic rebels in social dramas and melodramas Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas fils, F. Pia. BOKANHEL-And-UNSUETA (Bocangel y Unzueta) Gabriel (1608-58), Spanish poet. Collections baroque sonnets and ballads "Poems" (1627), "Collection of poems" (1635). BOKARIUS Nikolai Sergeyevich (1869-1931), court physician and criminologist. The founder of the Ukrainian Institute of Forensic Science. Bokaro (Bokaro Steel-City), a city in India, pieces. Bihar. 351 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). State Metallurgical Plant (built with Soviet assistance). Boki Boris Ivanovich (1873-1927), a scientist in the field of mining science. The founder of the analytical method of designing mining enterprises. The main work of "Practical course of mining art" (Volume 1-3, 1914). Boki George B. (b. 1909), a scientist crystallographer, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1958). Son BI Bokii. Major works on the crystal chemistry of minerals and the history of crystallography. Boki Gleb Ivanovich (1879-1937), revolutionary statesman. In the Bolshevik Party joined in 1900. Member of the Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution, during which he was a member of the Petrograd Military Revolutionary Committee. In 1918, Vice-Chairman, after the assassination of MS Uritsky chairman of the Petrograd Cheka. Since 1919, the chief of the special department of the East, Turkestan fronts. Since 1921 the State Security. Director and member of many covert operations against the "enemies" of Soviet power, of which the most famous is the creation of a vast underground organization "Syndicate" consisting predominantly of employees OGPU. Repressed. BOKKALINI (Boccalini) Trajano (1556-1613), Italian writer. Satirizing political and literary life ("News from Parnassus", 1612-13). Boccaccio (Boccaccio), Giovanni (1313-1375) was an Italian writer, humanist of the early Renaissance. Poems on themes of ancient mythology, the psychological novel "Fiammetta" (1343, published in 1472), pastorals, sonnets. The main product of "Decameron" (1350-53, published in 1470) - a book of short stories realistic, imbued with humanistic ideas, the spirit of free thinking and secularism, rejection of ascetic morality, cheerful humor - multicolor panorama like Italian society. The poem "The Raven" (1354-55, published in 1487), the book "The Life of Dante Alighieri" (c. 1360, published in 1477). Boccherini (Boccherini) Luigi (1743-1805), Italian composer and cellist. Contributed to the development chamber instrumental genres and symphony. Cello Concerto, approx. 30 symphonies, instrumental sonatas, and other ensembles. BOKLEVSKY Konstantin Petrovich (1862-1928), a Russian naval engineer. In 1898, proposed the use of petroleum combustion engines on ships. Contributed to the development teplohodostroeniya. Organizer and Chairman (1902-23) of Russia's first shipbuilding faculty of the St. Petersburg Polytechnic Institute. BOKLEVSKY Peter M. (1816-97), the Russian schedule. Albums ostrosatiricheskoy lithographs and drawings to works of Nikolai Gogol, Alexander Ostrovsky, Melnikov Crypt. Buckle (Buckle) Henry Thomas (1821-62), British historian and sociologist, a representative of the geographical school in sociology. The main work "History of Civilization in England" (1857-61; Russian translation in 1861). BOKOV Hamievich Ahmed (b. 1924), the Ingush writer, People's Writer of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (1977). Novels "Sons Becky" (Vol. 1-2, 1967-69), "Crimson Dawns" (1974), "Star among the stars" (1978). Novels, short stories. BOKOV Viktor Fedorovich (b. 1914), the Russian poet. Developing folk traditions: the collection "Spring V." (1961), "Three of Grass" (1975), "In three steps from the Nightingale" (1977). Book of prose miniatures "Over the River Istermoy. Notes of a Poet" (1960). Cycle "Poetry hundred and first Milestone" (1987). BOKOV Peter Ivanovich (1835-1915), a Russian politician, doctor. Each Chernyshevsky, Sechenov. Was involved in the case "Velikoruss"; member of the "Land and Freedom" in the 1860s. Lateral line sense organs are located on the sides of the body and mind of the cyclostomes, fish larvae and some adult amphibians. Perceive direction and speed of the water used for orientation. SIDE RIDGE, B. Caucasus. Is parallel to the principal, or Watershed hr. on the north side. Height up to 5642 m (Mount Elbrus). Alpine meadows in the central part - glaciation. Lateral plates (splanchnotome), paired two-layer portion of the lateral mesoderm germ chordates. Of the side plates are formed serous membranes, smooth muscles, mesenchyme, blood vessels, heart and mesentery. Bokonbaev Djoomart (1910-44), Kyrgyz poet. Collection of lyrical poems and poems, lyrics music dramas "Toktogul" and "Golden Girl" (both 1939), opera libretto. BOKONERVNYE subtype most primitive marine molluscs. Most - mobility of the joint shell. The nervous system of 2 pairs of longitudinal trunks (two - side). 