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Bezold (Bezold) Friedrich (1842-1908), German otolaryngologist, one of the founders of the physiology of hearing and acoustic diagnosis of lesions. Proved the existence of the deaf "islands of hearing" and developed on the basis of this method of learning spoken language. BETSTSENBERGER (Bezzenberger) Adalbert (1851-1922), German philologist and archaeologist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1894). One of the founders of the Baltic philology. Works on the Baltic languages. Issued a written monuments of 16-17 centuries. Becho, pass the Main Caucasus Mts., Between the mountains and Donguz-Orunbashi Shhelda. 3375 m. The trail passes through the Becho on p. Baksan in the valley. Yusengi to p. Inguri. Tourism. Bechuanaland (Bechuanaland), British protectorate in Africa in 1885-1966. From September 1966 State of Botswana. BECHUANY see. Tswana. Bechara, a city in western Algeria, the administrative center of the wilaya Bechar. 107 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Center of the mining district (development of coal, iron, manganese ore). Flavoring, sewing, metalworking industries. Besh-Aral reserve, Kyrgyzstan, Chatkal valley. Founded in 1979. The area of 16,732 hectares. Forests of walnut and juniper. Marmot marmot, snow leopard, etc .; golden eagle, osprey, peregrine falcon. Besharyk, city (1983) in Uzbekistan, Fergana region., Near the railroad Art. Rapkan. 17.6 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Factories: cotton ginning, cotton fiber. Rabies, a viral disease of humans and animals: severe central nervous system. Is transmitted through the saliva of infected animals, mainly by the bite. Reservoir of the virus in nature - wild carnivores. Prevention in humans: emergency vaccination after being bitten. "Reservoir", the nickname of extreme-left political movement in the period of the French Revolution con. 18 in. and ideologists of the urban poor (J. Roux, T. Leclerc, J. Varlet et al.). Demanded the maximum of revolutionary terror. In the struggle with the Jacobins were defeated in autumn 1793. squirting cucumber, a genus of perennial herbaceous plants of the family Cucurbitaceae. 1 species, mainly along the shores of the Mediterranean and Black m. Mature fruits like cucumber, come off when touched and forcefully eject liquid with seeds (hence the name). Beshkent, city (1977) in Uzbekistan, Qashqadaryo., Near the city of Karshi. 11.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Cotton factory, garment factory. Beshkov Elijah (1901-58), bell schedule. Imbued with sharp social satire and anti-fascist antimonarchist drawings in Bulgarian magazines 20-30th., And domestic political cartoons. Tunic (Turk.), Top swing men's clothing among the peoples Avg. Asia, North. Caucasus and others. Beshtay, five-domed mountain-laccolith near Pyatigorsk. 1400 m. Deciduous forests. BEEKMAN (Beekman) Vladimir (b. 1929), an Estonian writer. Collections of poetry. Historical novel "City sorrowful stones" (1959), the novel "Transit passenger" (1967), "Night pilots" (1975), a documentary novel "And a hundred deaths" (1978) - the Great Patriotic War, the novel "Corridor" (1982 ), "Narva Falls" (1986). BEEKMAN Aimé (b. 1933), an Estonian writer. The novel "Deaf bells" (1968) about the Nazi occupation, "Flock of black sheep" (1967), "The Hour Equinox" (1971), "Chertotsvet" (1974), "Falling Leaves" (1975), "Choice" (1978) "The possibility of renunciation" (1989) on the moral and ethical issues, dystopia "Race" (1982). Beersheba, a city in Palestine in the West Bank. Jordan. 114 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Trade and transport center in the Negev Desert. Chemical, glass, wood processing enterprises. Known since 4. BC. e. BRZEZINSKI (Brzezinski) Zbigniew (b. 1928), American sociologist and statesman; in 1977-81 assistant to the president John. Carter's national security. In the 1970s. proposed the theory of the entry of American society in Vol. n. TEKHNOTRON era - one of the options "post-industrial society." Brzezinski flayed communism. The main policy makers in the field of human rights. OPRC see. Bulgarian Agrarian National Union. Bzyb Range, on the southern slope of the Greater Caucasus. Ok. 50 km. Height up to 3033 m. Is developed karst (Athos, snow caves and others.). Broad-leaved and coniferous forests, above - mountain meadows. Bzyb river in Zap. Caucasus. 