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BLINT (from it. Blind - blind) Unacceptable abbreviation ploskouglublennogo a blind (Blind) stamping on book covers or thick paper. Bliokh Ivan S. (1836-1901), Russian economist, statistician and financier. The founder of the Russian railway statistics. Works on the economic history of Russia, the economy of industry and agriculture. Bliss (Bliss) Arthur (1891-1975), English composer and conductor. Opera "Olympians" (1949), teleopera "Tobias and the Angel" (1960), the ballets "Checkmate" (1937) and "The Lady of Shalott" (1958), cantata, symphony "Heroes of the morning" (a reader and choir 1930), and others. "Blitzkrieg" (it. Blitzkrieg, from Blitz - lightning and Krieg - war), see. blitzkrieg. Blitz tournaments, chess competition with shortened time control (usually for 5 minutes per batch every opponent). BLOCK (it. Block, Gall. Blok), 1) of the device, mechanism, device, and so on. N., Which is a combination of functional unit, part of the same elements, parts (eg., Engine block, power supply TV) ... 2) Constructive precast elements or product, usually prefabricated used in modern industrial construction (eg., unit volume, wall, window). BLOCK, as part wheel with a groove along the circumference of a thread, a chain, a rope. Used in machines and mechanisms for changing the direction of the force (fixed block), for gains in strength or path (mobile unit). BLOCK book, lists books, selected in order, stitched or glued together and prepared for insertion into hard cover or cover. BLOCK Alexander (1880-1921), Russian poet. Began in the spirit of symbolism ("Verses about the Beautiful Lady", 1904), a sense of crisis is declared in the drama "Puppet Show" (1906). Lyrics Bloc, in its "spontaneity" close to music, formed under the influence of the romance. Through deepening social trends (cycle "City", 1904-08), understanding the "terrible world" (1908-16 cycle of the same name), awareness of the tragedy of modern man (play "The Rose and the Cross", 1912-13) came to the idea of the inevitability of "retaliation "(1907-13 cycle of the same name; cycle" Yamba ", 1907-14; the poem" Retribution ", 1910-1921). The main themes of poetry found the solution in a series of "Homeland" (1907-16). October Revolution was trying to make sense of the poem "Twelve" (1918), journalism. Rethinking the revolutionary events and the fate of Russia was accompanied by a deep creative crisis and depressiey.BLOK Alexander [16 (28) in November 1880, St. Petersburg - August 7, 1921, Petrograd], Russian poet. Family. Childhood and obrazovanieOtets, Alexander L. Block - a lawyer, a law professor at the University of Warsaw, the mother, Alexandra Andreyevna, nee Beketov (second marriage Kublitskaya-Piottukh) - translator, daughter of the rector of the St. Petersburg University Beketov and translator E. Beketov Block .Rannie years have passed in the house of his grandfather. Among the most vivid impressions of childhood and adolescence - an annual summer months in the suburban estate Beketovyh Shakhmatovo. In 1897, during a trip to the resort of Bad Nauheim (Germany) survived the first youthful enthusiasm KM Sadouskaya, which devoted a number of poems included later in the cycle "Ante Lucem" (1898-1900) and in the book "Beyond the last days" (1920), as well as the series "twelve years" (1909-14). After graduating from high school in St. Petersburg Vvedenskoj enrolled in 1898 at the Faculty of Law of the University of St. Petersburg, but in 1901 moved to the History and Philology (graduated in 1906 and Slavic-Russian branch). Among the professors who have studied Block - FF Zelinsky, AI Sobolewski, IA Shlyapkin, SF Platonov, AI Vvedensky, VK Ernshtedt, BV Warnecke . In 1903 he married the daughter of Mendeleev Love Dmitrievne.Tvorchesky debut write poetry began with 5 years, but a conscious adherence vocation begins with 1900-01. The most important literary and philosophical traditions that influenced the formation of the creative personality - the doctrine of Plato, poetry and philosophy VSSoloveva, poetry AA Fet. In March 1902 became acquainted with ZNGippius and DSMerezhkovsky, have had a huge impact; in their magazine "New Way" (1903, № 3) held an opening Block - poet and critic. In January 1903 enter into correspondence, in 1904 personally acquainted with A. White, who became his closest poet of the younger Symbolists. In 1903 came "Literary collection: Poems students of the Imperial University of St. Petersburg", which was published three poems Block; in the same year published Blok cycle "Verses about the Beautiful Lady" (the name suggested V. Bryusov) in the third book of the anthology "Northern Flowers". In March 1904 began work on the book "Poems about the Beautiful Lady" (1904, on the title page - 1905). Traditional romantic theme of love-service received a "Verses about the Beautiful Lady" something new informative content, which was brought into her ideas Vl. Solovyov merger with the ever-femininity in the divine unity, of overcoming the alienation of the individual from the world as a whole through the feeling of love. The myth of Sophia, becoming the subject of lyric poetry, drastically transforms the inner world of the traditional natural cycle, and