3 modern class: armored, solenogastry, kaudofoveaty. All marginal seas from the littoral to the abyssal zone. Amphipods (amphipods), a detachment of invertebrates subclass higher crustaceans. Length 0,5-28 cm. Floating on its side. Ok. 4.5 thousand. Species. Widely distributed in the seas and fresh waters. Serve as food for many commercial fish, seals, whales and some birds. Part of the krill. BOXING (from the English. Box - Boxes), in medicine - a room for isolation of seriously ill with infectious diseases and others. BOX (Eng. Box, letters. - Shock), combat sports pugilism under the special rules for special soft gloves. The birthplace of modern boxing - England (16-17 cc.). The International Amateur Boxing Association (AIBA; founded in 1946) of 156 countries (1991). In the program of the Olympic Games since 1904, the World Championships since 1974, Europe since 1924. Boksburg (Boksburg), a city in South Africa. 111 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). One of the centers zolotouransoderzhaschego bass. Witwatersrand. Boxer Rebellion, see. Boxer Rebellion. Boksitogorsk, city (1950) in the Russian Federation, the Leningrad region. Railway station. 21.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Alumina, biochemical plants. Near Boksitogorsk - bauxite. Bauxite, aluminum ore, consisting mainly of aluminum hydroxides (28-80%) and iron (gibbsite, boehmite and diaspore, hydrogoethite et al.). Mainly sedimentary. Harmful impurity - SiO2. The density of 1800-3100 kg / m3. Raw materials for aluminum production, as well as dyes, abrasives, refractory. The main producing foreign countries - Australia, Jamaica, Suriname, Guyana. Bokshay Joseph I. (1891-1975), Ukrainian painter, People's Artist of the USSR (1963), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1958). One of the founders of the first art school in Transcarpathia (1927). Juicy in color landscapes, genre scenes, portraits, still lifes, "Bazar in Uzhgorod" (1927), "Nevichansky Castle" (1970). Bol (from the Spanish. Bola - ball), throwing weapons steppes South Indians. America, used in hunting horse - one or more balls (made of stone, and later - of metal), attached to a belt; when throwing straps entangle the legs or neck of the animal. Bolan Pass in Pakistan, at the junction of the mountains and Mekran Sulaiman. The height of 1792 m. The railway and the highway leading from Pakistan to the border with Afghanistan. Bulgaria (Bulgar), medieval (10-15 cc.), The city in 10-12 centuries. the capital of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Remains of approx. p. Bulgarians Tartary. Residential, industrial and commercial neighborhoods, mosques, baths, tombs and so on. Bulgaria, the Republic of Bulgaria (Republic of Bulgaria), the state in Southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula, bordering the Black m. 110.9 thousand. Km2. The population of 8.47 million. People (1993), mainly Bulgarians; live as Turks, Roma and others. The urban population of 67% (1993). Official language - Bulgarian. Most believers - Orthodox, there are Sunni Muslims. Administrative divisions: 9 provinces (until 1987 - 28 districts). The capital - Sofia. The head of state - the president. Legislature - unicameral National sobranie.Bolshaya part of the country - the ridges of Stara Planina, Mid-Mountain, Rila, the Musala (the highest point of the Balkan Peninsula, 2925 m), Pirin, Rhodope. In the north - Lower Danube plain, in the center - Kazanlak Basin, south - a vast Thracian Lowland. The climate is temperate in the south of the transition to the Mediterranean. On the plains average temperature in January is from? 2 to 2 ° C, July 25 ° C. Of rain per year from 450 mm in the plains to 1,300 mm in the mountains. Major rivers - the Danube, Maritsa. Forest (approx. 