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Jewelry (from the French. Bijouterie - trade of jewelry), women's jewelry (brooches, necklaces, rings and so on. N.) Of base stones, metals, and so on. N. Mizzenmast see. Art. Mast. BIZET (Bizet) George (1838-75) was a French composer. Opera "The Pearl Fishers" (1863), "The Perth Beauty" (1866), "Jamila" (1871), and "Carmen" (1874) - the top of the French realist opera. Music to the drama A. Daudet "Arlezianka" (1872, popular orchestral suites: 1st composed by Bizet, 2nd - E. Guiraud). Bizerte, city and port in the north of Tunisia, the administrative center of the Wilaya of Bizerte. 94.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1984). Refinery. The cement industry, nonferrous metallurgy, crafts (carpet weaving, manufacture of lace). Based on the location of the Phoenician settlements. BZ (Bz), colorless crystals, m.p. 165 ° C. Psychotomimetic effects of toxic substances (for foreign data). In-air concentrations of 0.1 mg / l and 1 min exposure causes visual hallucinations and emotional, lasted about a day. BUSINESS (Eng. Business), business activities; business, occupation, which is a source of income. "Business Week" ("Business Week"), economic and political weekly in the United States, since 1929, New York. Bison, hoofed animal of bovids. Close to the bison. The body length of up to 3 m, weighs up to 720 kg. Lived in the prairies of North. America. By the end. 19 in. almost completely destroyed. Thanks to these measures remained mostly in national parks and reserves United States and Canada (primarily in Wood Buffalo). BIINYAO in Chinese mythology nerazluchnitsy bird, a symbol of marriage. Presented with one wing and one eye. Biisheva Zainab (b. 1908), Bashkir writer. Historical novels about life in the 20th century Bashkirs .: trilogy "Humiliated" (1959), "The Awakening" ("The Big Ika", 1967), "Emeshev" (1977). Story. Poetry, drama, stories, works for children. Billaud-Varennes (Billaud-Varenne) Jean Nicolas (1756-1819), leader of the French Revolution con. 18 in., A Jacobin. From 1792 deputies of the Convention, in September 1793 with a member of the Committee of Public Safety. In 1794 he joined the Thermidorians. BIJjSK, city (with 1782) in the Russian Federation, Altai kr., A marina on the River. Biya. Railway station. 234.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Start car Chui tract. Engineering, chemical, light (Flax), food processing, wood processing industry. Pedagogical Institute. Theater. Museum. Founded in 1709. Bii-Khem River in Tuva, see. Big Yenisei. Biya (Biya) Paul (b. 1933), the president of Cameroon since 1982. In 1975-82 the Prime Minister. Since 1980 deputy chairman, from 1983 the national chairman of the ruling party, the Democratic Association of Cameroonian people. Bikaner, a city in north-west India, pieces. Rajasthan. 415 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Chemical industry. Handicrafts (carpets, ivory). Bikbaev (Bikbaev) Bayazit (1909-68), Bashkir poet and playwright. Collection of lyrical poems and poems. Dramatic poem "Salavat" (1940-54), on the basis of which the composer Z. Ismagilov created opera "Salavat Yulaev" (staged in 1955). A novel about modernity "When bottled Akselyan" (1956); memoir "The Living source" (1968). Bikbulatova Zaytuna Islamovna (b. 1908), Bashkir actress, People's Artist of the USSR (1973). Since 1927 the Bashkir Theater. Gafuri (Ufa). Biquadratic (from bi ... and armor. Quadratus - square), an algebraic equation of the form ax4 + bx2 + c = 0. Its solution is reduced to solving a quadratic equation by the substitution y = x2. Bikila Abbebe (1932-73), the Ethiopian athlete. The first in the history of the Olympic Games track and field athlete, who won the championship twice in the marathon (1960, 1964). Bikini, city (1938) in the Russian Federation, Khabarovsk kr., In the valley. Bikin. Railway station. 19.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Woodworking, light and food industries. Bikini river in Sikhote-Alin mountains, right tributary of the Ussuri. 560 km, the basin area of 22.3 thousand. Km2. BIKINI (Bikini), an atoll in the Pacific c., In Arch. Marshall Islands. Ok. 5 km2. In 1946 and 1954, the United States was carried out on the Bikini tests of atomic and hydrogen weapons, which led to considerable destruction of the island. BIKITA (Bikita), one of the world's largest deposits of lithium tantalite-berillsoderzhaschih pegmatites in Zimbabwe. Stocks of Li2O 305 thousand. T, BeO 27 thousand. T, content Li2O 2,9%, BeO 0,2-0,6%. BIKKENIN Nail Barievich (b. 1931), philosopher and journalist, Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1987). Chief editor of "Communist" (1987; 1991 chief editor of "Free Thought"). Proceedings of the social philosophy and political science. Bicol (self), the people of the Philippines (mainly in the Bicol Peninsula, on the island. Luzon). 