110 km catchment area of 1510 km2. Flows into the Black m. River valley. Bzyb - the road to the lake. Riza. BI ... [Lat. bi - TLD (x) - from bis - twice], part of compound words denoting: consisting of 2 parts, having two characteristic and so on. n. "the Bee Gees" (Bee Gees), the Australian pop band, formed in 1958 . Ingredients: Robin Gibb (vocals), Barry Gibb (vocals, guitar), Maurice Gibb (vocals, guitar), Vince Miloon (guitar), Colin Peterson (drums). Remains popular for more than thirty years. The musical style of the band is distinguished melody, characteristic vocals, orchestration of voices. Published in 1971, the song "Lonely Days" and "How Can You Mend A Broken Heart" were sold in the US millions. The most popular song "Too Much Heaven", "Tragedy", "Love You Inside Out". The entire Panel starred in the film "Lonely Hearts Club Sergeant Pepper." Bi Sheng, a Chinese inventor of movable font (11 in.). In 1041-48 experimented with printing forms, consisting of rolling font made of baked clay. BIA (Biya), in Greek mythology, the goddess of-the personification of physical strength and power, the daughter of Pallas and Styx, sister Nicky. During Gigantomachia fought on the side of the gods of Olympus. In Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound "- the singer will of Zeus to punish Prometheus. Bianchi satellite of Uranus, discovered on board the spacecraft "Voyager 2" (US, 1986). Distance from Uranus approx. 60 thousand. Km, diameter approx. 50 km. BIANCHI Vitaly V. (1894-1959), Russian writer. Children's books about the life of nature: "Forest newspaper every year" (1928), "Forest were fiction" (1957). Biarm in Norse sagas 9-13 centuries. country in the extreme north-east of the eastern territories. Europe, rich furs, silver, ivory. Biarritz (Biarritz), a town in France, on the shores of Biscay Hall. 64 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Climatic and spa resort. BIARRITSKIE visits, diplomatic meetings Napoleon III and Bismarck in 1864 and 1865, in Biarritz, as a result of which Bismarck had reason to rely on the neutrality of France in his planned war with Austria. BIASUTTI (Biasutti) Renato (1878-1965), an Italian anthropologist. Works in the field of anthropology and ethnic rasovedeniya Europe. BIATHLON (from bi ... and Greek. Athlon - racing, wrestling), winter sport, skiing with rifle shooting at certain positions. The International Union of Modern Pentathlon and Biathlon (UIPMB; founded in 1948), St. 70 countries (1991). The program of the Olympic Winter Games 1960, World Championships since 1958. Biafo glacier dendritic type on the southern slope of the Karakoram. Ok. 68 km, an area of 620 km2. Bibby (Bibbiena) (pres. The name of Bernardo Dovizi) (1470-1520), Italian churchman, Cardinal. The author of one of the first in Italy comedies "calender" (modeled on the "Menaechmus" Plautus), affecting the Shakespearean comedy. Biberman Leonid Mikhailovich (b. 1915), thermal physics, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1979). Major works on the theory of radiation and radiative convective heat transfer, kinetics of low-temperature plasma. Bibiena see. Galli-Bibbiena. Bibikov Alexander I. (1729-74), Russian statesman and military leader, General-in-chief, (1771). Moved into the Seven Years' War. Chairman of the Legislative Commission 1767. Directed (1773 - beg. 1774) military operations against the army of EI Pugachev. Bibikov Dmitry Gavrilovich (1792-1870), Russian statesman, General of Infantry (1848), Adjutant General, (1845). In 1837 the Governor-General of South Western provinces. Pursued a policy of Russification of Ukraine. In 1846-47 developed inventory rules. In 1852-55 the Minister of Interior. BI-BBC (BBC), see. "British Broadcasting Corporation". Bibi Khanum, the legendary name of the architectural monument of 1399-1404 in Samarkand - the grand mosque Timur (preserved in ruins), a richly decorated tiles, carved marble, paintings. In the ensemble with Bibi Khanum - madrassas Sarap-Mulk Khanum (preserved corner 8-sided