1/3 of the territory), mostly deciduous. National Parks: Vitasha, Golden Sands, Ropotamo Steneto and dr.Drevneyshee population - Thracians. K 1. n. e. Bulgarian territory conquered by Rome in 395 became part of the eastern. Roman (Byzantine) Empire. In the beginning. 7. Slavic tribes to settle here. At 681 m happened. N. First Bulgarian Empire (1018-1187 in under Byzantine rule), in 1187-1396 there was a second Bulgarian Empire. In the context. 14 in. Bulgaria conquered by the Ottoman Empire. Bulgarian people fought against the Turkish yoke (Hajduk movement, the April Uprising in 1876, and others.). Liberated Bulgaria after the defeat of Turkey in the war against Russia 1877-78. Since 1879 Bulgaria - Principality (vassal of Turkey), from 1908 independent kingdom. In 1891 founded the Bulgarian Social Democratic Party. Bulgaria participated in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. In the 1 st World War made (1915) on the side of Germany. According to the Peace Treaty of Neuilly in 1919 has lost significant territory, access to the Aegean m. The September 1923 uprising was brutally suppressed by the government that came to power after the coup (June 1923). In March 1941, Bulgaria was involved in the Tripartite Pact in 1940, German troops entered on Bulgarian territory. The organizer of the armed anti-fascist struggle was the Communist Party. In 1942 created the Fatherland Front, led by the Communists, to institutionalize the union of patriotic forces. After the entry of the Soviet Army on the territory of Bulgaria, the monarchy was overthrown. September 9, 1944 created the first government of the Fatherland Front. September 15, 1946 was proclaimed the People's Republic of Bulgaria. In June 1990, the elections to the National Assembly, held on a multiparty basis, won the Bulgarian Socialist Party (since 1990 renamed the Communist Party), in December formed a coalition government. In October 1991 the parliamentary elections won by a coalition of movements and organizations Union of Democratic Forces (founded in December 1989) .Bolgariya - industrial-agrarian country. The share of gross domestic product, 1992,%: industry and construction 46.6, agriculture and forestry 10.4. Brown coal 30.3 million. Tons (1992). Electricity production 35.6 billion. KWh (1992). Most mechanical engineering (production of electric hoists and electric vehicles, tractors, agricultural machinery, computers, machine tools) and flavoring industry (tobacco, canning). Ferrous and nonferrous metallurgy. Chemical and petrochemical, woodworking industry. In agriculture, crop production prevails. Grain and legumes (6.7 million. Tons in 1992, mainly wheat, corn), tobacco, vegetables, fruits, grapes, essential oil crops (1st place in the world in production and export of rose oil). Meat and wool livestock (cattle, sheep, pigs). Fishing. Length (1992, thous. Km) of railways, 6.6, 36.9 highways. Navigation on the Danube. The tonnage of merchant marine approx. 2 million. Gross register tons (1992). The principal ports of Varna, Burgas. Ferry link Varna - Ilyichevsk (Ukraine). Resorts International Importance Golden Sands, Albena, Sunny Beach. Export: engineering, electrical, chemical products, plastics, vegetables, fruit, wine, tobacco products. Ok. 1/2 of foreign trade turnover accounted for the West. Europe. Foreign tourism. (St. 1 million. Per year). Currency - lion. BULGARIA Volga-Kama, see. Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, is the story of 1869; restructured in 1949. It is located in Sofia. In 1991 St. 50 academies, St. 80 corresponding members, St. 90 foreign members; 10 research and training centers (combined research institutes and laboratories, Academy of Sciences and Sofia University and other research institutions). Bulgarian Legion, military units Bulgarian emigrants (1st Bulgarian Legion - approx. 500 people in 1861-62; 2nd - approx. 