4.5 million. People (1992). Language Indonesian branch. Believers - mostly Catholics. Beaconsfield (Beaconsfield) B., See. B. Disraeli. NIRS (from it. Buchse - tin, bank), metal box, which is sterilized and kept sterile dressings, Surgical drapes. Bix (Bixio) Girolamo Nino (1821-1873), Italian democracy, a close associate of John. Garibaldi. BIKTEMIROV Shaukat Khasanovich (b. 1928), Tatar actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1977). Since 1949 in the Tatar Theater. Kamala (Kazan). Fuse, the same as the fuse. Bikchentaev Anver Gadeevich (1913-89), Bashkir writer. Stories, novels of our time "Swans are in the Urals" (1956), "I do not sulyu you Paradise" (1963), "Spring, similar to the cry" (1981). Bilaterally (from bi ... and armor. Lateralis - side), two-way, dvuboky referring to both (two) sides of anything. Eg., A bilateral agreement, bilateral symmetry. Avg. Lateral. Bilash Alexander (b. 1931), the Ukrainian composer, People's Artist of the USSR (1990). Lyric, patriotic songs; opera, operetta. Bilenko (Bilenchi) Romano (b. 1909), Italian writer. Member of the Resistance Movement. Realistic short stories; novel "The Shelter of St. Theresa" (1940), a novel anti-fascist "button Stalingrad" (1972). Bielefeld (Bielefeld), a city in Germany, the land of North. Rhine-Westphalia. 322.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1992). Textile Center (16 in.), Machinery, textile, chemical industry. University. Bilibin, Ivan Yakovlevich (1876-1942), a Russian graphic artist and stage designer. Member of the "World of Art". Illustrations to Russian fairy tales and epics in graphic arts and ornamental manner, based on styling based on Russian folk and medieval art. Yury A. Bilibin (1901-52), a geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1946). Proceedings on metallogeny and conditions of formation of placer gold deposits. Member of the discovery of gold-bearing areas in the northeast of the USSR. USSR State Prize (1946). Bilibin, city (1993) in the Russian Federation, and Chukotka. a., at the confluence of rivers. Karalveem and B. Kaperveem. 13.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1993). Gold mining, building materials, food enterprises. NPP. Named for YA Bilibin. Bilingualism (from bi ... and armor. Lingua - language) (bilingual), possession of two languages. Bilinear forms, the form of the 2nd degree, t. E. A homogeneous polynomial of degree 2 on two groups of variables and form, where - number. Eg., Axy for n = 1, for n = 2, and so on. D. Bilinkis Yakov (b. 1926), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology (1970), Professor (1970). The main area of interest - the history of Russian literature of the 19th century. Soviet literature, theater and cinema. Books: "The great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy" (1953), "playwright Alexander Korneychuck" (1957), "On the work of Leo Tolstoy" (1959), "Russian classics and the study of literature in school" (1986) et al. BILIRUBIN (from Lat. bilis - bile and ruber - red), orange-brown pigment of bile; a breakdown product of hemoglobin. Formed mainly in the liver, where it comes with the bile into the intestine, a small portion of the blood. For some liver determination of bilirubin in the blood and urine has diagnostic value. Bill (Bill) Max (p .1908), the Swiss designer, sculptor, graphic artist and painter. He studied at the Zurich School of Arts and Crafts (1924-27), at the Bauhaus (1927-29). Since the 1930s. worked in the style of "concrete art". In 1937 created a group of young Swiss artists "Alliance" (Allianz). In 1951 founded the High School of formation, which is a new Bauhaus. BILLINGS (Billings), William (1746-1800), American composer. Self-taught. One of the first US national composers. Choral anthems "Chester," "Rejoice, America" and others. Billionth (fr. Billion), usually the same as a billion tons. E. The number 109; in some countries, a billion - the number 1012. BILL (Eng. bill, from Wed-century. lat. bulla - printing, paper printing), in the US, UK and several other countries bill introduced to the Parliament, as well as the name of the individual laws (eg., "Bill of Rights"). "BILL OF RIGHTS", in the UK, passed by Parliament in 1689. sharply limited the king's power and guarantee the rights and freedoms of parliament, laid the foundations of the British constitutional monarchy. "Bill of Rights" in the United States, the first 10 amendments to the Constitution of 1787; adopted in 1789; entered into force in 1791 provides for freedom of speech, press, assembly, religious confession, the separation of church and state, personal integrity and dr.BILL RIGHTS (Bill of Rights), 1-10-I Amendment to the US Constitution, which came into force on 15 December 1791, the main legal document guaranteeing political rights and personal freedoms of US citizens. Put an end to the concept of the divine origin of the power of the king and government, characteristic