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Hail Mary, see. Maria (Hail Mary). Bogoroditskaya, city (with 1777) in the Russian Federation, Tul. Railway station (Zhdanok). 34.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Mechanical engineering and metal working. Palace and park ensemble of the 18th century. History and Art Museum. Bogoroditskaya Vasily (1857-1941), linguist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1925; corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences since 1915, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1917). The representative of the Kazan linguistic school. Proceedings on general linguistics, phonetics, comparative grammar of Indo-European languages, Russian, Turkic linguistics. Created the first Russian phonetic experimental laboratory. Bogorodskaya name Noginsk in the Moscow region. until 1930. Bogorodskaya, city (1923) in the Russian Federation, Nizhniy Novgorod region. Railway station (Tanning). 38.0 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Leather and haberdashery industry; building industry companies. Known since the 17th century. both. Bogorodskoe. Bogorodskaya carving, folk craft toys and sculptures made of wood (probably with 16-17 cc.) With. Bogorodskoe now Sergiev Posad district of Moscow region. Of of detailed figures of people and animals (unpainted and painted) often produced compositions on subjects of fables and fairy tales. In the beginning. 20 in. based gang (1960 Bogorodskaya carving factory). Bogorodskaya Vitaly V. (1919-86), the Russian oceanographer, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1970). North hydrophysical studies. Arctic approx. and Antarctica. USSR State Prize (1969). Bogorodskaya Fedor Semenovich (1895-1959), painter, Honored Artist of the RSFSR (1946), corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1947). Pictures devoted to the sailors - the participants of the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War ("The men in ambush," 1927-28; "Glory to the fallen heroes", 1945). USSR State Prize (1946). Theology, the same as theology. THEOLOGICAL DEPOSIT iron in the Yekaterinburg region. Identified in 1940-50-ies. By origin of contact-metasomatic. Explored reserves of magnetite ores 138 million. M with the content of Fe 41-50%. Developed by underground methods. THEOLOGICAL Mikhail Mikhailovich (1867-1929), historian, academician of the USSR (1925; Academician from 1921). Works and publication of documents on the history of absolutism, local control in 17-18 centuries., The nobility, the materials for a biography of Peter I (vols. 1-5) Bogosskogo RIDGE, B. Caucasus, Dagestan. Length approx. 70 km. Height up to 4151 m. Glaciers. Bogota, Santa Fe de Bogota (Bogota, Santa Fe de Bogota), the capital of Colombia. Located at an altitude of St. 2500 m. The administrative center of the department of Cundinamarca; forms an independent administrative unit - metropolitan area. 5.2 million. Inhabitants (1992, with suburbs). International Airport. Textile, food, leather and footwear, elktrotehnicheskaya, car assembly, the chemical industry. Universities. Colombian Academy. Museums, in Vol. H. Gold Museum (drevneindeyskie gold products), Museum of Colonial Art. House-Museum S. Bolivar. Architectural monuments of 16-19 centuries. Bogota was founded by the Spanish in 1538. In 1598-1819 and 1831-63 capital of New Granada, in 1819-30 - the republic of Gran Colombia, in 1863-86 - the United States of Colombia, since 1886 - the Republic of Colombia. Bogotol, city (1911) in the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk kr. Railway station. 27.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Enterprises of rail transport, metalworking. "Charitable institutions" in the Russian Empire hospitals, orphanages, almshouses, and so on. N. Epiphany, the name of Zhovtnevoe in Ukraine until 1938. Epiphany Sergey K. Alice Sprengel (1871-1947), Russian historian, archivist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929 ). Works on the history and archeology of Moscow, archival business. Ivan Bohun (? - 1664), one of the leaders of the liberation war of the Ukrainian people associate B. Khmelnitsky, Colonel. Since 1648 headed the peasant troops on Bratslavshchina. He distinguished himself in several battles. In 1659, led a revolt on the Right Bank Ukraine against the Polish invaders. Poles shot. Boguslaw, city (1938) in Ukraine, Kyiv region., At p. Ros. Railway station. 