200 people in 1867-68), was founded in Belgrade in order to fight for the liberation of Bulgaria from the Ottoman yoke. Dissolved the Serbian government. Lactobacillus bulgaricus, the kind of lactic acid bacteria. It is used for the fermentation of milk which coagulates quickly under the influence of Lactobacillus bulgaricus at t 45-50 ° C. Bulgarian Agrarian National Union (OPRC), founded in 1899. Prominent - Stamboliyski, G. Traikov and others. The Bulgarian crisis 1885-87, aggravation and tear (1886) Russian-Bulgarian relations in connection with the anti-Russian policy of the government S. Stambolov after the overthrow of Prince Alexander of Battenberg. Support Austria, Great Britain and Germany Ferdinand of Coburg on the Bulgarian throne promoted Russian-French rapprochement. Bulgarian National Bank, share, credit and billing center of Bulgaria. Founded in 1947 also carried out international payments. Bulgarian National Theater. Ivan Vazov, drama, based in Sofia in 1904. The Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee, in 1869 (1870?) - 1876 Organization (Vassil Levski, L. Karavelov, Botev H. et al.), Who led the national liberation struggle of the Bulgarian people against Turkish yoke. Bulgarian language, the official language of Bulgaria, refers to the Slavic languages (South Slavic group) within the Indo-European family of languages. Graphics Slavic (Cyrillic). Bulgarian volunteers, volunteer units of the Bulgarians in the Russian Army during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78 (up to 15 thousand. Man, headed the Russian general NG century). Participated in the battles of Stara Zagora, Shipka and Sheinovo. Bulgarian Telegraph Agency, founded in 1898, Sofia. Bulgaria, the people, the general population of Bulgaria (7.85 million. People). They also live in Ukraine (234 thousand. People), Moldova (88 thousand. People), the Russian Federation (32.8 thous. People) and other countries. The total number of 8,450,000. People (1992). Bulgarian language. Believers - mostly Orthodox, part of the Sunni Muslims. BULGARS Volga-Kama, see. Volga-Kama Bulgars. Bolhrad, a city in Ukraine, Odessa region., Near the railroad Art. Bolhrad. 18.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Flavoring companies, garment factory, repair and engineering works. and others. Historical museum. Founded in 1821. Bolger (Bolger) Brendan James, (b. 1935), the Prime Minister of New Zealand since 1990. In 1975-84 and since 1990 in various ministerial posts. Since 1986, the leader of the National Party new. Zealand. Boldin (Big Boldin), a village in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region., 39 km from the railway Art. Uzhovka. 4.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Boldin - former Nizhny Novgorod named after Pushkin. Pushkin spent three Boldin autumn, in Vol. H. The famous boldins 1830. Pushkin Museum-Reserve (since 1949), the Museum "fiefdom office Pushkin." Annual festivals of poetry. BALDWIN (Baldwin) James Arthur (1924-1987), the Negro writer USA. Lyrical prose with existentialist motifs of love as an escape from conformity and overcoming loneliness (novels "Go Tell it on the Mountain", 1953, "Other Countries", 1962, "Tell me, eh long gone train", 1968, "over his head" 1979). Nonfiction books ("Tomorrow - fire", 1963), essays ("ticket price", 1985), plays. BALDWIN Stanley (1867-1947), the British Prime Minister in 1923-24, 1924-1929, 1935-37; conservative. Baldwin government suppressed a general strike in 1926, broke off diplomatic relations with the USSR (1927). BOLDYREV Alexander (b. 1909), the Russian orientalist, Doctor of Philology. Works are devoted to the Tajik folklore, history of Tajik and Persian literature, the study of Persian and Tajik manuscripts. BOLDYREV Vasiliy (1873-1946), a Russian physiologist, Professor (1912). Since 1918 in exile in Japan since 1922 in the United States. Works on the physiology of digestion and higher nervous activity. Automatism described activity of the digestive tract (for example, a dog). Establish the facts and conditions throwing the stomach contents of the duodenum. Vladimir Boldyrev V. (b. 1927), a chemist, Academician (1991). Proceedings on the impact of physical and chemical factors on chemical reactions in the solid phase. Yuri Boldyrev (b. 1960), Russian statesman. In 1989-91 USSR People's Deputy, member of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. In 1992-93 the chief state inspector, head of control department of the Presidential Administration of the Russian Federation. Co-founder of public movement "Yabloko" (Yavlinsky -Boldyrev-Lukin, 1993), and later left the movement. In 1993-95 the Council of Federation of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation. DISEASE, disruption of normal functioning of the body, caused by functional and (or) morphological