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Agishev (Agishev) Saghit Ishmuhametovich (1905-73), Bashkir writer. story; novel "Foundation" (1950) about the life of the Bashkir village; short stories, humorous and satirical stories. Aghlabid dynasty of Arab emirs in the North. Africa, 800-909; vassals of the Abbasids. Fell in the fight against the Fatimids. Aglaida Rome (d. 308), the Christian ascetic. Memory in the Orthodox Church on December 19 (January 1). Aglaia (Aglay) Sebaste (d. C. 320), the guard, the victim together with the Forty Martyrs of Sebaste. Memory in the Orthodox Church, 9 (22) March 10 March in the Catholic. "Aglaia", 1) Russian literary almanac, published in Moscow in 1794-95 (published 2 books) NM Karamzin; mainly published works of izdatelya.2) monthly magazine published in Moscow in 1808-10, 1812 PI Shalikov (published works VV Izmailov, AF Merzlyakov, FN Glinka, translations). AGLIBOL (Aram. Charioteer Bela) in zapadnosemitskoy mythology, the god of the moon. Depicted as a warrior in the crown of moonbeams, venerated in Palmyra. Aglycone (genin), the residue of any organic compound forming, together with a carbohydrate molecule glucoside. AGLIPAYANSKAYA CHURCH ("Philippine Independent Church"), the Reformed-Protestant religious movement in the Philippines. Founded in 1902 by a priest Aglipaem G. (G. Aglipay). Attracted many supporters. After the 2nd World War, its influence diminished. Agglomerates (from Lat. Agglomero - joins accumulate), in geology - loose clusters of sharp-edged rock fragments; while carburizing form breccia. Agglomerations in metallurgy - thermal method agglomeration of fine ore materials (sintering) to improve their metallurgical properties. Product agglomeration - agglomerate used as raw materials for ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. AGGLOMERATION SETTLEMENTS see. Metropolitan area. AGLOPORIT artificial porous lightweight aggregate produced by heat treatment of argillaceous rocks or tailings and coal burning (slag, ashes), followed by fragmentation of the product into fractions. Agnes, Agnes (3 in.), The Christian martyr, widely venerated since 4 in .; of a Roman noble family. Memory January 21. Agni, the god of fire in Vedic religion. Agnivtsev Nikolay Yakovlevich (1888-1932), Russian poet. In verses (the collection "My song" 1921; "Saint Petersburg", 1921, revised edition - "Brilliant St. Petersburg", 1923) through the trappings of life resurrected nostalgic image of leaving Russia. Books for children. In 1921-23 in exile in Berlin. Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888-1970), Israeli writer. Wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish. Psychological novels "Issuance married" (1929), "recently" (1945), novels, collections of short stories "sheaves" (1963), "Stories for forgiveness" (1967). Nobel Prize (1966). Agnosticism (from the Greek. Agnostos - inaccessible knowledge), the philosophical doctrine that denies the possibility of knowing the objective world and the attainability of truth; limits the role of science is only the knowledge of phenomena. Serial agnosticism is presented in the teachings of John. Berkeley and David Hume. Agnus DEI (lat. Agnus Dei - Lamb of God), see. Art. Mass. Agobard (Agobard) (c. 779-840), the holy Catholic Church, the political and religious figure in the reign of Louis the Pious, the archbishop of Lyons (816). Theological writings against adoptsianskoy heresy, in particular, against Felix Urgelskogo about divine inspiration of Scripture. Memory June 6th. Agogics (from the Greek. Agoge - withdrawal), a musical performance slight deviations from the set pace for artistic purposes. Agolli Israel I. (1891-1937), a Russian geneticist and philosopher, academician of the USSR (1934). Since 1929 - Director of the Institute of Biology. Timiryazev at the Communist Academy. Proceedings on genetics and philosophical questions of natural science. Investigated the effect of X-rays on the genetic apparatus (for example, Drosophila), performed (1929) seminal work on the study of the fine structure of the gene is carried out under the guidance of Serebrovskii. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Agonistics (from the Greek. Agonistikos - ability to fight), a Christian sect in the Roman Africa in the 4-5 cc., The left wing of the Donatists. AGONY (from the Greek. Agonia - wrestling), final (terminal) moments prior to clinical death. Changes during the period of agony, as clinical (as opposed to biological) death, in some cases reversible, based on what resuscitation. AGORA (agora), the ancient Greeks, the national assembly, as well as the area where it happened (on the sides of the square are temples, government agencies, porticoes with shops). Agoshkov Mikhail Ivanovich (1905-93), the Russian scientist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR from 1981), Hero of Socialist Labor (1991). Proceedings of the underground mining of ore deposits. USSR State Prize (1951, 1983). Agra city in India, p. Yamuna, NY. Uttar Pradesh. 