mausoleum with a tiled and painted decoration). Bibi HEKIME, oil and gas field in Iran (Persian Gulf oil and gas basin). Opened in 1961. The deposits at a depth of 1-2 km. Initial oil reserves of 1.1 billion. M of gas 255 billion. M3, oil density 0,85-0,88 g / cm3. Bible (Greek; I will destroy akkadicheskoe, Hebrew Hebe, Lebanon), an ancient city in Phoenicia. In 4-2 millennium. BC. e. shopping center, a place of worship of the god Adonis. The ruins of the Phoenician and Roman times; medieval monuments near the modern city of Jubail. Bible (Biebl) Constantine (1898-1951), Czech poet. Cycle "Fracture" (1925) reflected the revolutionary atmosphere of 20s .; anti-war poem "The New Icarus" (1929), a collection of "without fear" (1951). Bibliography (from the Greek. Biblion - book ... and graphite), 1) information activities on the preparation and transmission of information about the works of printing and writing. Includes identifying works, their selection according to certain criteria, description, systematization, indexing, lists, literature reviews, etc. ... 2) bibliographic aids or set of bibliographic aids. Bibliography, scientific discipline that studies and develops the theory and history of bibliography, methodology and organization of bibliographic activities. Bibliomania (from the Greek. Biblion - book and mania), an extreme passion for collecting books that ignores its cultural goals. Avg. Bibliophilia. LIBRARY (from the Greek. Biblion - book and tech ...) 1) The institution organizing the collection, storage, public domain works of printing. Assembly of written arose in ancient times (in Assyria, Dr. Egypt, Greece and Rome, the monasteries of the early Middle Ages). Libraries have been developed since the 15th century., After the invention of printing. In the 19th century. were organized by public libraries. In Russia, the monastery library appeared in the 11-12 centuries., The first secular - in the 18th century. the Academy of Sciences, Moscow State University; the first major public library was opened in St. Petersburg in 1814 ... 2) Personal (home) collection of print ... 3) Series, united by common idea, topic, reader devices and others. LIBRARY, in computer science - organized set of programs . Usually, library programs stored in the external memory of a computer, within a given file system that provides automated access to specific programs. BRITISH LIBRARY, London, National Library of the United Kingdom. Founded in 1972 (opened in 1973) on the basis of a number of major libraries (in Vol. H. Library of the British Museum). In 1993 St. 20 million. Books. British Museum Library in London. Founded in 1753. Until 1973 served as the National Library of the United Kingdom; became part of the British Library. Collection of rare books. Gene libraries, the same as a gene bank. Library for the Blind, the central Republican (RTSBS) in Moscow. Founded in 1954. In 1993, approx. 700 thousand. Units. Mts., in Vol. h. St. 200 thousand. Books, typed in Braille on the Russian and the national languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation, St. 140 thousand. Books published flatbed print and communication. 200 thousand. Phonograms. "Library for Reading", a monthly magazine, 1834-65, St. Petersburg. One of the first Russian mass media. Argued with the "Contemporary" Pushkin, with VG Belinsky, Nikolai Gogol and natural school. Editor (until 1856) - OI Senkovsky. Library for Foreign Literature. MI Rudomino All-Russia, in Moscow. Founded in 1922. In 1993, 4.6 million. Units. hr. 132 languages. Public Library of the historical Russian Federation in Moscow. Founded in 1938. In 1993 St. 3 million. Units. hr. Collection of books by Russian historians, bibliophiles, Russian manuscripts and early printed books, incunabula, palaeotypes, a collection of French editions of the Great French Revolution and others. LIBRARY Kazan students, revolutionary organization of students of Moscow State University in 1859-63. Founded originally from Kazan University. Legal Library political cover for a secret circle (up to 50 people). Head - YM Mosolov and others. Since 1862 Moscow branch of the "Land and Freedom". Some members convicted in the case Andruschenko. Library of Congress, National