changes. Occurrence of the disease is associated with effects on the body of harmful environmental factors (physical, chemical, biological, social), with its genetic defects, and so. D. In human and animal disease is isolated to a specific nosological form, if you know its causes, pathogenesis, characteristic changes in the organs (see. also syndrome). Animal diseases cause damage to livestock; causative agents of some of them are dangerous to humans, causing eg., brucellosis, trichophytosis and other diseases. Plants, like animals, together with infectious (viral, bacterial, fungal, etc.) Observed pathological disease processes caused adverse abiotic environmental factors; plant diseases cause damage to agriculture and forestry. Boleyn (Boleyn) Anne (c. 1507-36), the second wife of King Henry VIII. Divorce of Henry to Catherine of Aragon and marriage to Boleyn (1533), are not recognized by the papal court, gave rise to a break with the pope and of the Reformation in England. Executed on charges of adultery. BOLERO, short sleeve, part of the men's national dress in some areas of Spain (eg., Andalusia). BOLERO (App. Bolero), Spanish pair dance. Musical 3/4. Moderate pace. Accompanied by a guitar, drum and castanets, singing dancing. Genre Bolero is reflected in the works of many composers (Ravel et al.). BOLESLAV I (Boleslaw) Brave (967-1025), with 992 Polish prince, the king and 1025. From the Piast dynasty. United Polish lands, established in Gniezno archbishopric in 1018 temporarily seized Chervensk city. Bolesław III Wrymouth (1085-1138), a Polish prince to 1102. From the Piast dynasty. Reunited eastern Poland. (1116) and the West. (1123), Pomerania and others. In 1138 divided the country into an inheritance among his sons. Boleslawiec (Boleslawiec), a city in south-western Poland. 44 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Chemical, glass, food industry. Museum and monument to MI Kutuzov, who died in Boleslawiec. Bolekhiv, city (1940) in Ukraine, Ivano-Frankivsk region. Railway station. 11.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Lesokombinat, tannery and others. History Museum. Known since the 14th century. PAIN (Bolig) (Baulig) Henry (1877-1962) was a French geographer. Proceedings on physical geography, geomorphology, regional geography. Bolibrukh Andrei (b. 1950), mathematician, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Proceedings on differential equations. Bolivar (Bolivar), a group of oil fields in Venezuela (oil and gas bass. Maracaibo). Includes field Lagunillas, Tia Juan Bochakero et al. Opened in 1917. The deposits at a depth of 160-4500 m. Total initial reserves of 4.3 billion. M. The density of 0,82-1,0 g / cm3. Bolivar, men's wide-brimmed hat, fashionable in the 20s. 19 in. Bolivar County, in the south-east of Venezuela. 238 thousand. Km2. The population of 969 thousand. People (1990). Adm. c. - Ciudad Bolivar. Bolivar (Bolivar), Simon (1783-1830), leader of the struggle for the independence of the Spanish colonies in the South. America. Freed from Spanish rule Venezuela, new. Granada (modern. Colombia and Panama), prov. Quito (modern. Ecuador) in 1819-30 president of Gran Colombia, established in those countries. In 1824 freed Peru and became the head formed on the territory of Upper Peru the Republic of Bolivia (1825), called by its name. National Congress of Venezuela declared (1813) Osvoboditelem.BOLIVAR, Bolivar-and-Palacios (Bolivar y Palacios) Simon (full name Simon Jose Antonio) (July 24, 1783, Caracas - December 17, 1830, Santa Marta, Colombia), one of the leaders Latin American wars of independence, military and statesman of South America, where is known as the Liberator (1813). Early godyRodilsya a noble Creole family of Basque origin. Early lost his parents. The education and formation of Bolivar outlook was greatly influenced by his teacher and an older friend, a prominent educator C. Rodriguez. Youth spent in Europe (1799-1806, Spain, France, Italy), where he married early, but soon became a widower. August 15, 1805 on the hill of Monte Sacro in Rome, in the presence of Rodriguez, vowed to fight for the liberation of South America from colonial iga.Venesuelskaya respublikaPrinyal an active part in the overthrow of Spanish rule in Venezuela (April 1810) and the proclamation of its independent republic (1811). After the defeat of the last Spanish