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BIOGEOGRAPHY (from bio ... and geography), studies the spread and distribution of organisms across the globe. Biogeochemical exploration, methods of mineral exploration, based on the detection of elevated concentrations of ore-forming elements in the soil and plant ash or abnormal biological responses of plant organisms to the action of chemical elements near the ore deposits. Biogeochemistry, geochemistry section; studying the chemical composition of living matter and geochemical processes in the Earth's biosphere, with the participation of living organisms; also includes organic geochemistry. Biogeocoenosis (from bio-geo ... ... and Greek. Koinos - common), homogeneous portion of the earth's surface with a specific composition of living (biocenosis) and inert (surface layer of the atmosphere, solar energy, soil, etc.) Of the components and the dynamic interaction between them (material and energy). The term suggested Sukachev (1940); used as a synonym of the ecosystem. Biogeocenology (from biogeocoenosis and ... logy), studies biogeocoenoses. Bioherms (from bio ... and Greek. Herma - underwater fold hill), a massive dome-shaped accumulation of biogenic carbonate substances from the gradual proliferation at the bottom of a shallow pond colonies attached organisms are deposited lime (corals, bryozoans, algae, etc.); reaches tens of meters vertically and several kilometers in length. BIOGIDROAKUSTIKA (from ... bio, hydro ... and acoustics), exploring the sounds of aquatic organisms. Promising for commercial exploration of some fish species and the establishment of their species. Uses echolocation techniques to accurately determine the depth, density clusters and the speed of advance of shoals of fish. Biogidroakustika in the Navy to distinguish submarine, and so on. N. From the shoal of fish or a whale. Biographical method in literary criticism, interpretation of literature as a reflection of the biography and personality traits of the writer (initiator S. O. Sainte-Beuve). Absolutization biographical method leads to diminish the role of the spiritual and historical atmosphere, period style, traditions and influences. In the scientific literary criticism - one of the principles of research. Biographical method, used in the social sciences: to describe the structure of a typical way of life and characteristics of collective biography of the individual generations on the basis of analysis of the socio-historical data; to reconstruct the life-world of individuals on the basis of a study of personal documents (correspondence, diaries, autobiographies, and others.). BIOGRAPHY (from bio ... and ... graphy), 1) a description of a person's life; genre of historical, artistic and scientific prose. Modern biography (eg., A series of "Life of Remarkable People") reveals the historical, national and social conditioning, psychological type of personality, its causal relationships c sociocultural world (Wed Autobiography) ... 2) A person's life as a collection of his actions, events and mentalities. Biodozy, erythema dose, the minimum duration of ultraviolet irradiation of the skin needed for the emergence of a weak, but clearly defined erythema. Biozones, deposits corresponding to the vertical spread of a single taxonomic group of fossil organisms (species, genus, family). Bioindicators organisms whose presence, amount or intensity of which is indicative of any natural process or ambient conditions, the presence of certain substances in the water or in the soil, the degree of contamination and others. See. Also indicating plants. Biocatalysis same as enzymatic catalysis. Biocatalysts the same enzymes. Bioko (Bioko) (until 1973 Fernando Po, until 1979 Macias Nguema-Biyogo-) island in Guinea hall. The territory of Equatorial Guinea. 2017 km2. The population of St. 100 thousand. Man. Height up to 3008 m. The plantations of cocoa, oil palm. On Bioko - the capital city of Malabo, Equatorial Guinea. Bioliths (from bio ... and ... lit.) organogenic rocks. Institute of Biology of Inland Waters (IBIW) Academy of Sciences, founded in 1962 (the story is from the biological station "Borok", founded in 1938) in Nekouz district of the Yaroslavl region. Biological research in inland waters. MARINE BIOLOGY INSTITUTE (IBM) of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1970 in Vladivostok. The study of the biota of the Far Eastern seas, the development of theoretical and practical issues of reproduction of marine organisms. Developmental Biology Institute (IDB) to them. Koltsov Academy of Sciences, founded in 1967 in Moscow at