Library of the United States, in Washington. Founded in 1800. In 1993 St. 86 million. Units. hr., the fund is nearly universal (except foreign, agricultural and medical literature). Rare American publications, collections of incunabula, Chinese, Japanese and other Literary; Collection of Russian publications. (St. 300 thousand. titles, t. h. Yudin library). Leading information service of the US Congress, specialists and other readers. LIBRARY medical research center in Moscow. Founded in 1919. In 1993 St. 2.8 million. Units. hr. LIBRARY SCIENCE them. Gorky Moscow State University, Moscow. Founded in 1756. In 1993 St. 8.5 million. Units. hr. Consists of basic libraries and branch libraries in the faculties. Methodical center libraries Soviet universities. LIBRARY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY public in Moscow. Founded in 1958. In 1993, approx. 30 million. Units. Mts., in Vol. h. 12 million. books. Methodological Center network of technical libraries in the country. NATIONAL LIBRARY, in Paris. Founded in 1480 as the Royal Library, 1795 - The National. LIBRARY All-Russian Patent and Technology in Moscow. Founded in 1896. In 1993 the general fund of St. 100 million. Copies, in Vol. H. St. 96 million. Descriptions of inventions, copyright certificates, patents and patent applications. LIBRARY pedagogical scientific them. KDUshinskogo in Moscow. Founded in 1925. In 1993, 2 million. Units. hr. Library for Natural Sciences of the Russian Academy of Sciences (until 1973 Sector Network Special Libraries Academy of Sciences of the USSR), Moscow. Founded in 1934. In 1993 St. 14 million. Units. hr. Administrative and methodical center libraries of physics and mathematics and natural sciences at institutions of RAS in Moscow and in the periphery. Library Polytechnic center in Moscow. Founded in 1864. In 1993 St. 3 million. Units. Mts., in the main scientific and technical literature. A rich collection of Russian, Soviet and foreign journals. Library of the Russian, the official name of the Russian State Library in Moscow, National Library of the Russian Federation; a leading research institution in the field of library science, bibliography and bibliology, methodological and advisory center libraries of the Russian Federation (except special and scientific-technical). Founded in 1862 in the Moscow Rumyantsev Museum, in 1925-92 the State Library of the USSR. Lenin, in 1992 transformed the Russian State Library. In 1993 St. 38 million. Units. hr. in 247 languages of the world. To maintain the foundation universal. Russian media represented almost exhaustively, including foreign publications dominated the scientific literature. Contains the manuscripts 6-20 cc. In Vol. H. Arkhangelsk Gospel (1002), Codex Marianus (11 in.), A collection of Greek, Arabic, Persian, Chinese, Hebrew and Western European medieval manuscripts. In the department of rare books - printed books of 15-18 centuries. ("Oktoikh" Sh Fiol (1491), "Small Travel booklet" Skaryna (1525), a book Fedorov et al.) Library of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg. Founded in 1714 (from 1725 academic). Administrative and Methodological Center of the St. Petersburg network of academic libraries. In 1993 St. 17 million. Units. xp LIBRARY agricultural scientific center of the Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Moscow (a branch in St. Petersburg). Founded in 1930. In 1993, approx. 3.2 million. Units. hr. Rare books on agriculture since the 16th century. Methodical center of agricultural libraries in the country. LIBRARY THEATRE center in Moscow. Founded in 1922. In 1993, approx. 