in particular, the "moon" symbols and paraphernalia (the heroine appears in the sky, in the evening sky, it is a white light source, scattered pearls, pops, disappears after sunrise, and so on. d.). Participation in the literary process 1905-09 "Verses about the Beautiful Lady" revealed the tragic impracticability "Soloviev's" life harmony (motives "blasphemous" self-doubt "calling" the most beloved and capable "change the face "), putting the poet to have to find other, more direct relationship with the world. A special role for the formation of world events played Block Revolution of 1905-07, exposing spontaneous, catastrophic nature of existence. In the lyrics this time penetrates and becomes the leading theme of "elements" (images snowstorm, blizzard, the motives of people's liberty and vagrancy). Dramatically changing the image of the central character: Beautiful Lady replace demonic Stranger, The Snow Mask, gypsy raskolnitsa Faina. Unit is actively involved in literary daily, published in all symbolist magazines ("Questions of Life", "Balance", "Pass", "Golden Fleece"), almanacs, newspapers ("Word", "Speech", "Hour" and others. ), is not only a poet but also as a playwright and literary critic (since 1907 is a critical section in the "Golden Fleece"), suddenly discovering fellow symbolism interest and proximity to the traditions of democratic literature. Become more diverse contacts in the literary and theatrical environment: Block visits "Circle of the Young", uniting writers close to the "new art" (VV Gippius, SM Gorodetsky, E. Ivanov, LD Semenov, A. Kondratyev et al.). Since 1905 visits "medium" to "tower" Vyacheslav. Ivanov, 1906 - "Sabbath" in the theater Komissarzhevskaya where Vsevolod Meyerhold staged his first play "Puppet Show" (1906). Actress of the theater NN Volokhova becomes the subject of his stormy passions, her book of poems dedicated to "The Snow Mask" (1907), a series of "Faina" (1906-08); her features - "high beauty" in the "elastic black silk" with "shining eyes" - determine the shape of "natural" characters in the lyrics of this period, in the "Tale of the one that does not understand it" (1907), in the plays "The Stranger" "King on the Square" (both 1906), "Song of Destiny" (1908). The collection of poems ("Unexpected Joy", 1907; "The land in the snow", 1908), plays ("The lyrical drama," 1908). Block publishes critical essays, speaker at the St. Petersburg Religious and Philosophical Society ("Russian intelligentsia and" 1908, "Poems and Culture", 1909). The problem of "people and intellectuals," the key to the work of this period, determines the sound of all those developed in his articles and poems: the crisis of individualism, the artist's place in the modern world, and others. His poems about Russia, in particular cycle "On Kulikovo Field" (1908), combine images and beloved homeland (Wives, The Bride), informing the patriotic motives of special intimate tone. Controversy over articles about the Russian intelligentsia and generally negative evaluation in the criticism and journalism, a growing awareness of the unit itself, that a direct appeal to a broad democratic audience did not take place, leads him in 1909 to a gradual disillusionment with the results of journalistic deyatelnosti.Krizis symbolism and creativity 1910-17 period of "soul-searching" becomes Bloc trip to Italy in the spring and summer of 1909. against the backdrop of political reaction in Russia and European atmosphere smug middle class only salvage value becomes high classical art, which, as he later recalled, "burned" it in Italian trip. This complex sentiment is reflected not only in the loop "Italian Poems" (1909) and the unfinished book of prose essays "Lightning Art" (1909-20), but also in the report "On the current state of Russian Symbolism" (April 1910). Summing up the history of symbolism as strictly delineated school, Block stated and ending the exhaustion of the huge stage and own creative way of life and the need for "spiritual diet," "courageous discipleship" and "introspection". Inheritance after his father's death at the end of 1909 permanently freed from the cares of the Bloc literary earnings and made it possible to focus on the few major artistic intentions. Independent of the active journalistic activities and participation in the life of a literary and theatrical bohemians, from 1910 he began to work on a big epic poem "Retribution" (not completed). In 1912-13 wrote the play "The Rose and the Cross." After leaving in 1911 the book "Night Watch" Block reworked his five books of poetry in the three-volume collection of poems (vols. 1-3, 1911-12). Since that time, Blok's poetry exists in the mind of the reader as a single "lyrical trilogy" unique "novel in verse" creating "the myth of the way." During the life of the poet's three-volume edition was reissued in 1916 and in 1918-21. In 1921 the unit began preparing a new edition, but only managed to finish the 1st volume. Each subsequent edition includes all the major that was created between editions: the cycle of "Carmen" (1914), dedicated to the singer LA Andreeva-Delmas, the poem "Nightingale Garden" (1915), poems from the book "Yamba" (1919) "sedoe morning" (1920) .With the autumn of 1914 unit is working on