899 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Center crafts (stone carving, hand weaving). Manufacture of leather and footwear products, cotton fabrics. University. In the 16-19 centuries. residence of the Mughals. Landmark: "Agra - fort" (16 in .; Palace, 16 in .; "Pearl Mosque", 17 in.), The Taj Mahal. Agram (Agram), the German name for Zagreb. AGRAMANT (fr. Agrements - decoration), patterned weaving cord (wool, silk or metallised yarn), serving for finishing dresses, curtains, upholstered furniture, and so on. N. Agranulocytosis (aleukia), a sharp decrease in the number of neutrophils or their absence blood; causing fever, stomatitis, sore throat, necrosis of the mucous membranes of the mouth, bleeding, sepsis. Causes: bone marrow toxicity and others. Agranulocytes (nezernistye leukocytes), leucocytes in animals and humans do not contain cytoplasmic grains (pellets). Agranulocytes - cells and phagocytic immune system; divided into lymphocytes and monocytes. Agro-Socialist League, the Russian populist SR-Organization, Geneva, 1900-02; Leaders: FV Volkhov, LE Szyszko, VM Chernov et al. poured into Socialist-Revolutionary Party. AGRICULTURAL (lat. Agrarius), land relating to land ownership, land use, eg., The agrarian question. AGRAF (fr. Agrafe - hook, clasp, buckle), 1) elegant hair pins that secure the hairstyles feathers, flowers, artificial curls and so on. D.2) buckle or buckle in the form of brooches for dresses, hats, shoes and so on. d.Agrafy came into use in the 18th century., at which time they were not only women but also men. Agraphia (from a - a negative prefix and Greek. Grapho - I write), loss of the ability to write (with safety hand movements) due to lesions of the parietal-temporal region of the left hemisphere (right-handers) of the brain. Usually combined with aphasia. Agrakhan peninsula on the western shore of the Caspian Sea. Length approx. 50 km long and up to 8 km. Semi-deserts with sand dunes and salt marshes. Agrba Aziz Rashidovich (b. 1912), the Abkhazian actor and director, People's Artist of Georgia (1954). Since 1931 in the Abkhazian theater in Sukhumi (in 1939-63 chief director). UNIT (from Lat. Aggrego - to join), 1) uniform node machine (eg., A motor pump), to perform certain functions. The units are fully interchangeable. 2) Multiple machines operating in the complex (machines and tractors and other. Units). Connect the unit to the machine or machines in the unit called unitization. 3) The aggregate of mineral grains or aggregates that form the rock, or a portion thereof. Physical state of matter, the state (phase) of the same substance (eg., Water, iron, sulfur), transitions between which are accompanied by an abrupt change in a number of physical properties (density, entropy, and others.). Usually considered a gaseous, liquid and solid state (sometimes plasma). The existence of several substances aggregate states due to differences in the thermal motion of its molecules (atoms) and their interactions (see. Gas, liquid, solid, plasma). Transfer Machine, cutting machine, collected mainly from the normalized (standardized), kinematically linked units (ie. N. Power heads with individual drives). AGREZHE (fr. Agrege, letters. - Accepted in society), in France - the academic title awarded by the University completed a full course on the results of the special competitive zkzamenov. Gives the right for the position of teacher of the Lyceum and some departments of the university. Agrement (fr. Agrement, from agreer - approve); in international law - the consent of a State to take person nominated by another State as a diplomatic representation (ambassadors, ministers, heads of it). Agren Slavic (pres. Fam. Ågren) Dmitri A. (1836 or 1834 - 1908), Russian singer (tenor), choral conductor, collector of folk songs. Organizer choir "Slavic Chapel" (1868). AGGRESSION (from Lat. Aggressio - attack), the concept of modern international law, which covers any illegal from the point of view of the UN Charter the use of armed force by one state against the sovereignty, territorial integrity or political independence of others. State or nation (nation). Considered to be the supreme international crime against the peace and security of mankind. The concept of aggression include as a mandatory feature of superiority or initiative (application by a State of armed force first). The 29th Session of the UN General Assembly (1974) adopted a definition of aggression. AGRIGENTO (Agrigento), a city in Italy, in the south of. Sicily. 