the Institute of Morphology them. Severtsova USSR. The study of animal development and management problems during ontogeny. Biology of Southern Seas Institute. Kovalevsky Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, organized in 1963 in Sevastopol on the basis of Sevastopol (founded in 1871-72) and Karadag (founded in 1907), biological stations; in 1964 became a member of the Institute Odessa Biological Station (founded in 1954). Basic research on the biological productivity, organization of protection of biological resources of the sea. Biological nomenclature, the system of scientific names in Latin, in botany, zoology, microbiology and mycology for groups of organisms that varying degrees of kinship - taxa. Botanical, zoological nomenclature and other developing relevant international committees, then their claim to international congresses and published by the International Codes, which have the force of legislation. There is also anatomical, biochemical, and other nomenclatures. See. Also binary nomenclature. Biological wastewater treatment, based on the ability of microorganisms to break down (mineralize) contained in the effluent organic matter (dirt). Carried out on irrigation fields, in aeration tanks, biological filters, and so on. N. Biological productivity playback biomass plants, microorganisms and animals that are part of a particular ecosystem; generally expressed in mass production for the year per unit area or unit volume (water, soil); in a more narrow sense - to play wild animals and plants used by man. The highest biological productivity in tropical forests (up to 7 kg / m2. Per year). Production plants biosphere is estimated at 170 × 109 tons, products of animal - approx. 400 x 107 m. The study of biological productivity - one of the main objectives of the International Biological Program. Biological membranes, the lipid-protein structures of molecular size (not more than 10 nm in thickness) was located on the cell surface (plasma membrane) and intracellular particles - the nucleus, mitochondria, etc. With selective permeability to regulate the salt concentration in cells, sugars, amino acids and other products of metabolism. Biological rhythms (biorhythms), cyclical fluctuations in the intensity and nature of biological processes and phenomena. Some are relatively independent biological rhythms (eg., Heart rate, respiration), while others are associated with the adaptation of organisms to geophysical cycles - daily (eg., Fluctuations in the intensity of cell division, metabolism, locomotor activity of animals), tidal (eg., Biological processes organisms associated with the level of tides), one year (in the number and activity of animals, plant growth and development, and others.). The science of biological rhythms - chronobiology. "Biological clock", the ability of the animal and human oriented in time; based on strict periodicity of physical and chemical and physiological processes in cells - biological rhythms. Biological age, in gerontology - the true degree of aging. Determined by special devices on the physical condition (cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous and muscular systems, etc.). Does not always coincide with the chronological vozrastom- number of past human years. Biological methods of plant protection, downsizing or elimination of pests, weeds and diseases of crops by other organisms (entomophages antagonists, pathogens) or produced by them biologically active substances (antibiotics, hormones, attractants). Biological filter structure for biological wastewater treatment. Is a reservoir with a double bottom, filled with coarse filter material (slag, gravel, concrete block, and others.). Waste water passing through the filter material, forming on the surface of the biofilm microorganisms clusters destroying organic matter of sewage. BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF RADIATION, biochemical, physiological, genetic and other changes that occur in living cells and organisms as a result of ionizing radiation and ultraviolet rays. The basis of the biological effect of radiation on the processes of ionization and excitation of molecules, radiation-chemical reactions that change the function of biopolymers, mainly DNA. With significant doses of radiation amplified genetic effects of radiation and various adverse effects, until the death of cells and organisms. See. Also critical organs. BIOLOGICAL direction sociological teaching and school 2nd floor. 