the publication of "Poems Apollon Grigoriev" (1916) as a composer, author of the introductory article and commentator. July 7, 1916 he was drafted into the army, served as timekeeper of the 13th engineering and construction squads rural and urban unions near Pinsk. After the February Revolution of 1917, the unit returns to Petrograd, and is part of the Extraordinary Commission of Inquiry to investigate the crimes of the tsarist government as editor of verbatim records. Investigation materials were summarized in his book, "The Last Days of imperial power" (1921, published posthumously) .Filosofiya culture and poetry in 1917-21 after the October Revolution Block clearly states its position by answering the questionnaire "Can intellectuals work with the Bolsheviks" - "can and must" published in January 1918 in the Left SR newspaper "The Banner of Labor" series of articles, "Russia and the intelligentsia," opens with an article "The Intelligentsia and revolution", and a month later - the poem "Twelve" and the poem "The Scythians." The position of the Bloc has caused a sharp rebuke from ZNGippius, DSMerezhkovsky, F. Sologub, Vyacheslav. Ivanov, GI Chulkov, B. Piast, Anna Akhmatova, Mikhail Prishvin and Yu Eichenwald, Ehrenburg and others. The Bolshevik criticism, responding sympathetically about his "merging with the people" with noticeable caution talked about otherness poem Bolshevik conception of revolution (Trotsky, Lunacharsky, VM Fritsche). The greatest perplexity caused the figure of Christ in the final poem "Twelve." However, modern unit critic did not notice the rhythm of parallelism and roll motifs with Pushkin's "The Possessed" and did not appreciate the role of the national myth of the demonic to understand the meaning of the poem. After the "Twelve" and "Scythians" Blok wrote humorous poems "in case of" preparing the latest edition of "lyrical trilogy", but new original poetry creates up to 1921. At the same time 1918 comes a new rise in the prose works. The poet makes kulturfilosofskij reports at meetings Volfila - Free Philosophical Association ("The Collapse of Humanism" - 1919, "Vladimir Solovyov and today" - 1920) at the School of Journalism ("Catiline" - 1918), wrote lyric fragments ("No dreams, no reality, "" Confessions of a pagan "), satires (" Russian dandy "," Fellow citizens, "" The answer to the question about the red print "). A huge number written on official activities of the Bloc: After the Revolution he was for the first time had to look not only literary earnings, but also the public service. In September 1917, becoming a member of the Theatre and literary commission since the beginning of 1918 collaborates with the theatrical department of the People's Commissariat in April 1919 goes into the Grand Theater. At the same time becomes a member of the editorial board of the publishing house "World Literature" under the direction of M. Gorky, 1920 - chairman of the Petrograd branch of the Union of poets. Originally part of Block in cultural and educational institutions motivated by beliefs about the duty of the intelligentsia to the people. However, a sharp disparity between the representations of the poet of the "cleansing of the revolutionary elements" and bloody everyday coming totalitarian bureaucratic regime led to a growing disenchantment with what is happening and made the poet again seek spiritual support. In his articles and diaries motif appears catacomb existence of culture. Block thought about the true culture and indestructibility of the "mystery of freedom" by resisting attempts to "new black" it encroach, were expressed in his speech "On the Poet" in the evening in memory of Alexander Pushkin in the poem "Pushkin House" (February 1921), which became its artistic and human zaveschaniem.V April 1921 increasing depression becomes a mental disorder with heart disease. August 7th Block died. In his obituary and posthumous memoirs constantly repeated his words of Pushkin speech devoted to the "lack of air", killing poetov.Sochineniya: Collected Works. M .; L. 1960-63. T. 1-8.Stihotvoreniya. SPb., 1994. Pr. 1-3.Literatura: Zhirmunsky VM Poetry of Alexander Blok. Pb., 1922.Mochulsky KV Alexander Blok. Paris 1947.Mints ZG Lyrics by Alexander Blok. Tartu 1965-75. B. 1-4.Maksimov DE Poetry and Prose of Alexander Blok. L. 1981.Gromov P. Blok, his predecessors and contemporaries. L. 1986.D. M.Magomedov UNIT (Bloch) Jean Richard (1884-1947), French writer and public figure. Member of "Clarte." In the book "... and Company" (1917), "Sybil" (1932) argued historically doomed class of owners. Book of essays "Spain! Spain!" (1936) on the Spanish Civil War. Drama "Toulon" (1943, published in 1944). BLOCK selective agreement of several political parties to jointly nominate a candidate or list of candidates for elections to representative bodies, the President and others. UNIT Marc (1886-1944), French historian. Proceedings of the Western European feudalism, agrarian relations in France, the general problems of historical methodology. Together with Febvre founded the journal "Annales ..." (1929). Member of the Resistance Movement, was shot by the Gestapo. BLOCKADE (Eng. Blockade), 1) a system of measures of political or economic measures aimed at isolating, violation of external relations of the blocked state for the purpose of compelling him to fulfill any requirements ... 