56 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Production of building materials. Remains of ancient Greek temples 6 - 3 centuries. BC. e. Gothic church of 13 - 14 centuries. AGRICOLA (Agricola) George (pres. Fam. Bauer, Bauer) (1494-1555), a German scientist. For the first time summed up the experience of mining and metallurgical industry in the work "On the mining ..." (1550, 12 books, published in 1556), which until the 18th century. served as the main tool in geology, mining and metallurgy. AGRICOLA (Agricola, actually Schinitter) Johann (1492-1566), leader of the Reformation in Germany, an associate of Luther. AGRICOLA (Agricola), Michael (1508-1557), leader of the Reformation in Finland, Bishop of Turku (1550). Luther and Melanchthon's pupil. Translated into Finnish New Testament (published in 1548 in Stockholm) and some books of the Old Testament. Agrippa (Agrippa) (approx. 63 - 12 BC. E.), Roman general, a close associate of Augustus. Known buildings in Rome (water, Pantheon, terms) and in Gaul. Agrippa (Agrippa) Nettesheim, Heinrich Cornelius (1486-1535), German humanist, Neoplatonist. In the essay "On innermost philosophy" expounded the doctrine of magic, based on the concept of the interconnectedness of all things. Agrippina (d. C. 200), bishop of Naples. Memory in the Orthodox and the Catholic Church on 9 November. Agrippina Rzhevskaya (13 in.), The princess, wife of Blessed Prince Vladimir Rzhev. Memory in the Orthodox Church 15 (28) of July. Agrippina of Mineo (d. Between 253-260), the Christian martyr, the victim in Rome in persecution of the Emperor Valerian. Memory in the Orthodox and the Catholic Church on June 23. Agrippina the Elder, Agrippina Vipsania (14 BC. E.-33 BC. E.), The wife of the Roman general Germanicus, daughter of Marcus Agrippa and Julia Vipsania, daughter of Emperor Augustus. Accompanied Germanicus in campaigns in Germany and the Middle East. Had 9 children, among them the Emperor Caligula and Agrippina the Younger. Tiberius was sent into exile for having accused him of poisoning her husband. In exile, committed suicide. AGRO ... (from the Greek. Agros - field), part of the compound word meaning "Agronomy" (eg., Agricultural machinery). Agrobacterium, a genus of Gram-negative aerobic bacteria. 4 types; living in the soil, mainly in the rhizosphere. Able to induce the formation of galls (tumors) in many plants. The pathogenicity of the Agrobacterium due to the presence in their cells of plasmids. On the basis of these plasmids create vectors used in genetic engineering to introduce foreign genes into plant cells. Agribusiness sector of the market economy, associated with the Process of agricultural production, storage, distribution and processing of its products. Structurally, the agribusiness basically equivalent to agriculture. Agrobiocenoses (from agro ... and biocenosis), a community of plants, animals and micro-organisms, created and maintained regularly by man for agricultural products. Characterized by low environmental reliability (agrobiocenosis not able to self-regulate and self-healing), but high enough yield (productivity). Agrobiocenosis basis of agrophytocenosis - artificial plant community created on the basis of agricultural activities (eg., Crops and planting of crops, vegetables, fruit and industrial crops). The vegetation cover is usually formed agrophytocenosis one species (varieties) of cultivated plants and related weedy. Replacement of natural vegetation in monoculture leads to a sharp agrobiocenoses restructuring its Zoocenosis. Animals are not able to eat cultivated plants and transfer conditions of his culture disappear, while others (mainly insect herbivores) are favorable conditions, multiply (up to mass outbreaks) and can harm crops. Studies of the structure, stability and productivity agrobiocenosis constitute a separate section biogeocenology - agrobiotsenologiyu. Agro-climatic maps displaying the climatic conditions in their interaction with objects and processes of agricultural production. Characterize the complex agro-climatic resources of any territory, climatic conditions of growth of individual cultures et al. Phenomena. Agroclimatology, studying the climate as a factor of agricultural production. Agriculture (of agriculture) (lat. Agricultura - husbandry, agriculture), a set of techniques to improve farming. Agroforestry Institute Russian Research (RNIALMI) Agricultural Sciences, founded in 1931 in Moscow; 1958 in Volgograd. Research and development to combat soil erosion, protective afforestation. Agroforestry, 1) silvicultural system for Drought, dry winds, soil erosion, etc.. Includes the creation of protective forest plantations, afforestation sands, agronomic, hydraulic, and economic ORGANIZING et al. Event. 