19 in., The transfer of concepts and laws of biology on society, resulting in a simplified interpretation of social phenomena (see. G. Spencer, racial-anthropological school, Organic School, Social Darwinism). Biological oxidation, a plurality of redox enzyme reactions in living cells. In the process of biological oxidation cleavage of nutrients and is cleared when this energy is stored in a convenient form for use by cells t. N. energy-rich compounds - adenosine triphosphate, and others. These compounds are then the cost of providing all the vital processes; part of the energy is dissipated as heat. A significant part of the biological oxidation reactions carried out in the mitochondria. Institute of Biological Physics (IBP), RAS, founded in 1952 in Moscow (USSR Academy of Sciences Laboratory 1950), since 1967 in Pushchino Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow reg.). In 1990, divided into the Institute of Cell Biophysics, Russian Academy of Sciences and Institute of General Biophysics. BIOLOGY (from bio ... and ... logy), the totality of Life Sciences - on a huge variety of extinct and now inhabiting the earth of living creatures, their structure and function, origin, distribution and development, relationships with each other and with inanimate nature . Biology establishes general and specific laws inherent in life in all its manifestations and properties (metabolism, reproduction, heredity, variation, adaptability, growth, mobility and others.). The first systematic attempt knowledge of wildlife were made by ancient philosophers and physicians (Hippocrates, Aristotle, Theophrastus, Galen). Their works, continued in the Renaissance, marked the beginning of botany and zoology, as well as human anatomy and physiology (Vesalius, and others.). In the 17th - 18th centuries. in biology penetrate experimental methods. Based on quantitative measurement and application of the laws of hydraulics was opened circulation mechanism (W. Harvey, 1628). The invention of the microscope expanded the boundaries of the known world of living beings, to deepen the understanding of their structure. One of the main achievements of this era - the creation of a system of classification of plants and animals (Linnaeus, 1735). However dominated speculative theories about the development and properties of living things (spontaneous generation, preformation et al.). In the 19th century. as a result of sharply increased the number of studied biological objects (new methods, expeditions in tropical and inaccessible areas of the Earth and others.), accumulation and differentiation of knowledge formed many special biological sciences. So, botany and zoology are broken into sections, studying individual taxonomic groups, develop embryology, histology, microbiology, paleontology, biogeography, and others. Among the achievements of biology - cell theory (T. Schwann, 1839), the discovery of the laws of heredity (Mendel, 1865 ). The fundamental changes in biology led evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin (1859). Biology 20. characterized by two interrelated trends. On the one hand, an idea about the quality of different levels of organization of wildlife: the molecular (molecular biology, biochemistry and other sciences, unites the concept of physical and chemical biology), cellular (cytology), organism (anatomy, physiology, embryology), population-species (ecology, biogeography). On the other hand, the desire for a holistic, synthetic knowledge of wildlife has led to the progress of science, studying certain properties of nature at all structural levels of its organization (genetics, systematics, evolutionary theory, and others.). Remarkable success since the 50s. reached molecular biology, revealed the chemical basis of heredity (the structure of DNA, the genetic code, the matrix principle of the synthesis of biopolymers). The doctrine of the biosphere (Vernadsky) revealed the scale geochemical activity of living organisms and their inextricable link with inanimate nature. The practical significance of biological research and methods (in Vol. H. Of genetic engineering, biotechnology) for medicine, agriculture, industry, the wise use of natural resources and environmental protection, as well as insight into these research ideas and methods of the exact sciences biology with advanced Ser. 20 in. at the forefront of science. Developmental biology, branch of biology that studies the mechanisms and driving forces of the individual development of organisms. Developmental biology - the successor to the previously arisen in experimental embryology areas - Mechanics development; formed by Ser. 20 in. based on embryology at the junction of its cytology, genetics, physiology and molecular