2) Military blockade - insulation blocked objects (group of forces, city, state, etc.) by violating the external links to the land, air and sea. The purpose of the blockade - the depletion lockable groups and forced it to surrender, undermining the military and economic power of an enemy state, and others. The blockade at the tactical level is called blocking. BLOCKADE novocaine, method of treatment based on the off-time of innervation in a certain area (eg., Lumbar) with injections of novocaine. Apply with renal colic, various inflammatory processes. Heart block, cardiac arrhythmia, due to a violation of the myocardium pulse to reduce; consequence of rheumatic fever, cardiosclerosis, intoxication, etc.. d. May be temporary or permanent, partial and full. Blockhouse (it. Blockhaus), fortification (with walls and floors made of wood, concrete, et al., With living quarters for the garrison) for conducting circular small-arms, and sometimes artillery fire. In the 1st and 2nd world wars were used mainly to cover bridges, mountain passes, defense and other cities. The block diagram, perspective view of a portion of the earth's surface in conjunction with the geological section of the crust. Mainly used in the study of the relationship of the relief and geological structure. Blocking oscillator, relaxation oscillator with transformer feedback, generating short-term (approx. 1 ms) electrical pulses repeated at relatively long intervals. Devices used in pulse technique. Freezing accounts, deprivation of account holders the right to freely dispose of the funds. Carried out by public authorities with the introduction of economic sanctions against another country; in establishing the currency or credit constraints; by the decision of the judiciary in the action against the account holder. Row houses, low-rise residential buildings, consisting of residential in a row of cells, each of which has a separate entrance and private garden. LOCK, change the operating mode (up to stop) machine, apparatus or device, caused by a sudden disruption of the normal conditions of operation; prevents erroneous actions of managing the technical object. Performed automatically or manually. Blomberg (Blomberg), Werner von (1878-1946), German Field Marshal (1936). Since 1933 the Minister of the Reichswehr, 1935 the Minister of War and Commander in Chief of the armed forces. Since 1938, retired. Blomberg Bloomberg (Bloembergen) Nicholas (b. 1920), American physicist. Born in the Netherlands, since 1919 in the United States. Proceedings of the nuclear magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance, nonlinear optics, quantum electronics. Proposed to apply (1956) t. N. Method 3 levels to create a spin quantum amplifier radio band. Nobel Prize (1981, together with A. Schawlow). BLOMSTRAND (Blomstrand) Christian Wilhelm (1826-97), Swedish chemist and mineralogist. One of the creators of t. N. chain theory of the structure of complex compounds. Got (1866) niobium metal, to determine the atomic weight of titanium, niobium and other elements.. Opened (1888) geometrical isomerism number of inorganic complexes. Conducted an analysis of many minerals. Blondel (Blondel), Maurice (1861-1949), French philosopher, representative of spiritualism and Catholic modernism. Francois Blondel (1618-86), a French architect, representative of classicism (Porte Saint-Denis in Paris, 1672). Blondie (from the French. Blonde - golden, reddish, blond, blond), lace raw silk golden color (while preserving the natural color of raw materials), as well as white or black. In the 18th c., At the time of widespread lace in Russia, Blondie, along with women and men wore as a frill, cuffs, ties, shirts finish. Blonsky Pavel Petrovich (1884-1941), a Russian teacher, psychologist, historian of philosophy. Creator (1919) and professor (until 1931), the Academy of Social Education in Moscow. Share ideas pedology. Developed a theory of employment of public school, suggested a genetic theory of memory. BLOUT (Blout) Elkan (b. 1919), American biochemist, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences from 1976). Research Proceedings of proteolytic enzymes and proteins in membranes of erythrocytes. FLEAS (Bloch) Konrad Emil (b. 1912), American biochemist. Born in Germany in 1936 in the United States. Established the role of cholesterol metabolism in animals and the main stages of its biosynthesis. Nobel Prize (1964, together with F. Lynen). FLEAS Raisa Noevna (1899-1943), Russian poet. In 1921 he emigrated; lived in Berlin. Collections of poetry: "My City", "Silence" (both 1935), "Covenants" (1939, together with Borodin). The poem "Brought random rumor ..." became known as the romance repertoire of AN Vertinsky. Died in a Nazi concentration camp. FLEAS Felix (1905-83), American physicist, one of the founders of quantum theory of solids. Born in Switzerland in 1934 in the United States. Developed the theory of the energy spectrum of the crystals, the temperature dependence of the magnetization of ferromagnets near absolute zero. Opened (1946, regardless of E. Purcell) nuclear magnetic resonance. Nobel Prize (1952, together