19.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Factories: cloth, art products, furniture; food companies and others. Museums: Local History, Ukrainian artist IM Soshenko. Known since 1195 as the ancient fortress. From the 14th century. in Lithuania and Poland, from 1793 in the Russian Empire. BOGUSLAVSKAYA Zoya B. (b. 1929), the Russian writer, playwright, critic. Critical work, "Leonid Leonov" (1960) and others. In prose - acute social and moral conflicts (the book "... and tomorrow", 1967, "broker", 1981 et al.). The play "Contact" (1979) and others. BOGUSLAVSKY (Boguslawski) Wojciech (1757-1829), a Polish film director, playwright, actor and drama of the opera (bass), teacher. One of the founders of Polish professional drama and musical theater. Staged "The alleged miracle or Krakovtsy and mountaineers" Stephanie (1794). Boguchary, city (with 1779) in the Russian Federation, Voronezh region., At p. Boguchar, 60 km from the railway Art. Kantemirovka. 8.7 thousand. Residents (1992). Food and other enterprises. Founded in 1717. Bogucharsky, Bazilevsky Bogucharsky (pres. Fam. And the name of Yakovlev Vasiliy Yakovlevich) (1861-1915), Russian historian. Publisher-editor of "The Past". Works and publication of documents on the history of Russian social thought and the revolutionary movement of the 19th century. Bogushevich Kazimirovich Francis (1840-1900), Belarusian poet. Collection of poems "Dudka Belarus" (1891) and "Bow Belarus" (1894). Torbanite, the purest kind sapropelites. The hydrogen content of 8-12%. Calorific value of the fuel mass 33,5-37,7 MJ / kg. Occurs in the form of layers in the layers of humic coals. AML, a unit of speed telegraphy. Defined as one chip current for 1 second. Named for J. Bodo. Bodaibo, city (1925) in the Russian Federation, Irkutsk region., A marina on the River. Vitim. 21.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Center of gold mining district. Food industry. Near Bodaibo - Mamakansky HPP. Founded in 1864. The BODE (Bode) Johann Elert (1747-1826), a German astronomer, foreign corresponding member (1785), foreign honorary member (1794) Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the founder of the "Berlin Astronomical Yearbook" (1776). One of the authors empirical Titius - Bode. Bodélé Depression (Bodel) Jehan (c. 1165-1210) was a French poet and playwright. Author Miracle "Game of St. Nicholas" (between 1199 and 1201), fabliaux, Pastorela (medieval genre, which goes back to ancient bucolic poetry, see. Bucolic). Lake Constance (Bodensee), in Predalpah, on the border of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. Located at an altitude of 395 m. The area of 538 km2, the length of 63 km, depth up to 252 m. Fills tectonic depression treated by an ancient glacier. Through Lake Constance Rhine flows. Shipping, ferry service. On the banks of - years. Konstanz, Friedrichshafen (Germany), Bregenz (Austria), nature reserves. Bodenshtedt (Bodenstedt) Friedrich (1819-92), a German translator and writer. Promoter of Russian literature (translated poems of Pushkin, AV Koltsov, AA Fet et al.), Eastern poetry. Published 2-volume edition of poems by Mikhail Lermontov in their translations (1852). Bodenstein (Bodenstein) Max (1871-1942), German chemist. Opened (1913) photochemical reactions with high quantum yield, which marked the beginning of the presentation of the chain processes. Set (1913) principle of steady-state concentration of intermediates of chemical reactions in gases. Proceedings on catalysis and chemical kinetics. BODE-Charlemagne Adolf I. (1826-1901), a Russian theater artist, author of a series of sketches of fashionable clothes in the old Russian style, often reproduced in periodicals 1850-60-ies. Body art (Eng. Body art, from the body - the body and art - art), the type of art where the main subject is the body of the artist (or statistician), and the content is revealed posture, gestures, signs, body-covering. Arose early in the avant-garde (scandalous escapades, tattoos and makeup Futurists), but