biology. Bioluminescence (from bio ... and luminescence), the glow of living organisms (some bacteria, fungi, invertebrates, fish) due to enzymatic oxidation of specific substances (a significant number of species - luciferin). Bioluminescence - kind of chemiluminescence. BIOM (Eng. Biome), a set of different groups of organisms and their habitats in certain natural areas and zones, eg., In the temperate zone of the steppe, taiga, in the arid desert zone. Biomass (from bio ... and weight), the total mass of individuals of one species, groups of species or community as a whole (plants, microorganisms and animals) per unit area or volume of habitat; often expressed as weight of wet or dry material (g / m2 kg / ha g / m3 and the like. d.). Biomass plants called phytomass, animal biomass - zoomass. The total biomass of living organisms in the biosphere, according to various estimates, from 1.8 × 1012 m to 2.4 × 1012 tons of dry matter. Biometeorology, exploring the effects of physical and chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere, the impact of climate and weather on humans, animals and plants. BIOMETRICS (from bio ... ... and meters), branch of biology, the main task - planning quantitative biological experiments and results processing methods of mathematical statistics. Fundamentals of biometrics laid in the context. 19 in. the work of British scientists F. Galton and Pearson. Biomechanics (from bio ... and mechanics), to investigate the mechanical properties of living tissues, organs and body as a whole, as well as the origin of them mechanical phenomena (when moving, breathing and so on. D.). Biomes (from bio ... and Greek. Morphe - form, type), the same as the life form in plants. Biondi (Biondi) Matthew Nicholas (b. 1965), American athlete (swimming). Multiple Olympic champion: 1984 - 4100 m relay freestyle, 1988 - 5 gold medals: 50 m, 100 m, 400 m, 800 m freestyle; 1992 - 2 gold medals in the 4100 m medley relay and relay 4100m freestyle. Multiple world record holder. Bioinorganic chemistry, studies biopolymer complexes or low molecular natural substances with metal ions present in living organisms (Na +, K +, Ca2 +, Mg2 +, Fe2 +). Explores the role of these ions in the implementation of the biological functions of enzymes and others. Formed as an independent region in the 50s. 20 in. Practical application of the metal associated with the synthesis of drugs. Bionics, especially studies of the structure and activity of organisms to create new instruments, mechanisms, systems and improving existing ones. Promising directions: the study of the nervous system of humans and animals, the senses, the principles of navigation, orientation and location used by animals for improving computer technology, the development of new sensors and detection systems, and so on. D. Bioorganic chemistry, studying the relationship between the structure of organic substances and their biological functions. Object of study: biopolymers, vitamins, hormones, antibiotics and other. Formed as an independent field in the 50s. 20 in. at the junction of biochemistry and organic chemistry. Bioorganic chemistry is closely related to practical problems in medicine, agriculture, chemical, food and microbiological industry. BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY INSTITUTE (IBCh) them. Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Academy of Sciences, founded in 1959 in Moscow (until 1974 Institute of Chemistry of Natural Compounds). Chemical studies of organic compounds involved in biological processes, in Vol. H. Biopolymers, et al. Biofield, the term used to explain psychic phenomena, in particular therapeutic effects by t. N. Therapeutic Touch, and so on. n. Registering biofield scientific methods is debatable. Biopolymers macromolecular (molecular weight 103 - 109), natural compounds - proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, and derivatives thereof. Are the structural basis of living organisms and play a decisive role in the processes of life. Biopsy (from bio ... and Greek. Opsis - view the spectacle), in vivo excision of a piece of tissue or organ for microscopic examination for diagnostic purposes. Biorhythms, the same as biological rhythms. Biosynthesis, education necessary body substances in living cells with biocatalysts - enzymes. Typically biosynthesis from simple starting materials more complex compounds formed until the giant molecules of proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides. In industry use microbiological synthesis - biosynthesis by microorganisms antibiotics, hormones, vitamins, amino acids, etc.. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY Section stratigraphy, to study the distribution in the sediments of fossil organisms in order to determine the relative age of these deposits. BIOSPHERE (from bio ... and the world), the region of the active life, covering the lower part of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and the upper part of the lithosphere. In the biosphere, living organisms (living matter) and their habitats are organically connected and interact with each other, forming a complete dynamic system. The term "biosphere" introduced in 1875 by E. Suess. The doctrine of the biosphere as an active shell of the Earth, in which the overall activity of living organisms (in Vol. H. A person) appears as a factor of planetary scale geochemical and values created by VI Vernadsky (1926). Biosphere reserves, protected area (nature reserve, national park, etc..), In which the protection of the most representative for the area of natural systems combined with scientific research, long-term monitoring of environment and education in the field of environmental protection. Biosphere Reserves (1973) associated with the program "Man and the Biosphere". By 1994 the world was St. 300 Biosphere Reserves; in Russia - 17, in Vol. h. Sikhote-Alin, Oka-terraced and others. BIOTA (from the Greek. biote - life), the collection of plants, animals and micro-organisms, united by a common area of distribution. In contrast to the ecological community can be characterized by the lack of ecological links between species. Biotelemetry (from bio ... body ... and ... meters) measured at a distance indicators characterizing the state of biological objects (eg., Pulse, temperature, blood pressure, astronauts, athletes); carried out by means of remote control. Biothermic JMA (Beccari well), in-depth into the ground (9-10 m) the construction of water- and heat-resistant material for the disinfection of animal carcasses (except died from anthrax). In the process of decomposition of corpses in 30-40 day turn into a mass suitable for fertilizer. Bioengineering system, a set of interrelated and interdependent biological and technical systems or facilities. Eg., On-board the spacecraft biotechnical system includes a kitchen, power regeneration air and water, energy devices, thermal control, sometimes space greenhouse. Biotechnological (from bio ... and Greek. Techne - the ability, skill), game management section. The main task of biotechnological - development of measures to protect and increase the number of wild animals, improve their productive qualities. Biotechnical work carried out in the reserves, hunting grounds. Biotechnology, the use of living organisms and biological processes in industrial production. Develop microbiological synthesis of enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, antibiotics, and so on. N. A promising industrial production of other biologically active substances (hormonal preparations, compounds that stimulate the immune system, and so on. N.) With the help of genetic engineering methods and culture of animal and plant cells. BIOTIN (vitamin H), a water-soluble vitamin; coenzyme participating in CO2 transfer reactions to organic compounds, eg. in the biosynthesis of fatty acids. Most are rich in biotin, liver, kidneys, peas, beans. In animals and humans is synthesized by intestinal microflora. Lack of biotin is mostly skin lesions. Biotite, rock-forming mineral of the mica group, K (Mg, Fe) 3 [AlSi3O10] (OH, F) 2. Black, brown, brown crystals, foliated aggregates. The hardness of 2.5 - 3.5; density 2.7 - 3.3 g / cm3; easily split into flexible leaves. Distributed in igneous and metamorphic rocks; pegmatites occur in crystals up to 7 m2 area. Habitats (from bio ... and Greek. Topos - place), a portion of the earth's surface (land or water body) with the same type of environmental conditions, occupied a certain biocoenosis. Biofuels, organic materials (manure, peat, etc.. N.) That produce heat during decomposition. Used for heating greenhouses, warming the soil. Biofactories (Biokombinat), enterprise producing biologics (vaccines, serums, etc..) For the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of diseases of animals. Biophysics, the science that studies the physical and physico-chemical phenomena in living organisms, the structure and properties of biopolymers, the influence of various physical factors on living systems. The first attempts to apply the physical ideas and methods to the study of the body (blood movement, the perception of sound and light, and others.) Were made in the 17th century. In the future, the main stages in the development of biophysics are related to the study of "animal electricity" (Luigi Galvani), the development of physiological acoustics and optics (Helmholtz), mechanics and energy of living organisms, ion (Lazarev) and membrane (J. Bernstein ) theory of excitation. In Ser. 20 in. stood out as an independent direction radiobiology, bioenergetics, photobiology, and others. On the other hand, biophysics include complex science called physical and chemical biology. Biofilter, the same as a biological filter. Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms of the Institute (IBPM) Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1965 in Moscow in 1966 in Pushchino Research Center of Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow reg.). Research on the biochemistry and physiology of microorganisms, molecular biology and bioorganic chemistry. Biochemistry Institute (INBI) them. AN Bach Academy of Sciences, founded in 1935 in Moscow. Studies on the metabolism and energy in living organisms, technical biochemistry. Biochemical Society under RAS. Created in 1992 on the basis of the All-Union Biochemical Society (1958-91). National Council - in Moscow. In 1993 St. 4 th. Members. BIOCHEMISTRY, studies included in the organisms chemicals, their structure, distribution, and conversion functions. The first information on the biochemistry associated with human activities (processing plant and animal materials, the use of different types of fermentation, and so on. P.) And medicine. Crucial to the development of biochemistry had first synthesis of natural substances - urea (F. Wohler, 1828), undermined notions of "life force", allegedly involved in the synthesis of various substances by the body. Using the achievements of common analytical and organic chemistry, biochemistry in the 19th century. was formed as an independent science. The introduction of the biology of ideas and methods of physics and chemistry and the desire to explain biological phenomena such as heredity, variation, muscle contraction et al., Structure and properties of biopolymers led in the middle. 20 in. the isolation of the biochemistry and molecular biology. Needs of the economy in the production, storage and processing of various types of raw materials led to the development of Technical Biochemistry. Along with molecular biology, biophysics, bio-organic chemistry biochemistry include complex Sciences - Physical and Chemical Biology. Biocenosis (from bio ... and Greek. Koinos - common) (cenosis), a set of plants, animals and microorganisms that inhabit this area of land or water body and is characterized by certain relationships between themselves and adaptability to environmental conditions (eg., Biocenosis lake forests). Biocenology (from biocenosis and ... logy), studies biocenosis. Bioelectric potentials, power potentials in cells and tissues (mainly in cell membranes) of living organisms. Associated with the processes of excitation and inhibition in animals and humans, and irritability in plants. Study of bioelectric potentials are used for diagnostic purposes (electrocardiography, electroencephalography, and others.). Bioenergetics, exploring the mechanisms and patterns of energy transformation in the life processes of organisms, energy processes in the biosphere. Dual nationals (from bi ... and Greek. Patris, genitive patridos - fatherland, homeland) (bipolidy), in international law, a person held in conjunction citizenship of two or more States, ie. E. With dual citizenship. Biplane (from bi ... and armor. Planum - plane) plane with two wings, arranged one above the other. Restrictions apply (mainly for training purposes and agricultural work). In the 1930s. monoplane superseded because of low speed capabilities. BIPOLIDY (from bi ... and Greek. Polis - the citizens of the state), the same as dual nationals. BIR (Moldovan - a tribute, tax), Moldova homestead lodge with farmers (15 in.), As well as a tribute to Turkey and collecting gifts for the Sultan in the 16-18 centuries. BIR (Bier) August (1861-1949), a German surgeon. Proposed a method of artificial congestion in the treatment of inflammatory infectious diseases, spinal anesthesia method (1901). Proceedings of bone grafting, treatment of wounds vessels tuberculosis. BIRA, the river in the Far East of the Russian Federation, a left tributary of the Amur. 261 km catchment area of 9580 km2. Average water consumption 107 m3 / s. Beerbohm (Beerbohm) Max (1872-1956), English novelist, a popular cartoonist. Book of short stories "Seven Men" (1919), a collection of essays and notes, "Even today" (1920), "myriad" (1928), etc .; numerous literary parody. Birger Boris G. (b. 1923), the Russian painter, belonged to the "unofficial art", continuing the tradition of symbolism. Wrote restrained in tone cloth imbued with soft inner glow. A famous portraits of his spiritual opposition, writers - Andrei Sakharov, Yu M. Daniel B. Okudzhava S. et al., Also written in "self-luminous" manner. YARL Birger (Birger Jarl) (? -1266), Ruler (yarl) Sweden in 1248-66; House of Bjelbo dynasty. Swedes led a campaign against Novgorod (defeat in the Battle of the Neva in 1240) and the campaign against the Finnish tribes (1249) and ending with the conquest of their territory. Birgitta (Birgitta) Sweden (1303-73), Christian mystic, founder of the monastic order, has spread across Europe. Since 1350 lived in Rome. Memory in the Catholic Church on July 23 and 8 October. Beard (Beard) Charles Austin (1874-1948), an American historian, one of the founders of economic trends in the historiography of the United States. Writings on the history of the United States. Beardmore Glacier (Beardmore Glacier), in Antarctica, one of the largest in the world. Descends from the Polar Plateau and flows into the Ross Ice Shelf. Length of 200 km, br. 40 km. Opened in 1908 British expedition E. Shackleton. Named for Lord William Beardmore, to provide financial assistance in the equipment of the expedition. Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev (b. 1945), the King of Nepal since 1972. EXCHANGE, in St. Petersburg on Vasilevsky Island; architectural monument of Russian classicism (1805-10, opened in 1816, architect J. Thomas de Thomon). Now the Central Naval Museum. Construction in the form periptera on a high base, surrounded by Tuscan colonnade logged in ensembles of the city center. EXCHANGE (Gall. Beurs, it. Borse), a form of regular action of the wholesale market, goods are sold by the standards and samples (Commodity Exchange), securities (stock exchange) and foreign exchange (currency exchange) and labor (labor exchange ). Commodity Exchange focuses on mass wholesale turnover, mainly raw materials and foodstuffs (non-ferrous metals, grain, cotton, sugar, etc.). Distinguish between universal and specialized (for individual commodities or groups) commodity exchanges. On official stock exchanges are allowed to deal in shares of large companies only; in many countries there are informal stock exchanges where traded any securities. Members of the Exchange are divided into brokers and dealers. Exchange sets standards for commodities, the price level (quotation) for goods and securities, analyzes market conditions of supply and demand, distributes business information. Birzhai (Birzai) (until 1917 the official name of the Exchange), a city in Lithuania, at the lake. Shirvenos, at p. Apaschya. Railway station. 16.4 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Textile (mostly linen), food industry. Near - spa resort Likenay. Known since 1589. "Stock Exchange News," moderately liberal newspaper 1880-1917, St. Petersburg, 1885 daily. Put the stock exchange business information. Exchange Committee in Russia, since 1816 elected bodies at constant exchanges, a form of "representative organizations" of the bourgeoisie. By 1917 - 101 Exchange Committee. After the February Revolution and went into the All-Russian Commercial and Industrial Union. Exchange transaction, cash registers, in which the transfer of shares, payment of goods and money are made immediately or in the next 2-3 days, and the term in which these operations are performed after a certain period of time (usually within a month). See. Deport, Report. Birthe (Birze) (pres. Fam. Berzins) Miervaldis (b. 1921), the Latvian writer. In 1941-45, the German concentration camp prisoner. The anti-fascist novel "And the river flows beneath the ice" (1957), a satirical novel "Pink Elephant" (1976), a collection of short stories "On the shores of the two seas" (1978), a memoir "Memories, memories ..." (1968), "On flying geese "(1984), plays. Birznieks-Upitis (Birznieks-Upitis) (pres. Fam. Birznieks) Ernests (1871-1960), Latvian writer, People's Writer of Latvia (1947). Collections of short stories from the life of the Latvian laborers and artisans' ITES Stories "(1900)," Tales of gray stone "(1914), an autobiographical trilogy" Pastarinya Diary "(1922-24); "Tales Nina" (vols. 1-2, 1922-24). Birzula name Kotovsk until 1935. Biringuccio (Biringuccio) Vannochcho (1480-1539), an Italian engineer and scientist. The main work "On the pyrotechnics" (1540) - a kind of technical encyclopedia of the time.
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