2 million. Units. hr. Library science, scientific discipline that studies the goals, principles, content, and form a system of public works of the press. Library Forums: general library science, the history of librarianship, library collections, library catalogs, organization of work and the device library, work with readers. See. Library. Bibliophilia (Bibliophile) (from the Greek. Biblion - book and philia - love), collecting rare and valuable books, as well as the study of the theoretical foundations knigosobiratelstva. BIBLE (from the Greek. Biblia, letters. - Books), a collection of ancient texts, canonized in Judaism and Christianity as the Holy Scriptures. Accept that and another part of the Bible, the first time the creation, Christians have received the name of the Old Testament, the other part, the addition of Christians and recognized only by them, called the New Testament. For this terminology should the Christian notion that "covenant" (mystical contract or union) of God with one people (the Jews), replaced by the phenomenon of Jesus Christ of the New Testament, has concluded with all the peoples. Islam without taking into your everyday life or the Old Testament (Taurat Arabic - Torah) or the New Testament (Arabic Injil - Gospel), in principle, recognize, and holiness, and the characters of both parts of the Bible (eg. Ibrahim, t. E. Abraham, Yusuf, t. e., Joseph, Jesus, t. e. Jesus) play an important role in Islam, since Korana.Vethy Testament consists of monuments drevnevreyskoy literature 12-2 centuries. BC. e., written in Hebrew and partly Aramaic. It is divided into three major series: 1) The Torah, or Pentateuch, attributed to the prophet Moses ... 2) The Prophets - some ancient chronicles and actually prophetic writings belonging to or attributed to national preachers 8-5 centuries. BC. e. - Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel and 12 "small prophets", as well as the book of Daniel, dated 2. BC. e ... 3) Scripture or hagiography - a collection of texts belonging to different genres of poetry and prose (religious poetry, a collection of aphorisms, cautionary tales, chronicles and other texts.). The New Testament consists of monuments of early non-Christian literature 2nd floor. 1. and beg. 2. n. e., written mostly in Greek (the four Gospels, t. e. "gospel" about the life and teachings of Christ, Acts of the Apostles, 21 the message of the apostles - Paul, Peter, John, James, and Judas (not Iscariot!) - and finally revelation or Apocalypse). Bibracte (Bibracte) (Bibracte), city and religious center of the Gauls (con. 1st millennium. BC. E. - 4 in. N. E.), Now a mound Mont Beuvry near the town of Autun (France). Remains of fortifications, the foundations of houses, tools, coins, etc.. Biwa in Japan's largest lake on about. Honshu. 716 km2. Depth up to 86 m. Stoke on p. Iodine in the room. Osaka Pacific approx. Connected TV to years. Osaka and Kyoto. Shipping. Tourism. BIVAC (bivouac) (Ger. Biwak, French. Bivouac) (Ustari.), Parking of troops outside settlements to sleep or rest. Beavan (Bevan) Aneurin (1897-1960), leader of the left wing of the British Labour Party (1930-ies.). In 1945-51 the Minister of Health, Minister of Labour in 1951; resigned in protest against the policy of the Labour government. Beaverbrook (Beaverbrook) William Maxwell (1879-1964), Baron, English newspaper magnate. In 1918 and 1940-45 in the government. Tusks, common name overdeveloped teeth (incisors or canines of both jaws) in some mammals (elephants, walruses, wild boar, etc..). Instrument of attack and defense. Typically, one or two pairs; grow throughout life. Used for making various crafts. Bifrost (Bilrest) (al., ISL. Shaking road), in Norse mythology, the rainbow is represented as a bridge between earth and heaven. The red color in the rainbow symbolized the fire element, which prevented up to the sky frost-giants. BI-Gan, in Chinese mythology god of wealth depicted as a noble man, sitting on a throne. BIGARADIYA, the same as bitter orange. Big Band (Eng. Big band, letters. Big band), a characteristic species of the jazz orchestra, wherein a specific composition tools. The number of musicians in the big band - 10-20 people. The development of big band began in the 1920s. And in the beginning. 