is particularly prevalent in the postmodern period (eg., In the works of Gilbert and George). Baudelaire (Baudelaire), Charles (1821-67), French poet. Member of the Revolution of 1848. The predecessor of French symbolism. In the book "Flowers of Evil" (1857) anarchic rebellion, longing for harmony combined with the recognition of the invincibility of evil, aestheticization vices of the big city. Artistic and critical works (ie. N. Reports salons, 1845 and 1846 and is a collection of "romantic art", edition 1868). Bodmer (Bodmer) Johann Jakob (1698-1783), a Swiss critic and poet of the Enlightenment. Overcoming educational rationalism, paid tribute to the feeling and imagination in art. Studied Germanic epic folk poetry. Bottomry (from Gall. Bodemerij), in civil law - a loan agreement on the security of the ship and cargo. Bodnarskii Bogdan Stepanovich (1874-1968), the Russian bibliologist, bibliographer, Doctor of Education, Professor. In the 1920-29 chairman of the Russian Bibliographical Society of the Moscow university of. The main work "Bibliography Russian Bibliography" (vols. 1-4, 1918-30). Editor of "Bibliographical News" (1913-29). Bodo APPARATUS, direct-printing telegraphy apparatus repeated, in which the text is printed on received telegrams paper tape. Designed by J. Baudot in 1874. From the end. 1950s. replaced by start-stop telegraph apparatus. Bodo (Baudot) Jean Maurice Emile (1845-1903), a French inventor. Created the first practical suitability of a system of multiple serial wiring (Bodo unit) on the basis of the five-digit code (Baudot code); commissioned in 1877 on the line Paris - Bordeaux. See. Bd. Bodoni (Bodoni) Giambattista (1740-1813), an Italian typographer. Since 1768 led the printing house in Parma. Created a number of excellent typeface. The author of "Guide to Printing" (published in 1818). BODRICHI (Obodrits), an alliance of tribes Polabian Slavs 8-12 centuries. in the lower reaches of the Labe (Elbe) and the tribe, led by the union. Sergey Bodrov (p .1948), Russian film director and screenwriter. In 1975-80 a special correspondent for the magazine "Crocodile". Author collections of short stories and humorous anecdotes. Since the 1990s. US. In the cinema since 1984. One of the leaders of the Russian cinema 1980-90-ies., Focuses on the problems of youth. Directed the film "Sweet Juice Inside Grass" (with A. Alpievym) "Amateurs" (1985), "Sir" (1989), "Prisoner of the Caucasus" (1996, nominated for "Oscar"), and others. Baudouin de Courtenay (Baudouin de Courtenay) Ivan Alexandrovich (1845-1929), Russian and Polish linguist, Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1897). The founder of the Kazan linguistic school. First developed a theory of phonemes and phonetic alternations, diachrony and synchrony delimited by treating them in close connection. Had a great influence on the development of general linguistics. Proceedings on Slavic linguistics, Russian and Polish. Edited and added the "Explanatory Dictionary of Russian Language" VI Dahl (3rd Edition, 1903-09; 4 edition, 1912-14). Bodh Gaya, the place of Buddha's enlightenment; located in the valley of the Ganges. Bodhi enlightenment in Buddhism, the attainment of a higher truth. Bodhi Tree, a sacred tree of Buddhism under which Buddha attained enlightenment. Bodhisattva (bodhisattva) (Sanskrit: one whose essence - enlightenment) in Mahayana Buddhism perfect creature, which, unlike the Arhat Hinayana, serves primarily as a mentor and a model for other people, leading them along the path of moral perfection to achieve nirvana. At the heart of the Bodhisattva ideal in Mahayana - the cosmic principle of mutual connectedness of all beings with compassion and mutual help. Thistle, born bi- or perennial herbs with spiny leaves the family Asteraceae. St. 200 species in the Northern Hemisphere. Many species - honey plants, Creeping Thistle - pernicious weed. Some species are called sow thistle. Bodyansky Osip (1808-77), the Russian philologist and historian, corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1854). One of the first Slavic in Russia. Was close to the circle NV Stankevich. Infantry fighting vehicles, armored tracked, wheeled rarely, usually floating car in motorized rifle (infantry) forces. Appeared in the 1960s. The crew of 2-3 people; 6-9 infantry. Armament: gun and machine gun 1-2; may have anti-tank guided missile. The speed of 65-100 km / h. Allows you to fight without leaving the car. Militant organization maximalist, St. Petersburg group of fighters, maximalists Union created in May 1906 to organize terror and expropriations as the main means of struggle against the autocracy. St. 30 members headed by M. Sokolov. Had several weapons caches, bomb-making workshops and documents, safe houses; to assassinate the commander of the Odessa Military District Baron AV Kaulbars and Stolypin; expropriation money port customs. Broke up in April 1907. The militant organization SRs, an organization created in the beginning of the SR party. 1900s. to combat the autocracy by terror against the most notorious members of the ruling elite. As part of the organization from 10 to 30 militants led by GA Gershuni, May 1903 - EF Azev. Organized terrorist acts against Interior Minister DS Sipyagina and VK Plehve, Kharkiv Governor Prince Obolensky, IM, and Ufa - NM Bogdanovich, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich; preparing an attempt on Nicholas II, the Interior Minister P. Durnovo, Moscow Governor-General FV Dubasov priest GA Gapon et al. did not take place because of the provocative activities Azefs. Exposing Azefs caused the demoralization and subsequently the dissolution of the organization. In 1911, announced the dissolution. BATTLE technical group of the Central Committee of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party, led the fighting squads of workers and the military organization of the Bolsheviks during the Revolution of 1905-07, led by LB Krasin. "Fighting Pencil", Leningrad artists association, issued duplicated military, political posters and collections of satirical drawings in 1939-40 and 1941-45; 1956 - posters and drawings on international and domestic issues. In "Battle pencil" artists participated JS Astapov, GS Verey, VI Kurds, G. Petrov, Valentin Serov, NA Tyrsa et al., Poets V. M. Saiyans, N. Tikhonov et al. order of battle, the location (tactics) units, units and formations of various types of troops (forces of labor) with their reinforcements, designed for combat. The main elements of order of battle formations and units - trains (usually 1-2), artillery groups and reserves. Battle Axe Culture, the common name of archaeological cultures of the Late Neolithic - Bronze Age (2nd floor. 3rd - 1st floor. 2nd millennium. BC. E.) In the forest belt of Europe (see. Middle Dnieper culture, Fatyanovo Culture et al.). Characterized by polished stone drilled battle axes, Corded Ware (another name - Corded Ware culture), burial in crouched position. Agriculture: animal husbandry, farming. GOD Mikhail Mikhailovich (1911-90), the Russian painter, People's Artist of the USSR (1963), member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1962). The portraits reveals the inner significance of the person: "My Thoughts, Thoughts" (1959-60), "Lenin" (1959-61), "Beethoven" (1968-69). "God's judgment" in antiquity and the Middle Ages race test (fire, water, etc.), With which supposedly established judicial truth. BOZHNEV Boris (1898-1969), Russian poet. Since 1919 in France. Collections of poems: "The struggle for the non-existence" (1925), "The Fountain" (1927), "Alpha Omega with penoyu" (1936), "Elegy elegiac" (1939), "Oratorio for rain, a man's voice and Fog" "Morning after reading" The Brothers Karamazov "(both 1948), and others. ladybugs (koktsinellidy), a family of beetles. The length of 2-18 mm. Approx. 4000 species are widely distributed. exterminate aphids and other insect pests (in Transcaucasia used for biological pest of citrus, tea bush). Few, eg., melon ladybird - pests of agricultural crops. Bosanquet (Bosanquet) Bernard (1848-1923), English philosopher, representative of neo-Hegelianism, a follower of F. Bradley. The author of "The philosophical theory of the state" (1899). Bose - Einstein condensation phase transition in an ideal Bose gas, is to move macroscopically large number of particles in the state with zero momentum, occurs at low temperature, when the de Broglie wavelength of the thermal motion of the particles is of the