2) Section reclamation science, developing the theoretical foundations of agroforestry work. Agricultural meteorology, studying weather, climate and hydrological conditions that are relevant to agriculture. Agronomic ores, minerals and rocks used to produce fertilizers: apatite, phosphates, potassium salts, and others. AGRONOMICS (from agro ... and Greek. Nomos - law), the complex science of cultivating crops. Agronomic rules and guidelines have been known Dr. Egypt, Dr. Greece, China, India, Dr. Rome. From the end. 18 in. improved farming systems, developed the theory of plant nutrition, methods of seed production and plant protection from pests and diseases. From the 2nd floor. 19 in. in the composition of agronomy develop agriculture, farming, agricultural chemistry, soil science, plant breeding. Great achievements in the development of agronomy belong to Russian scientists Bolotov, IM com bubble, A. Thayer, J. von Liebig, AV Sovetov, VV Dokuchaev, VR Williams, K. Timiryazev, Pryanishnikov, Michurin, Vavilov and others. The main branches of modern agronomy: agriculture, agricultural chemistry, agricultural physics, plant, selection, Seed, plant pathology, agricultural entomology, agricultural reclamation. AGROPROMBANK (All-Union joint-stock commercial bank agribusiness), a universal commercial bank in the USSR. Established in 1990 to carry out credit and settlement services to all sectors of the economy, provides services for leasing, factoring and Engineering, committed foreign currency transactions and international payments, issue guarantees, warranties and other. Financial obligations. In 1991 transformed into the Agricultural Bank. Agropromizdat publishing and printing association, created in 1984 on the basis of the publishing house "Kolos". It also included book edition on relevant topics and others. Publishers. Publishes scientific, technical, industrial, and reference books in agricultural chemistry, animal husbandry, veterinary medicine, mechanization and electrification of agriculture and others. AGRIBUSINESS (APC), a set of interrelated sectors of the economy, industries and activities that interact in the course of meeting the needs of the population in food and consumer goods from agricultural raw materials. Conventionally divided into three areas: agricultural production; group of industries involved in the production of capital goods for agriculture, its logistics and production services; group of industries that provide processing and movement of agricultural products to the final consumer (food, appropriate light industry, transport enterprise, storage, sale). APC as a manifestation of agroindustrial integration develops in most economically developed countries in the mid. 20 in. Agriculture, the system of methods of cultivation of crops, crop technology. Includes: crop rotation, tillage, fertilization, seed preparation for sowing, sowing and planting, caring for plants, weed control, disease and pests, harvesting. Farming methods of plant protection, the use of methods of farming to kill pests, pathogens and weeds of crops. Agrophysics, the science of the physical processes in soil and plants, the use of methods and means of regulating the physical conditions of life of agricultural crops (eg., The temperature regime of the soil, light), to accelerate their maturation and increased yields. Was formed in the 20th century. Becoming agrophysics associated with the names of E. Russell, AF Ioffe, Pryanishnikov, NA Kaczynski and others. Agrophysical Research Institute (AFI) Agricultural Sciences, founded in 1932 in Leningrad. Studies on the physical problems of agriculture; technical development. Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Institute of the USSR, founded in 1970. Since 1982, as part of Soil Science and Photosynthesis Institute. Agricultural chemistry, the science of chemical processes in the soil and plants, mineral nutrition of plants, the use of chemical fertilizers and soil improvement; the basis of chemicals used in agriculture. Formed in the 2nd floor. 19 in. Becoming agrochemical associated with the names of A. Thayer, Liebig, Mendeleev, Pryanishnikov et al. Developed based on the achievements of agronomy and chemistry. Agryz, city (1938) in the Russian Federation, Tatarstan, at p. Agryz. Railway junction. 20.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Of railway transport and others. AGTELEK (Baradla-Domica) (Aggtelek, Baradla-Domica), karst cave in the Slovak Karst, Hungary (the majority) and Slovakia. Approx. 