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Ivan Bespalov (? -1718), The hetman 1658-59 Ukrainian rebels who fought with Russian troops against the supporters of the Polish gentry I. Vygovskogo. Flameless blasting, blasting method using special ammunition (eg., Kardoks, erdoks) containing highly compressed non-combustible or flame retardant gas. It is used for breaking rocks in mines, hazardous gas and dust. Free Music School, Music and educational organization (1862-1917). Founded in St. Petersburg GY Lomakin (its director until 1868) and MA Balakirev (1868-1873 Director and 1881-1908). Subsequently, it was headed by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, S. Lyapunov. Infertility, the inability of the body to produce mature seed. A person is considered infertile marriage in which the pregnancy does not occur within 2 years of sexual activity without the use of contraceptives. The causes of infertility: lack of live sperm in the semen abnormalities of structure and inflammatory diseases of the genital organs (eg., Endometritis, adnexitis), endocrinopathy, etc. Invertebrate animals that have no spine: protozoa, sponges, coelenterates, worms, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms et al .; about 3/4 of all species of animals. Asexual reproduction, reproduction of organisms characterized by the absence of the sexual process and happens without the participation of germ cells. Carried out by schizogony, in the form of vegetative propagation, as well as through special education - a dispute and others. Asexual reproduction is usually alternates with sexual reproduction. Bespopovtsy, one of the trends of the Old Believers. Reject a number of priests and sacraments. There are several rumors (Pomorians, fedoseevtsy, filippovtsy, netovschina et al.). Figurative art, see. Abstract art. Besprozvannykh Gel'fand (1884-1954), the Russian metallurgist. Proceedings related to the development of the theory of cutting metal. Suggested (1951) method for determining the resistance of the cutting tool, set the rational parameters of the cutting part. USSR State Prize (1944). Bessarabia, a historical region between rivers. Dniester and Prut (now the main part of the territory of Moldova and the southern part of the Odessa region.). In the 10-11 centuries. in Kievan Rus', then in the Galicia-Volyn principality. From the 14th century. in the Moldavian principality, with the beginning. 16 in. under Turkish rule. From 1812 in the Russian Empire. In 1918-40 as part of Romania. Igor Bessarabia (1919-93), the Russian film director, cameraman, People's Artist of Russia (1982). Directed the film "Children of the century" (1972), "The Story of Communists" (1976, together with A. Kochetkov), "Hard to Be a Revolutionary" (1982) and others. Lenin Prize (1978), the USSR State Prize (1951). Bessarabova Natalia (1895-1981), the Russian ceramist. Contributed to the revival of Gzhel pottery and ceramics Skopinskaya, creating dishes based on the traditions of sculpture and porcelain, majolica, terracotta. Bessel (Bessel) Friedrich Wilhelm (1784-1846), German astronomer and surveyor, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1814). Created the theory and methods of accounting tools and personal errors in astronomical observations, one of the first to measure the parallax of a star (1838), identified the elements of the Earth spheroid used by approx. 100 years. Investigated the function named after him. Bessel equations of a special type differential equation, which leads many physical and technical problems in cylindrical coordinates. Solutions of the Bessel equation called cylindrical functions, which are a special case - Bessel functions. Bessemer (Bessemer) Henry (1813-98), English inventor. Created (No. 1856) BOF redistribution of iron into steel, t. N. Bessemer process. Bessemer process, redistribution of liquid iron (with low content of P and S) in the steel without heat supply - air blowing (sometimes enriched with oxygen) in the converter. In the 2nd floor. 