of early medieval Europe and the era of absolutism. Dates back to the British Magna Carta in 1215, legislation to limit the power of the king. The most important of human rights - inviolability of the person - the first time enshrined in law in the Habeas Corpus Act of the British Parliament on May 27 1679. Other rights are enshrined after the Revolution 1688. Since the beginning of the War of Independence American states have enacted laws to summarize these rules: Virginia Bill of Rights, 1776, bills of rights as part of the constitutions of Pennsylvania (1776), Massachusetts (1780) and others. However, during the war warranty does not apply to opponents of independence. The Constitution of the United States, to create a strong federal government, did not include guarantees of individual rights from the tyranny of the federal government. Under pressure from protests anti-Federalist John. Madison proposed 8 June 1789 to complement the Constitution. After Virginia, the 11th of the then 14 states ratified the Bill of Rights, it has acquired the force of law. Initially, it was considered only as a law to protect citizens from the federal government. In 1866, the first time the 14th Amendment prohibited the states to provide blacks fewer rights than white; The Supreme Court in 1873 overturned this decision, finding unacceptable interference in the actions of the federal government states, but in 1925 the court decision actually lost power as a result of the decision that "no state shall make or enforce laws restricting the privileges and liberties of US citizens ". A special place in the Bill of Rights takes 1st amendment, which proclaims freedom of speech, press and assembly. It based the fundamental rights of citizens and political organizations - parties, trade unions, associations and konfessiy.2 Amendment recognizes that in order to guarantee the freedom of states have the right to maintain a militia, and the people - to keep and bear arms. Around it are perennial debate, opponents of free trade in arms achieve its otmeny.3 Amendment prohibits the quartering of soldiers in private homes without the consent of the owner in time of peace; it has lost its relevance. 4th Amendment guarantees the inviolability of person and property, prohibiting searches and arrests without a warrant, which can be issued only by judicial authorities in the presence of "acceptable reason." There were a large number of interpretations of the 4th amendment. In 1928, the Supreme Court decided that the establishment of eavesdropping equipment does not contradict it, provided that they are not physically foreign invasion into the living room; in 1967 a new regulation prohibited the unauthorized podslushivanie.5 Amendment introduces the jury, declaring that "no one may be compelled under any criminal case to testify against himself or to deprive of life, liberty and property without due process." 6th, 7th and 8th amendments concern the court proceedings. Based on the 8 th Amendment in different states allow or forbid the death penalty, depending on whether the court of the State of the death penalty to "cruel and unusual punishment." 9th amendment states that the law "which already enjoys people," even if they are not included in the constitution, can not be canceled. This amendment supporters used a broad interpretation of all rights. According to the 10th amendment, states' rights, have not been transferred to the federal government, shall be inviolable. Supporters of the sovereignty of states, in particular, during the Civil War, the United States, often based on the 10th Amendment. In 1941, the Supreme Court did away with the dual interpretation of the Bill of Rights, ruling that states' rights are recognized only within the limits set by federal law. The Bill of Rights was used in the development of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations December 10, 1948, and similar documents, operating in many countries mira.Literatura: The Rise of American States / Editor. Ed. AA Fursenko. SPb., 1992.The Bill of Rights: A Documentary History / Ed. by B. Schwartz. New York; London, 1971. V. 1-2.A. A. Fursenko BILL-BELOTSERKOVSKY Vladimir N. (1884 / 85-1970), the Russian writer. Plays in t. H. "Storm" (1926), the dramatic events of the first years of the revolution, stories. BILONNAYA coins (from the French. Billon - low-grade silver), small coin whose value exceeds the value of the contained metal and the cost of its coinage. Currently minted coins only bilonnye. Biel (it. Biel, French. Bienne), a city on the north-west Switzerland. 51 thousand. Residents (1987, with suburbs 83 thousand. Inhabitants). Manufacture of watches, jewelry, printing, engineering. Tourism. BILBAO (Bilbao), the city and port in the north of Spain, the administrative center of the province. Vizcaya. 369 thousand. Inhabitants (1991), the Great St. Bilbao. 