with Purcell). BLOCH Ernest (1880-1959), Swiss and American composer, conductor. Symphony singing "Israel" (1919), Rhapsody for Cello and Orchestra "Solomon" (1916) and other works of large forms, based on the Jewish melos. Bloch order of insects. Mouthparts piercing-sucking. No wings, the hind legs saltatorial. The length of 1-6 mm. Ok. 1000 species. Adult fleas feed on birds, mammals and humans, feeding on the blood; many - vectors of pathogens, in Vol. h. plague. Blokhin Alexei Alexandrovich (1897-1942), the Russian petroleum geologist, Professor (1937). Carried out geological studies on the Kerch Peninsula, the western slope of the Urals and in the Urals. Opened (1932), the first major oil field Volga-Ural oil and gas province ("Second Baku") - Ishimbaevskoe. Nikolai Blokhin (1912-93), the Russian oncology surgeon, Academician of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1979), academician (1960) and president (1960-68, 1977-87), Academy of Medical Sciences, Hero of Socialist Labor (1972). Suggested a number of methods of plastic surgery and the surgical treatment of cancer of the stomach and rectum. USSR State Prize (1982). Oleg Blokhin (b. 1952), Ukrainian sportsman, Honored Master of Sports (1975). Best footballer in Europe (1975). Cup Winners' Cup European countries (1975, 1986) and Super (1975). Champion of the USSR (7 times in 1974-86). Scored 211 goals - a record result in the history of the USSR championships. Dmitri Ivanovich Blokhintsev (1907 / 08-79), physicist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958) and the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1939), Hero of Socialist Labor (1956). One of the leaders of the world's first nuclear power plant. Proceedings on quantum mechanics, atomic and nuclear physics, nuclear reactor theory, elementary particle physics, physics methodology. Lenin Prize (1957), the USSR State Prize (1952, 1971). Block architecture, design, collected from the building blocks and components, for example. color TV. Altica, beetles, leaf beetles of the family; pests of many crops. Ok. 5 thousand. Species are widely distributed. The length of 1.5-5 mm, feed on the leaves, the larvae - the roots. Bloshnogo seeds tiny black (like fleas - hence the name) the seeds of two species of plantain, common in Eurasia. Decoction is used as a laxative. BLOIS (Bloy) Leon Marie (1846-1917), French writer, a Catholic mystic. Author of the novels "Disappointed" (1886), "poor woman" (1897), journalistic book "The Soul of Napoleon" (1912), "Diary" (1892-1917). BLUDOV Dmitrii Nikolaevich (1785-1864), Earl (1842), Russian statesman. One of the founders of "Arzamas". In 1832-38 the Minister of Interior. In 1839-62 the chief superintendent of the second branch, led the development of "the Penal Code" (1845). In the 1855-64 president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, chairman of the Council of State (1862-64) and the Cabinet of Ministers (1861-64). Floating kidney, abnormal mobility or removal from the usual place (eg., Lowered kidney or nephroptosis). May cause pain, nausea, intestinal disorders. Causes: relaxation supporting apparatus of the kidney due to emaciation, injuries, abdominal weakness. Wandering MASK METHOD, combined filming, provide images of the actor's scene in the background, shot in another place and another time. First, on a black background actor shoot a scene, and then her silhouette picture is used as a mobile (wandering) mask that covers part of the frame when taking the necessary background on the story; thus obtained image and the background scene acting combine. Stray currents, electric currents in the ground when it is used as a conductive medium (eg., In telecommunications installations, power supply systems, electrified railways). Cause corrosion of metal objects in the ground (cable sheaths, pipelines, building structures). The vagus nerve, the tenth pair of cranial nerves in vertebrates and humans. Innervates the organs of the head, neck, chest and abdominal cavities. Involved in the regulation of reflex acts (eg., Swallowing), blood pressure. BLUL (Blur, Sring), Armenian-Kurdish wind musical instrument. Kind of longitudinal flutes. Bloom is the same as bloom. Bloemaert (Bloemaert) Abraham (1564-1651), Dutch painter and graphic artist. Biblical, mythological, genre scenes, landscapes marked by the influence of Italian Mannerism, from the beginning. 17 in. - Upland features classic images. BLUMDAL (Blomdahl) Karl Birger (1916-68), Swedish composer. The head of the Stockholm Philharmonic (1955), the music department of the Swedish Radio and Television (1965). Opera "Aniara" (1959), "Mr. Hankey background" (1965), ballets "Sisyphus" (1954), "The Minotaur" (1957), concertos for instruments and orchestra. Blumenbach (Blumenbach) Johann Friedrich (1752-1840), a German anatomist and anthropologist. Proceedings on craniology and classification of races of modern man. Blumenfeld, Felix Mikhailovich (1863-1931), pianist, conductor, composer, Honored Artist of Russia (1927). In 1895-1911 conductor of the Mariinsky Theatre. The first performer of many piano. works AK Liadov, Glazunov and others. He conducted premieres of operas by Rimsky-Korsakov, in Vol. h. the opera "Legend of the Invisible City of Kitezh .." (1907). Professor of St. Petersburg (Petrograd) (1897), followed by Kiev (1918) and Moscow (1922) conservatories. "Bloomsbury CIRCLE" elite group of British intellectuals, writers and artists of the 1920s., Who lived in London's Bloomsbury district. The group included V. Woolf, L. Strachey, the artist D. Grant, economist John. Maynard Keynes and others. Bloomfield (Bloomfield), Leonard (1887-1949), an American linguist. Works on the Romano-Germanic linguistics, languages Polysynthetic building south-east. Asia and North. America. Supporter of behaviorism. Bloomfield views developed descriptive linguistics. Bloemfontein (Bloemfontein), a city in South Africa, the administrative center prov. ORANGE. 