order of magnitude of the average distance between them . Bose - Einstein Briefly, quantum statistics of systems of identical particles with integer spin (bosons). A characteristic feature of the Bose - Einstein statistics: in each quantum state can be an arbitrary number of particles. BOSE Shatendranat (1894-1974), an Indian physicist. One of the founders of quantum statistics (Bose - Einstein). Bose gas, the quantum gas of particles (or quasiparticles) with integer spin (bosons); obeys Bose - Einstein statistics. By Bose gases are monatomic gases with atoms containing an even number of nucleons (eg., 4Ne), photon gas, etc.. Bose liquid, quantum liquid of particles with integer spin (bosons). Bose liquid is liquid 4Ne at temperatures close to absolute zero. Elementary excitations (quasiparticles) in a Bose liquid obey Bose - Einstein statistics. BOZNANSKAYA Olga (1865-1940), a Polish painter. Intimate realistic portraits in the spirit of Impressionism made in light, bright tones. Bosons (Bose-particle), the particle or quasi-particle with integer spin; system of identical bosons obeys Bose - Einstein statistics. Bozorg Alevi (b. 1904), an Iranian writer and philologist. Collections of short stories, "Prison Writings" (1941), "Letters" (1951; Gold Medal of Peace, 1952), social novel "Her eyes" (1952); ostrosotsialnye content, politically topical essays "Chiefs" (1978), "Anthill" (1989). "Boeing" (Boeing), the US company for the production of transport jets. Founded in 1916. With sales of 17 billion. Dollars., Net profit of 614 million. USD., The number of employees 147 thous. People (con. 1980.). "Boeing", the common name of the aircraft of the American company "Boeing". Among them airliner "Boeing 747-300" (available since 1983). Carry up to 660 passengers at a distance of 13,500 miles at speeds up to 940 km / h. Take-off weight of approx. 380 m. Boeing (Boeing) William Edward (1881-1956), American industrialist and aircraft. In 1916 he founded the company "Pacific Aero Products" (Pacific Aero Products), changed its name a few months to "Boeing erpleyn" (Boeng Airplane Co.) and was produced until 1927 mainly military aircraft. Organized postal air, in 1926 created his own airline company. His name is a modern company "Boeing". BATTLE organized armed clash units units (ships) compounds; can be combined arms, air, sea and air. Types of battle: offensive, defensive and counter. Bullfight see. Bullfight. Bojan (Bolyai) I.. See J. Bolyai Boiga, the genus of snakes of the family of snakes. Length up to 2 m. Approx. 30 species in the South. Asia and Indonesia in tropical Africa and Australia. In Wed. Asia - Indian Boiga, length 1 m; very rare. For a man Boiga bite is not dangerous. Boyd-Orr (Boyd Orr), John (1880-1971), English scientist in the field of agriculture and nutrition and public figure. The Director-General of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (1945-48). Proceedings on metabolism and nutrition of humans and animals. The Nobel Peace Prize (1949). Boye (Boye) Karin (1900-41), Swedish writer. Love and philosophical lyrics - collections of "Clouds" (1922), "For the sake of the tree" (1935), a novel anti-fascist "Kallokain" (1940). Boyer (Bojer) Johan (1872-1959), a Norwegian writer. Realistic novels of living for workers "Great Famine" (1916), "The Last Viking" (1921) and "People Sea" (1929). Memoirs ("The Apprentice," 1942, "Guy", 1946), short stories. Boi Żeleński (Boy-Zelenski) (pres. Fam. Żeleński) Tadeusz (1874-1941), a Polish writer. Satirical couplets "word" (1911); translations of French classics "Library Boy" (approx. 100 volumes), a biographical essay. Boii, a group of Celtic tribes living in the last century BC. e. on the part of the territory of the Czech Republic (hence the name - Bohemia), Tyrol, North. Italy. Boyko Vladimir (b. 1926), the Russian sociologist, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Writings on contemporary social development of the peoples of Siberia, the North, Far East, social management. Boyko Ivan Nikiforovich (1910-75), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, for the difference in the release's. Kazatin, Chernivtsi and crossing the rivers. Dniester and Prut), Colonel (1944). In World War II commander of a tank regiment and brigade. BOYCOTT (Eng. Boycott, on behalf of the British manager Charles C. Boycott, for which for the first time in 1880 by Irish tenants has been applied this measure), 1) form of political and economic struggle involves the total or partial termination of the relationship with an individual, organization, now, for example. refusal to be hired, to buy products of this company ... 