troops, in 1812 settled in New Granada (now Colombia), and in early 1813 he returned to his homeland. In August 1813 his troops occupied Caracas; was founded 2nd Venezuelan republic led by Bolivar. However, not daring to carry out reforms in the interests of the lower classes, he failed to enlist their support in 1814 and was defeated. Forced to seek refuge in Jamaica in September 1815 there published an open letter expressing confidence in the imminent release of the Spanish Ameriki.Obrazovanie Columbia finally realized the necessity of freeing the slaves and other social issues, Bolivar urged Haitian President A. Pétion provide military aid to the rebels in December 1816 landed on the coast of Venezuela. The abolition of slavery (1816) and published in 1817 a decree conferring the soldier's Liberation Army ground allowed him to expand the social base. Following the successful operations in Venezuela in 1819 his forces liberated New Granada. In December 1819 he was elected president of the National Congress proclaimed in Angostura (now Ciudad Bolivar) of the Republic of Colombia, which included Venezuela and New Granada. In 1822, Colombians drove the Spanish forces from the province of Quito (today Ecuador), who joined the Kolumbii.Osvobozhdenie South America in July 1822 in Guayaquil, Bolivar met with H. de San Martin, whose army has liberated part of Peru, but could not agree with him on joint actions. Following the resignation of San Martin (20 September 1822), he directed in 1823 in Peru, the Colombian side, and in 1824 (August 6 at Junin and 9 December, on the plain of Ayacucho) were defeated last Spanish forces in the Americas. Bolivar, in February 1824 became the dictator of Peru, led and created in 1825 on the territory of Upper Peru the Republic of Bolivia, named in his chest.Raspad Colombian federatsiiStremyas to unite the Spanish-American States, convened in Panama Bolivar Congress of Representatives (1826), but not succeeded. At the end of the war of liberation in contrast to his centralist policies in the region intensified centrifugal tendencies. As a result of the separatist speeches Bolivar lost power in Peru and Bolivia (1827-30). In early 1830 he resigned and soon umer.Bolivariana In Latin America, the name of Bolivar's very popular. It is immortalized in the names of states, provinces, cities, streets, currency, with the help of numerous monuments. He devoted biographical sketches, works of art, historical works. From 1822 loyal friend and inseparable companion of life of Bolivar, in spite of all the vicissitudes of his fate, was a native of Quito Creole Manuel Saenz. Works: Selected Works. M., 1983.Sartas del Libertador. Caracas, 1929-1959. V. 1-12.Obras completas. La Habana, 1950. V. 1-3.Decretos del Libertador. Caracas, 1961. V. 1-3.Escritos del Libertador. Caracas, 1964-1983. T. 1-16.Literatura: Lavretzky IR Bolivar. 3rd ed. M., 1981.Simon Bolivar: history and modernity. M., 1985.Masur G. Simon Bolivar. Albuquerque, 1948.Madariaqa S. de. Bolivar. Mexico; Buenos Aires, 1953. V. 1-2.Mijares A. El Libertador. Caracas, 1969.Bolivar y Europa en las cronicas, el pensamiento politico y la historioqrafia. Caracas, 1986-1995. V. 1-3.M. S. Al'perovich Bolivian highlands, a large, eastern highlands Tsentralnoandiyskogo within Bolivia. Bolivians, the people, the main population of Bolivia (2,530,000. People). Living in Argentina (150 thousand. People), Brazil, the US, Chile and Peru. The total number of 3.2 million. People (1992). In general, the Spanish-Indian mestizos. Speak Spanish and Guarani. According to the Catholic religion. Bolivia Bolivia Republic (Republica de Bolivia), the state in South. America. 1,098.6 thousand. Km2. The population of 7.7 million. People (1993); Bolivians, Quechua, Aymara and others. The urban population is 58% (1992). Official language - Spanish, approx. 1/2 of the population speaks Quechua, Aymara, Guaraní. Believers - mostly Catholics. Administrative divisions: 9 departments. The official capital - Sucre, actually - La Paz. Head of state and government - the president. Legislative body - the National Congress. In the south-west - Highlands Pune and ridges of the Andes (Janq'u Uma peak, 6550 m), in the northeast of the lowlands in the north - Amazonian Lowland. Tropical and sub-equatorial climate. Monthly average temperatures 3-11 ° C. Rainfall ranging from 150 to 2000 mm per year. River Beni, Mamore, Guapore et al. Oz. Titicaca, Poopo. On the slopes of the Andes and Amazonian Lowland. moist evergreen forest (St. 40% of the territory), the highland desert vegetation. National Parks: Isiboro-Secura, de Huanchaca, Pilon Lajas and others. In ancient times, the territory of modern Bolivia inhabited by Indian tribes. In the 14th century. conquered by the Incas, in the beginning. 