104 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Metalworking, food, tanneries. University. BLACK (Black) James White (b. 1924), British pharmacologist. Proceedings to establish a blocker? - Adrenergic and histamine H2 - receptor, which is used to treat cardiovascular disease and stomach ulcers. Nobel Prize (1988, together with D. and H. Hitchings Elayon). BLACK Joseph (1728-99), a Scottish chemist and physicist, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1783). Opened (1754), carbon dioxide. Established (1757) the existence of latent heat of fusion and vaporization. Introduced (1760) the concept of heat. Contributed to the overthrow of the phlogiston theory. "Black Sabbath" (Black Sabbath), English rock band, formed in 1969 in Birmingham. The initial composition: Ozzy Osbourne (vocals), Tony Iommi (guitar, flute), Terry Geezer Butler (bass guitar), Bill Ward (drums). Albums "Black Sabbath" (1970), "Paranoid" (1970) led to the advent of progressive hard rock. Disc "Volume-4" became "golden" in the number of copies sold. In the paper "Sabotage" (1975) has been a trend of convergence with the classics. Text team concept - mystic and social protest. Disk "Seventh Star" (1986) marked the third stage of the creative life of the group, the hallmark of which were new, "oriental" motifs. BLACKBURN (Blackburn), a city in the UK, in England. 88 thousand. Inhabitants (1981). Textiles, clothing, food, footwear industry. Blackett (Blackett) Patrick Maynard Stuart (1897-1974), English physicist, member (1933) and president (1965-70) of the Royal Society, foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1966). Classic studies of the physics of cosmic rays with improved his cloud chamber. Nobel Prize (1948). BLACKPOOL (Blackpool), a city in the UK, in England; climatic resort on the Irish m. 144 thousand. inhabitants (1988). BLAIR (Blair), Robert (1699-1746), Scottish poet. His poem "Grave" (1743) illustrated W. Blake (1808). BLAIR (Blair) Anthony (b. 1953), English statesman, Prime Minister (1997). The leader of the British Labour Party (since 1994), Member of Parliament (1983). Saucer STEPPE (depressions, pods), flat-bottomed depressions, often rounded, across several hundred meters and a depth of a few meters; mainly subsidence origin. Common in the steppe and forest steppe zones of the European part of the Russian Federation and Ukraine. BLUES (Eng. Blues, abbr. From blue devils - melancholy, sadness), originally a solo rural and then urban lyrical song of the American Negro is usually a sad content. Was formed in the beginning. 20 in., One of the sources of jazz music. Blues tradition is represented in almost all the major jazz styles. Blum (Eng. Bloom) (blooms, bloom), intermediate steel production - steel billet of square section with a side of St. 140 mm, obtained from rolling ingots or blooming of liquid metal into a continuous casting machines. Blum (Blume) Isabella (1892-1975), the Belgian social activist. Member of the Presidium of the World Peace Council in 1951, in his 1965-69 President-coordinator. International Lenin Prize (1953). Blum (Blum) Leon (1872-1950), leader and theoretician of the French Socialist Party. In 1936-38 the head of the Popular Front government. Pursuing a policy of "appeasement" of the fascist aggressors. After the German occupation of France (1940) arrested and interned in Germany. In December 1946 - January 1947 headed the government, the war in Indochina. Blum (Blum), Robert (1807-48), Member of the Revolution of 1848-49 in Germany and Austria. The head of the Democrats in Saxony, one of the leaders of the left wing of the Frankfurt National Assembly, a member of the armed struggle in Vienna (October 1848). Shot by sentence of the Austrian court martial. Blumenthal-Tamarin Maria Mikhailovna (1859-1938), Russian actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1936). On the scene since 1887. From 1933 at the Maly Theater. Best roles in plays by Alexander Ostrovsky. Filmed in the movies. Blumentritt Lavrent'evich Lawrence (1692-1755), physician-physician Peter I, the first president of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1725-33). Blooming (Eng. Blooming) (Blooming), rolling mill for crimping steel ingots in blooms. Sometimes used for rolling slabs and fittings. Characterized by the diameter of rolls in millimeters, which is usually placed close to the word blooming (eg., B. 1500). Blooming-slabbing mill, rolling mill for combined compression of large steel ingots into slabs or blooms. BLYUMMER Leonid