950 thousand. Residents. International Airport. Ferrous metallurgy and mechanical engineering, chemical, oil refining, textiles, food processing, paper industry. University. Cathedral (Gothic, 14th c.), The town hall ("modern" style, 1890, architect sleeves). Founded in 1300. Bilbasov Vasily (1837-1904), Russian historian and publicist. The actual editor of "The Voice" (1871-84). The main work "History of Catherine II" (vols. 1-2, 1890 - 96). BILDT (Bildt) Charles (b. 1949), the Prime Minister of Sweden since 1991. Since 1986, Chairman of the Moderate Party. Billroth (Billroth) Theodore (1829-94), a German surgeon, one of the founders of modern surgery. For the first time made removal of the esophagus (1872), larynx (1874), the bladder. Developed methods gastrectomy (1881-1884). BILLIARDS (fr. Billard, from bille - ball), 1) the game with balls and cue (wooden stick) on the table with the board ... 2) The table for billiards - with pockets (holes in the sides) without them. Biliunas (Biliunas) Jonas (1879-1907), a Lithuanian writer. Stories "Without work" (1903), "First Strike" (1903) and the novel "Sad Tale" (1907) - from the life of the workers. Bilyar, medieval (10-13 cc.) City, 12-beg. 13th centuries. the capital of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. Remains around with. Bilyarsk Tartary. Bilyar Peter Spiridonovich (1819-67), the Russian Slavic linguist, academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1863). Explore the ancient Slavic and Russian monuments. Published materials for a biography of MV Lomonosov. Bilasuvar (until 1991 Pushkin), city (1966) in Azerbaijan, on the Mugan plain. 19 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton factory. BIMA-SUMBANSKIE peoples, groups of peoples in eastern Indonesia (bimah, sumbantsy, Manggarai people, Eve et al.), On the islands of the Lesser Sunda arch. 3.1 million. People (1992). Languages Indonesian branch. By religion, Christians, Sunni Muslims and followers of traditional beliefs. Bimbisara (2nd floor. 6 in. BC. E.), The ancient Indian king, a contemporary and supporter of the Buddha. Bim-Bom, Russian music duo clowns, eccentrics. Room was created in 1891 by JS Radunskaya (Bim) with F. Cortesi (Bom). There was until 1946 (with a break) with different partners Radunskaya. BIMETAL (from ... Bi and metal) of the two material layers of different metals or alloys (eg., Aluminum and steel). Manufactured mainly simultaneous rolling or pressing of two pieces. Used to increase the strength and heat resistance of structures, reducing their weight or as a material with special properties (eg., For thermostats). Bimetallism, the monetary system in which gold and silver act as a statutory universal equivalent form the basis of monetary circulation of the country (16-19 cc.). In the context. 19 in. in most countries bimetallism replaced gold monometallism. BIMIS (Bemis) Samuel Flagg (1891-1973), an American historian, one of the leaders of the American Historical Association. Works on the history of US foreign policy. BIMS (Eng. Beams, the plural of beam - beam, beam), crossbeam linking onboard branch of the frame. Stiffens the decks and distributes the load on the deck boards, bulkheads, etc.. D. See. Also set the ship's hull. BIN (Bean), Alan (b. 1932), US astronaut, Captain 1st rank Navy retired. Flying on "Apollo 12" lunar landing (November 1960), the flight to "Apollo" and the space station "Skylab" (July-September 1973). Binary nomenclature (binomial nomenclature), the designation of species of animals, plants and microorganisms by two Latin words: the first - the name of the genus, the second - the specific epithet (eg., Lepus europaeus - hare, Centaurea cyanus - Cornflower Blue). K. offered Bauhin (1620), the basis for the taxonomy C. Linnaeus (1753). Binary alloys (from Lat. Binarius - double), consist of two components (metals or metal and non-metal). Binaural effect (from the Latin. Bini - two and auris - ear), the ability of humans and higher animals to determine the direction of the sound source. Due to the fact that the ears are located at a certain distance, the sound comes to them phase differences and intensity, which leads to a difference in the pulses fed to the central nervous system from the right and left ear, and enables to determine the direction. Bing (Bingham), copper deposit in the western US (pcs. Of Utah). Developed since the 80s. 19 in. Hydrothermal porphyry copper with Mo, the periphery of the ore-bearing intrusions skarn and vein. Stocks of approx. 