1930 formed the basis of his swing - one of the basic styles of orchestral jazz. BIGGAR (Biggar) Joseph Gillis (1828-1890), leader of the Irish nationalist movement. Member of the Land League. The initiator of the parliamentary tactics of obstruction; supporter of compromise with the British liberals. Bigelow (Bigelow) Catherine (b. 1951), American film director, writer and artist. Made her film debut in 1987 in the movie "In the twilight". Bigelow directing style characterized by tight, "masculine" style and special attention to the visual side of the movie. In 1995 a large-scale film set-utopia "Strange Days". "Beagle" ("Beagle"), a military sailing corvette (UK), known primarily for world expedition 1831-36 (Commander R. Fitzroy) with the participation of Charles Darwin. Displacement of 235 tons. In the 20-40-ies. 19 in. on the "Beagle" was carried out hydrographic survey work on the coast of South. America new. Zealand, North. Australia and others. BIDDEPOTI see. Vidyapati. Bidder Henry (1810-94), the Russian physiologist and anatomist, Corresponding Member (1857) and honorary member (1884) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Proceedings on the physiology and histology of the nervous system, physiology of nutrition. Found (1852) in the heart of the frog on the border atrium and ventricle paired clusters of ganglion cells (nodes Bidder). Put forward (1842) hypothesis of the functional independence of the sympathetic nervous system. Established a school of physiologists. Biederman Naum L. (1917-93), a Russian engineer, a specialist in the field of solid mechanics, Doctor of Technical Sciences (1959). Created the theory of network shells, developed methods for calculating the rubber-cord elastic elements and pneumatic tires. Lenin Prize (1960). Biedermeier (Ger. Biedermeier, Biedermaier), stylistic direction in the German and Austrian art of approx. 1815-48. In presenting the burgher Biedermeier affected environment. Architecture and decorative arts Biedermeier processed forms Empire in the spirit of intimacy and comfort. For painting Biedermeier (GF Kersting, L. Richter, C. Spitzweg in Germany, M. Schwind, F. Waldmuller in Austria) is characterized by a subtle, careful image of the interior, nature, household items. Bijapur, the state in India Deccan in the 15-17 centuries. headed by the dynasty Adilshahis. BIDZHARETTI (Bigiaretti) Libero (b. 1906), Italian writer. Topics Resistance Movement (novel "Carlone, the life of one of the Italian", 1950; novel "The School of Thieves", 1952), criticism of modern society (novels "Congress", 1963, "understudy", 1968), a collection of short stories ("The man who ate the lion ", 1974); a book of memoirs ("Rooms", 1976). Bidzina (Cholokashvili) Ksani (d. 1660; for others. According to in 1664), St. Georgian prince, who led the revolt of 1659. Kakheti Memory in the Orthodox Church on September 18 (October 1). Beadle (Beadle) George Wells (1903-89), American geneticist. Fundamental works on biochemical genetics. One of the authors of the fundamental concept of "one gene - one enzyme" (each gene is responsible for the synthesis of only one enzyme, 1941). Nobel Prize (1958, together with E. Teytemom). Bidault (Bidault), Georges (1899-1983), French Prime Minister in 1946 and 1949-50. In 1940-44 member of the Resistance Movement; one of the founders (1944) and the leaders of the party People's Republican Movement. In 1944-54 repeatedly Minister. In 1961 joined the CCA in 1962 fled France; after the amnesty in 1968 returned. Bidstrup (Bidstrup) Herluf (1912-88), the Danish cartoonist, Honorary Member of the USSR Academy of Arts (1973). Sharp, expressive drawings on political and everyday topics often make up a pictorial story. International Lenin Prize (1964). BIEZBARDIS (Biezbardis) (Bezbard, Bezbard) Kaspars (1806-86), the Latvian writer, leader of Young Latvians. Opposed the German domination, for the independent development of Latvian culture and language. Beat oscillation-amplitude arising from the imposition of 2 oscillations with close frequencies f1 and f2. The beats are used for tuning musical instruments, as well as for measuring the frequency, capacitance, inductance, and so on. D. Beat frequency F = f1 - f2. Bieshu (Biesu) Lukyanovna Maria (b. 1935), the Moldovan singer (lyric-dramatic soprano), People's Artist of the USSR (1970). Since 1961 in the Moldavian Theatre of Opera and Ballet. 1st prize at the International Competition of the party Cio-Cio-San (Japan, 1967). Professor Moldovan Conservatory (since 1986). Lenin Prize (1982), the USSR State Prize (1974). Bijagos (Ilhas dos Bijagos), a group of low-lying islands (approx. 60) off the west coast of Africa, as part of Guinea-Bissau. 1600 km2. Mangroves. Port - Bolama.
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