16 in. - Spanish, which gave the country the name of Upper Peru. Silver mines brought huge profits by Spanish colonizers, and plant feudal relations and used slave labor of Indians, has repeatedly raised the revolt (especially under the leadership of a major Tupac Amaru). During the Spanish American wars of independence in 1825, 1810-26 country was liberated from colonial oppression troops S. Bolivar, in whose honor and was named. In 1836-39 as part of a confederation - Peru and Bolivia in the war with Chile (1879-83) and Paraguay (1932-35) Bolivia lost almost 2/3 of the original territory rich in tin and nitrate. In 1952 there was a revolution, in which the tin mines were nationalized, agrarian reform was carried out. Prior to the beginning. 80s. political situation of the country was unstable. After the elections in 1985 was a transition to a presidential system. The basis of the economy - mining. The share of gross domestic product (1991,%): 29.0 Industry (in Vol. H. 15.3 mining), agriculture 21.3. Bolivia is one of the leading places in the world for the extraction of tin, antimony, tungsten; mined as zinc, lead and other non-ferrous metals, oil and natural gas. Electricity production 1.9 billion. KWh (1991), mainly hydropower. Textile, food processing, metal processing, oil refining industry; non-ferrous metals and petrochemicals. Main crops: corn, rice, potatoes, sugar cane, cotton, bananas, coffee. Grazing. Forest crafts: collecting sap of rubber trees, cinchona bark, coca leaves. Length (1992, thous. Km) of railways approx. 3.7, 41.6 highways. Navigation on the Lake. Titicaca. Export: mining raw materials (St. 95% of the cost), oil and natural gas. Major trading partners: the United States, Argentina, United Kingdom. Currency - Bs. Hemlock (Omega), a genus of biennial herb of the family Umbelliferae. 4 species in Eurasia and Africa. Forest edges, as a weed near houses and crops common spotted hemlock; the whole plant, especially the fruits, toxic for humans and animals. Cars, large and exceptionally bright meteor. Ball (Ball), John (? -1381), English folk preacher ideologue heresy Lollards, one of the leaders of the rebellion of Wat Tyler 1381. penalty. Bolland (Bolland) Gerardus (1854-1922), Dutch philosopher, head of the Dutch neo-Hegelianism ("Bolland Society" from 1922). Interpreted Hegel's philosophy in a religious spirit, and saw it as a logical completion of Kantianism. Bolland (Bolland), Jean (1596-1665), a Jesuit scholar, marked the beginning of a monumental critical edition of Lives of the Saints - Acta sanctorum (1st hr. Was published in Antwerp in 1643), continues to this day. Bolland named his publishers called Bollandists. Bolnisi (until 1921 with. Ekaterinofeld in 1921-43 with. Luxembourg), city (1967) in Georgia. Railway station. 11.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food companies, garment factory. Theater. Museum. Bolnisi Sioni, the church (478-493) near the town of Bolnisi. Majestic 3-nave basilica, 2 rows of pillars connected by arches, on the capitals carved geometric patterns. Bologoe, city (1926) in the Russian Federation, Tver region. Railway junction. 35.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Plants: "Strommashina" rebar, etc .; Furniture Factory. Bolometer (from the Greek. Bole - ray ... and meter), a device for measuring the energy of electromagnetic radiation (mainly infrared), based on the change in the electrical resistance of the temperature sensor as a result of absorption of the energy of the measured radiation. Bolometric magnitudes adopted in astronomy flow characteristic of electromagnetic radiation from a space object in the entire range of wavelengths; is visual magnitude plus bolometric correction. Amendment (always positive) is calculated theoretically using the data of extraterrestrial astronomy. Lap dog, a breed of small long-haired indoor dogs. The name of the city of Bologna in Italy. Bolognese school of Italian paintings from the Baroque period centered at g. Bologna. Artists Bologna school (br. Carracci, Domenichino, Guercino) created altarpieces, frescoes on religious and mythological themes, marked the high culture of composition and drawing, idealization images eclectic borrowing formal achievements of the great masters of the 16th century. University of Bologna, Italy, the oldest in Europe, founded in the 11th century. In 1991 - approx. 