Petrovich (1840-88), a Russian journalist. In 1862-64 he published abroad liberal constitutional journal "Free Word" newspaper "News" and "European." BLÜCHER Vasily Konstantinovich (1890-1938), Marshal of the Soviet Union (1935). In the Civil War in the summer of 1918 led the march of the Ural army, for which he was awarded the Order of the Red Banner № 1. Head of the 51st Infantry Division in the defense Kahovsky bridgehead and assault Perekopa. In 1921-22 the Minister of War, Commander of the People's Revolutionary Army of the Far Eastern Republic, led Volochaevskaya operation. In 1929-38 commander of the Special Far Eastern Army. Arrested and died under investigation. Gebhard Leberecht BLÜCHER (1742-1819), the Prussian commander, Field Marshal (1813), Prince Valshtatt. In 1813-14 chief of the Russian-Prussian Silesian army in the war with France, in 1815 - the Prussian army, participated in the Battle of Waterloo. BLYAHIN Pavel Andreevich (1886-1961), Russian writer. Revolutionary adventure story "Red Devils" (1923-26). Bai Juyi (772-846), Chinese poet. Lyrical stanzas, the poem "Lute" and "Song of infinite melancholy," marked by clarity and depth of thought; poems about the hardships of the people's life (cycles "Qin tunes" and "New Folk Songs"). BOA (fr. Boa from Lat. Boa - snake), a long, narrow scarf women's fur or feathers (eg., Ostrich). Became fashionable in the beginning. 19 in. and was considered a lady's decoration (not recommended virgins). BOA (Boa constrictor), snake subfamily boas. The length of 2-5 meters. It lives in the forests of tropical America. Skin is appreciated for the beautiful pattern. BOA, the people in Zaire. The number of 1 million. People (1992). Language either. Adhere to traditional beliefs. Boam GORGE (Bomskoe), in the valley. Chu, between Mts. Kyrgyz and Kung Tau, Kyrgyzstan. 30 km. Height of slopes up to 1500 m. Boam gorge passes highway and railroad between years. Bishkek and Issyk-Kul. Boas (Boas), Franz (1858-1942), an American linguist, ethnographer and anthropologist. Proceedings of the languages and culture of the Indians and Eskimos. One of the founders of descriptive linguistics. BOB, unilocular fruit of leguminous plants, usually dehiscent from the top to the bottom of the two doors. In everyday life, Bob incorrectly referred legume seeds. Bobigny (from the French. Bobine - coil) .. 1) in the textile industry ... view package 2) Electrical device (also called an induction coil, ignition coil) systems battery ignition internal combustion engines ... 3) reel tape or film. BOBO (self - bois), people in Burkina Faso (600 thousand. Man, 1992) and neighboring areas of Mali (220 thousand. People) and Côte d'Ivoire (100 thousand. People). Language Gbe languages. Preserved traditional beliefs, some - Catholics. Beans, the family of dicotyledonous plants with fruit - bean. Ok. 17 thousand. Species (approx. 700 genera) across the globe; make up a significant part of the flora of the tropics and the temperate zone. On the roots of legumes living nodule bacteria. Among the legumes have food crops (beans, peas, soybeans, and others.), Fodder (clover, vetch, alfalfa, etc.), Technical, ornamental plants, and so on. D. Products from legumes are rich in proteins. Includes 3 subfamilies (actually legumes, or butterfly, Caesalpinioideae and mimosa), which are often isolated in separate families. Bobo-Dioulasso (Bobo Dulaso) (Bobo-Dioulasso), a city in Burkina Faso, the administrative center of the province. Ue. 229 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). International Airport. Ginning, food enterprises. Handicraft production of carpets. Boborykin Peter D. (1836-1921), Russian writer, honorary academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1900). In numerous novels ("Dealers", 1872-73, "China Town", 1882, "Vasily Terkin", 1892), novels ("Traitor", 1889, "wiser", 1890) and plays depicted the life of various, mainly bourgeois strata of Russian society 2nd floor. 19 in. Memoirs. BOBRETSKY Nikolai Vasilyevich (1843-1907), a Russian zoologist. Works on the embryology of mollusks, crustaceans and insects. The author of one of the best pre-revolutionary Russian zoology courses "Foundations of Zoology" (v.1-3, 1884-91). BOBRIK, heavy thick (St. 4 mm) wool fabric with backcombed standing pile on the front side. Of beaver sew clothing. Beaver, the name of Novomoskovsk, Tula region. until 1934. Bobrynets, a city in Ukraine, Kirovograd region. Railway station. 12.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food enterprises. Founded in the 18th century. Bobrinsk Russian columns: 1) Alexey Grigoryevich (1762-1813), the illegitimate son of Catherine II and Grigory Orlov ... 2) Alexei (1800-68), began beet-sugar industry, since 1840 a member of the Council of Ministers of Finance and manufactory Council ... 3) Vladimir A. (1824-98), Minister of Railways in 1869-71 ... 4) Aleksey Pavlovich (1826-94), Minister of Railways in 1871-74 ... 5) Alexey (1852 -1927), from 1906 chairman of the "Council of the United Nobility," deputy third State Duma, the right; 1919 immigrant ... 6) Vladimir A. (1868 - after 1919), the deputy 2-4 of State Dumas; 1919 emigrant. BOBRISCHEVY-Pushkin, the Decembrists, members of the Southern Society, lieutenant, brothers: 1) Nicholas S. (1800-71), was sentenced to permanent exile, in 1827-56 in Srednekolymsk, Turukhansk ... 