1.5 bln. Tons of ore with an average grade of 0,7% Cu and 0,029% Mo. Incidentally extracted Pt, Pd, Se, Ni. Binghamton (Binghamton), a city in the northeast United States, pcs. New York. 53 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Radio-electronic industry, photographic supplies, shoes. University. BINDENSHU (Bindensu, Bindensehu) Ruperts (1645-98), Latvian architect. The representative of the Baroque. From 1671 he worked in Riga (facade of the church of Peter, 1689-94; t. N. Reitern house, 1684-88). Binder (Binder) Ludwig (1881-1958), a German electrical engineer. Works on the study of heat transfer in electric machines, the transformation of the electric current, overvoltage protection, the dielectric strength of insulating materials. Bindusara (early 3 c.), The ancient Indian king of the Mauryan dynasty, to maintain a relationship with the ancient world, the father of Ashoka. Binet (Binet), Alfred (1857-1911), French psychologist. Proceedings on the experimental study of higher mental functions (especially thinking), the diagnosis of mental development of the child. Developed a series of tests. BINI (Edo EDO), the people of Nigeria. 4270000. People (1992). Language beanies. Believers - mostly Christians. Binning (Binnig) Gerd (b. 1947), a German physicist. Works on the physics of low temperature surface phenomena. Nobel Prize (1986, together with E. Ruska and H. Rohrer) for creating raster tunneling microscope. BINOCULARS (fr. Binocle, from Lat. Bini - couple and two oculus - the eye), an optical device for viewing distant objects with both eyes. Consists of two telescopes, connected in parallel. Gives a 2-22-fold increase. Magnifier glasses, optical device for viewing with both eyes at the same time small objects. The simplest binocular magnifier - 2 lenses, mounted in frame. Gives 2.4-fold increase. Binocular range finder, the same as the stereoscopic rangefinder. BINOM (from bi ... and armor. Nomen - name), the same as the binomial. About binomial of the form (x + y) n cm. Art. Newton's binomial theorem. Binomial distribution (Bernoulli distribution), the probability distribution of the number of occurrences of an event in repeated independent trials, if the probability of occurrence of this event in each trial is p (0BINOMIALNY gain, in the formula of Newton's binomial expansion. Binomial series, infinite power series, which is a generalization of the Newton binomial the case of fractional and negative indicators. Binswanger (Binswanger) Ludwig (1881-1966), Swiss psychiatrist. oppose psychoanalysis t. n. existential Analysis; criterion of mental health - continuity samostanovleniya open future. BINFEY in Chinese mythology in the form of a two-headed monster boar. BIO - Savary law defining the magnetic field generated by an electric current, named for JB Biot and Savart F., opened it in 1820. BIO ... (from the Greek. bios - life) of the compound words 1) means: pertaining to life (eg., biogenesis) ... 2) Corresponding to the word "biological" (eg., biocatalysis). BIO (Biot) Jean-Baptiste (1774-1862), French physicist, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1819). Major works on the study of the polarization of light (the law named after him), magnetic field, electric current (ie. N. The Biot - Savart, 1820), acoustics. Organic Law: rotation angle of the polarization plane of linearly polarized light is proportional to the thickness of the layer of optically active material which passes light beam. Set JB Biot in 1815. bioacoustics (from bio ... and acoustics), exploring sounds (voices) of animals, their sound communication and orientation in space using echolocation. Bio Bio river in Chile. 380 km, the basin area of 24 thousand. Km2. The average water consumption of approx. 1000 m3 / s. Navigable downstream. Biogas is produced by methane fermentation of various organic wastes from agriculture, forest processing and food industries, utilities, etc .; consists of methane (30-75%) and carbon dioxide. Used as fuel. Biogenesis (from bio ... and ... genesis), the formation of organic compounds by living organisms. In a broad sense biogenesis - empirical generalization stating that all life comes only from life. In Ser. 19 in. biogenesis opposed unscientific notions of spontaneous organisms (worms, flies, and others.). As a hypothesis about the eternity of life biogenesis untenable. Avg. Abiogenesis. Biogenetic law, generalization, according to which individual development (ontogeny) is a kind of recapitulation (recapitulation) the most important stages of evolution (phylogeny) of the group to which that individual belongs. Set F. Muller (1864) and formulated Ernst Haeckel (1866). BIOGENIC BREED, the same as the organogenic rocks. Biogenic stimulators, biologically active substances; are formed in the animal and plant organisms when exposed to adverse environmental conditions (external and internal) and accumulate in isolated tissues. When administered to stimulate the vital processes, in Vol. H. Of regeneration and growth than good, eg., With tissue therapy. Nutrients, chemical elements, constantly make up organisms and perform specific biological functions. Essential nutrients - O (approx. 70% of body weight), C (18%), H (10%), N, B, S, Ca, K, Na, Cl. B. e., The body needs in trace amounts are called micronutrients.
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