25 km. Underground River (Styx and Acheron) and rooms with stalactites and stalagmites. Tourism. Aguascalientes, a city in central Mexico, the administrative center of the piece. Aguascalientes. 293 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Textile and food industry. Resort. Founded in 1575. Aguascalientes (Aguascalientes), state in central Mexico. 5.5 thousand. Km2. The population of 720 thousand. People (1990). Adm. c. - City of Aguascalientes. Aguda (1068 - 1123), founder and first emperor (1115 - 23) State of Jin in China. Agulla (self - Agul), the people in the Russian Federation, mainly in Dagestan (14 thous. People). The number in the Russian Federation 18 thous. People (1992). Language Agul. Believers - Sunni Muslims. Agul Proteins ridge in central eastern. Sayan. Length approx. 50 km, height up to 2626 m. Aghul language refers to the Caucasian (Ibero-Caucasian) Languages (Dagestan languages). Developed a script based on the Russian alphabet. Agulhas (Agulyash) (the Portuguese. Agulha - needle), see. Cape Agulhas. "Augusta", the Italian helicopter design firm. Founded in 1907 by John. Agusti and initially engaged in the development and production of light aircraft. Agouti (humpback hares), a genus of mammals rodents. Length up to 60 cm. 12 species in tropical forests South. and the Centre. America. AGYRBICHANU John (1882-1963), Romanian writer. Realistic portrayal of life in Transylvania 1st floor. 20 in. (novel "Archangel" 1914, "sectarians", 1938) combined with the statement of Christian morality (novel "The law of the flesh", 1926). BP (from the Greek. Hades - the underworld), according to the majority of religious teachings, the seat of the shower sinners, doomed to eternal torment. Adabashyan Artemovich Alexander (b. 1945), a Russian screenwriter, artist, actor, director, Honored Artist of Russia (1982). In the cinema in 1974. Screenwriter (with N. Mikhalkov) and artist (with A. Samulekinym) films adaptations: "Unfinished Piece for the Player Piano" (1977, by AP Chekhov), "Five Evenings" (1979, based on the play by AM Volodin), "Oblomov" (1980) and others. Works Adabashyan different fine sense of style and genre. Filmed in the movies: "Five Evenings", "Flying in dreams and reality", "Hound of the Baskervilles" and others. Put in France movie "Mado, poste restante" (1990). Adad, in ancient mythologies (in Sumer, Babylonia, Palestine and others.) God of thunder, wind and rain. Depicted with a hammer and a bunch of lightning. Adadurov (Adodurov) Vasily Antonovich (1709-1780), Russian mathematician, writer, translator, the first Russian full member (Adjunct) of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1733-41), an honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1778). The author is not published in the original first Russian grammar in Russian (1738-40, published in 1750 in Swedish). From 1762 curator of Moscow University, President of Manufactures College. Adagio (adadzho) (ital. Adagio, letters. - Quiet, slow), in music - 1) slow pace. 2) The name of the product or part (usually 2nd) cyclic combination in adagio tempo. 3) Slow solo or duet dance in classical ballet. ADAYHOH, the summit of the Greater Caucasus in the North. Ossetia, south of Tseyskogo glacier. The height of 4408 meters. "Adalat", "Adalat" (pers. - "Justice"), the social-democratic organization of Iranian workers, established in 1917 in Baku. In 1920, her group in the Caucasus, Wed. Asia, Astrakhan entered the RCP (B). Adalbert (d. C. 1160), the first bishop of Pomerania (Pomerania), preached Christianity among the pagan Slavs Pomeranian. ADALVIN (Adalvin) (d. 873), the Archbishop of Salzburg (859), an implacable opponent of the missionary activity of Saints Cyril and Methodius. ADAM, the Bible and the Koran first man and the father of the human race was created by God. Adam of Bremen (Adam von Bremen) (? - After 1081), the North German chronicler. Essay "The Acts of Bishops of the Hamburg Church" - a valuable source in t. H. Slavyanogermanskih on the history of relations. ADAM Raifa (d. C. 312), a Christian monk who labored in the wilderness Raifa (on the Red m.). Killed during the invasion of the Arabs. Memory in the Orthodox Church 14 (27) of January. Adam (Adam), Robert (1728-92), English architect, representative of classicism. Rigorous, rational Planners manor house (Kenwood House in London, 1767-69), public buildings (University of Edinburgh, 1789-91), the city's neighborhoods (Adelphi in London, 1768-72) with elegant decor.

FRIEDRICH WILHELM NIETZSCHE / ФРИДРИХ ВИЛЬГЕЛЬМ НИЦШЕ

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