2) In international relations, under the UN Charter, - one of the coercive measures (without the use of the armed forces) to keep the peace. Is the refusal of the state to maintain relations with any state or group of states ... 3) (Perrin.) Termination of relationship with anyone in protest against something. BOILER (Eng. Boiler - boiler), a device for heating water in the heating system and hot water. Boyle (Boyle), Robert (1627-91) was an English chemist and physicist, one of the founders of the Royal Society of London. Formulated (1661) the first scientific definition of a chemical element, introduced into the chemistry of the experimental method, laid the foundation for chemical analysis. Contributed to the emergence of chemistry as a science. Set (1662) is one of the gas laws (Boyle - Mariotte). Boyle - Mariotte Law, product of the volume of a given mass of an ideal gas at the pressure constant at constant temperature; set independently R. Boyle (1662) and E. Mariott (1676). Boym (Boym) Michael (1614-59), Polish botanist and traveler. Boim essay "Flora of China" (1656) marked the beginning of "Flora" as a kind of botanical literature. Loopholes, a hole in the defensive structures for the firing of small arms. BOYOMA (Boyoma) (until 1983 Stanley), waterfalls on the river. Congo (Zaire) between years. Ubundu and Kisangani, Zaire. Seven major rapids general decline St. 40 m on a plot of approx. 150 m. Beuys (Beuys) Joseph (1921-86), a German painter, one of the most influential avant-garde German second half of the 20th century. He worked in the manner of Fluxus. Its graphics, installations, performances imbued with a sense of total disaster, decay, but at the same time express the ideal of a strong creative personality, passing through this catastrophic absurd. Boise (Boise), a city in the northwest of the United States, the administrative center piece. Idaho. 126 thousand. Residents (1990, with the suburbs of St. 200 thous. Inhabitants). Woodworking, food industry; production of computer equipment and small arms. University. Boise JENSEN (Boysen Jensen), Peter (1883-1959), Danish plant physiologist. Studies of plant growth and development, the products of photosynthesis, tropisms. Investigated the conversion of sugars during respiration of plants. Proved (1910) the presence of plant growth hormones. Author of the first summary of phytohormones (1938). Boy Scouts (from the English. Boy - a boy and a scout - scout), see. Art. Scout. Fear Boito (Boito) Arrigo (1842-1918) was an Italian composer, poet (pseudonym. Tobia Gorrie, Gorrio). Opera "Mefistofele" (1868) and others. The libretto, in Vol. H. "Othello", "Falstaff" by Verdi. Boychuk Michael L. (1882-1939), Ukrainian painter. In search of a new monumental style, acute expression turned to the traditions of the early Renaissance art, Ukrainian iconography, resorted to stylization and archaism images (paintings sanatorium in Odessa, 1928). Professor of Ukrainian Academy of Arts (1917-22) and the Kiev Art Institute (1924-36). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. BOC (Bok) John Barth (1906-83), American astronomer. Together with the American astronomer E. F. Reilly opened (1947) in the areas of small dark nebula star circular shape, enclosed in a bright nebula - Bok globules, strongly absorb light and associated with the initial stage of star formation. BOC (Bosk) Theodor von (1880-1945), the German commander, Field Marshal (1940). During the 2nd World War II commander of Army Group "North" and in the Polish Army Group "B" in the French campaign, Army Group "Center" (December 1941) and "South" (July 1942) on the Soviet-German front. Bocage (fr. Bocage - Grove), cultural landscape - the alternation of small fields and meadows with forest and bush strips (mainly in France).
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