60 thousand. Students. Bologna lake in Khabarovsk kr., In the valley of the Amur River, which connects ducts (approx. 9 km). 338 km2. The depth of 4 m. Bolognini (Bolognino) Gilelm (1590-1669), Dutch poet, a Catholic priest. Book of poetry in song tradition "Lark of God" (1645). Bologna (Bologna), a city in North. Italy, the administrative center of the province. Bologna and region. Emilia-Romagna, at p. Reno. 412 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). An important transportation hub; connected to navigable channel to p. On. Machinery, metallurgy, food, chemical, textile, light industry, printing industry. National Centre for Atomic Research. University. (11 in., the oldest in Europe). National Pinakothek museums of San Stefano, San Domenico and others. On the con. 6. BC. e. Bologna (Felsina) - the center of the Etruscans. Name of boyev who seized her in the middle. 4. BC. e. In the Middle Ages was famous law school. Complex Romanesque church of San Stefano (11-13 cc.), Inclined tower-houses (11-12 cc.), Gothic palazzo (13-15 cc.), The church of San Petronio (14-17 cc., Renaissance sculpture portal , 1425-38, Jacopo della Quercia). Renaissance palaces (Bevilacqua, 15 in.) And the Baroque. Bog Peter G. (b. 1930), the Russian sportsman (athletics), Honoured Master of Sports (1959). Olympic champion (1960), Europe (1962) in the women's 10,000 meters, repeated champion of the USSR (1957-64) in the women's 5,000 and 10,000 meters. Bolotnikova 1606-07 Rebellion, an uprising of slaves, peasants and townspeople, musketeers, Cossacks led by Ivan Bolotnikov against serfdom. Supported anti-government protests noble troops. Area: south-west, south Russia (approx. 70 cities), Lower. and Wed. Volga. The rebels defeated the royal troops under except dace at pp. Ugra, Lopasnya et al., In October-December besieged Moscow. In connection with the transfer of nobles with the government 12/02/1606 defeated at the village. Boilers and retreated to Kaluga. Summer and autumn of 1607, together with the forces battled rebels Ileyki Muromtsa near Tula. After 4 months of siege and surrender of Tula rebellion suppressed. Swamp, the city (from 1943) in the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk. Railway station. 20.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Sewing, food enterprises. Marsh soils are formed in conditions of prolonged or excessive moisture under constant water-loving vegetation mainly in the forest zone of the temperate zones. Peat and peat-gley (after draining grow crops, mined peat). Distributed in the Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine, Canada, the United States, as well as in Brazil, Argentina, Indonesia and others. MARSH BEAVER, the same as nutria. Marsh gas, is released from the bottom of stagnant water. The main component - methane; contains minor amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen. Cypress, the same as taksodium. Swamps, excessive moisture area of the earth surface, overgrown moisture-loving plants. In the marsh is usually an accumulation of undecomposed plant residues and peat. Mainly in the Northern Hemisphere; the total area of approx. 350 million. Ha. "Quagmire", the nickname given to a group of contemporaries of Deputies, which constitute the majority in the Convention during the French Revolution, which did not have its programs in the fight against political groups stand on the side of the strongest. Representatives: E. J. Sieyes, P. Barras. BOLOTOV Andrew T. (1738-1833), Russian writer and naturalist, one of the founders of the national agricultural science. Work "On the division of fields" (1771) - the first guide to the introduction of crop rotations and the organization of rural areas. Brought varieties of fruit crops. Developed the principles of forest management and afforestation. Memoir, "The Life and Adventures of Andrej Bolotov ..." (vols. 1-4, 1870-73).
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