2) Paul S. (1802-65) sentenced to 12 years in prison, from 1827 to Nerchinsk mines in 1832-56 in exile in Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk. Bobrka, city (1939) in Ukraine, Lviv region., Near the railroad Art. Bobrka. 4.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Production of food, clothing accessories and others. Known since 1211. Beaver, a city in the Russian Federation, Voronezh region., At p. Bityug. Railway station. 21.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Food, wood processing enterprises. Founded in the late. 17 in. BOBROV Alexander A. (1850-1904), a Russian surgeon. Proceedings on surgical anatomy. Proposed methods of hernia repair and other operations, the device for subcutaneous fluids, named after him. The founder of the surgical school. Vsevolod Bobrov Mikhailovich (1922-79), the Russian sportsman, Honored Master of Sports (1948), Honored Coach of the USSR (1967). Olympic champion (1956), World (1954, 1956), Europe (1954-56), Ice Hockey, repeated champion of the USSR (1945-56) Cup and Vsevolod Mikhailovich hokkeyu.BOBROV (December 1, 1922, Morshansk Tambov province - July 1, 1979, Moscow), a Russian athlete and coach, honored Master of Sports (1948), Honored coach of the USSR (1967). Olympic champion (1956), World (1954, 1956), Europe (1954-56), the Soviet Union (1948-49, 1951-52, 1955-56) in ice hockey. Champion of the USSR (1946-48, 1950) and football (1945-46) Bandy. He graduated from the Air Force Academy. NE Zhukovsky (1956) and the Military Institute of Physical Culture and Sports (1960) .Bratya Bobrova In 1925 the family moved to Beaver Sestroreck (near Leningrad). From a young age, Vsevolod and his brother Vladimir (b. 1920) played hockey in the winter and in the summer of football. In 1938 the brothers Beaver invited to perform for the team "Dynamo" (Leningrad). In 1938 Vladimir entered the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, and Vsevolod after graduation worked as a toolmaker at the "Progress", which at the beginning of World War II was evacuated to Omsk. In 1942 Vsevolod began to play for the football team of the city, and soon became a cadet military Quartermaster School. Winter of 1944 Vsevolod began playing for hockey team CDKA (Central House of the Red Army). Famous football coach BA Arkad'ev later recalled: "I saw that the newcomer, hitting a society of national champions, kept safe and comfortable. It was a real, God's will and talent of individual master the game. His speed was incredible stroke ..." . Autumn of 1945 Vsevolod invited to speak and for the football team of the Moscow "Dynamo" during a tour of the UK. Vladimir, a war veteran, was awarded many decorations and medals, dreamed of returning to the sport, but this was prevented by a severe wound received at the end of the war. "Bobrov - golden leg" 23-year-old Vsevolod Bobrov brilliantly played the role of "wandering forward" in 1945 matches "Dynamo" against such strong football clubs as "Chelsea" and "Arsenal" (London), "Cardiff City" (Wales), "Rangers" (Glasgow), scoring 6 goals from 19 known sports commentator Vadim Sinyavsky called it in one of the stories - "Beavers - golden leg". On account of Bobrova many decisive goals. In 1952 at the Olympic Games in Helsinki USSR national team 20 minutes before the end of the match with a team of Yugoslavia lost 1: 5, but thanks to striker and captain Vsevolod Bobrov, who scored three goals, the Soviet team was able to even the score - 5: 5. Vsevolod scored in the Soviet Top League 97 goals in 116 matches. Unique in the history of sports for six years (1947-53) Bobrov combined their performances in football hockey. He was the only participant in the history of the sport of the Olympic Games, captain of the football (1952) and hockey (1956) teams. But numerous injuries forced him to make a final choice in favor of ice hockey. It is distinguished by a bright, non-standard game, virtuoso technique stroke, the highest speed, the irresistible pressure. Troika attacking team of the Air Force (IAF) V. Bobrov - V. Shuvalov - E. Babich was the strongest in years in the national ice hockey. In 1954 took a sensational debut USSR team at the World Hockey Championship, where she took first place, and Bobrov was named the best striker in the world. In 1956 was captain of the Olympic team of the USSR hockey, winning the gold medal. In all he scored 332 goals, including 34 for the national team since 1950 SSSR.Trener V. Bobrov - playing coach of the hockey team Air Force, 1953 - Air Force football coach. The greatest success in coaching hockey team reached the "Spartak" (Moscow) (1964-67), the former champion of the USSR (1967), and the USSR team hockey (1972-74), which was under his leadership, the world champion in 1973 and 1974 and for the first time played a series of matches against Canadian professionals in 1972. Admiring the art of coaching Bobrova, Canadians awarded him a special gold medal. Compositions: The most interesting match. M., 1963.Rytsari sport. M., 1971.Literatura: Salutsky A. Vsevolod Bobrov. M., 1984.V. I. Linder
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