20 in. superseded BOF process. Besser Gotlibovich Willibald (1784-1842), a Russian botanist, Corresponding Member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1835). A native of Switzerland, from 1809 in Russia. Proceedings Floristry and plant taxonomy. Networkless BWT, fish, based on her reaction to a variety of stimuli: an electric current, light, chemical agents (eg., The light in the water small fish is going to dense shoal, and deflate pump). ROLLING direct strand reduction, obtaining metal rods, strips or blanks pouring molten metal into the nip between rotating in opposite directions with horizontal rolling rolls. Helichrysum (immortelle), plants of several genera of the family Asteraceae (everlasting, gelipterum, dry flowers, and others.) Preserving dries shape and color. Used in the dry winter bouquets. Bessmertnova Natalia Igorevna (b. 1941), ballet dancer, People's Artist of the USSR (1976). In 1961-88 at the Bolshoi Theatre. Classical dancer lyrical and romantic plan. Played the leading roles in ballets "Giselle" by A. Adam, "Swan Lake" by Tchaikovsky, "Legend of Love" by AD Melikov, "Spartacus" AI Khachaturian, "Ivan the Terrible" and "Romeo and Juliet "by Prokofiev and others. Lenin Prize (1986), the USSR State Prize (1977). Unconsciously, a set of mental processes that are not represented in the mind of the subject. In a number of psychological theories - special sphere of mental qualitatively different from consciousness. In irrationalist "philosophy of the unconscious" Hartmann - universal ground of being. One of the central concepts in psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud and other currents of depth psychology; in the "analytical psychology" of CG Jung, along with the personal unconscious is allocated collective unconscious. Besson (Besson), Luke (p .1959) was a French film director. Creative writing Besson characterized by a combination bizarre plot and refined visually. The success brought him the movie "Underground" (1985), "The Big Blue" (1988), "Nikita" (1990), "Leon" (1994). Insomnia, later falling asleep, early awakening, discontinuity night's sleep, reducing its depth. BESSONOV Anatoly (1892-1983), a Russian designer of aircraft engines. Under his leadership based production of a number of original piston engines. Repressed in 1931-33 was in prison, where he worked in the Special Bureau of the OGPU. Asyndeton (asyndeton), the construction of the proposals in which members of the homogeneous part of a complex sentence or communicate without the help of unions. Indisputable fact in the civil law and the process - the circumstances relevant to the case, which the parties do not dispute the correctness and which the court has no doubts. Disinterested, the category of saints, celebrated in the Orthodox Church for his unselfishness, gratuitous service to others. Especially revered as disinterested doctors Cosmas and Damian, who lived in Rome (d. In the context. 3 in.). Undrained areas, the area of internal drainage, part of the land, devoid of connection through the river systems of the ocean. Becstochnoy river flow in the internal area of the sea, lake or lost in the sands. The most extensive becstochnye area - in Africa and Asia (eg., The Aral-Caspian). Closed lake has no surface runoff or subsurface drainage in neighboring watersheds. Water consumption is due to evaporation. BESSTRUZHKOVY analysis performed without destroying the sample. The solution for analysis was obtained on the sample surface by applying a few drops of reagent dissolving the test substance. Used in metallurgy, forensics, archeology, jewelry. IVT, a mechanism for continuously variable speed output shaft to transport machinery, machine tools, instruments. There are mechanical (in Vol. H. Friction), electrical and hydraulic. Mechanical continuously variable transmission also called variator. WAY welded railway consists of welded rails forming lash length 150-950 m. Reduces noise and wear of rolling stock. Protura detachment entognatnyh insects. The length of 0.5-2 mm. Antennae (antennae) are absent. St. 200 species. Lead a hidden life. BEST (pers.) In Iran based on the ancient custom of the right of asylum in the territory of some sacrosanct places (mosques, tombs, with 19 in. - Premises of foreign embassies and other institutions using extraterritoriality). Bestemyanova Natalia Filimonovna (b. 1960), the Russian athlete (figure skating), Honored Master of Sports (1984). Olympic champion (1988), Peace (1985-88), Europe (1983, 1985-88), the Soviet Union (1982, 1983, 1987). Bester, fish, obtained by artificial hybridization and beluga sturgeon in the Soviet Union in 1952. The length of 50-80 cm (up to 1.8 m), weight 3-5 kg (up to 30 kg). Object cage culture. Bestiary (from Lat. Bestia - beast), 1) Dr. Rome fighters with wild animals in the circus ring, .. 2) Medieval collections of articles about real and imaginary animals; accompanied by allegorical interpretation. Bestseller (Eng. Best seller), most are bought books published in large editions. Bestuzhev Feodosevich Alexander (1761-1810), a Russian educator Democrat, an artillery officer. Father Decembrists Bestuzhevykh. In 1798, together with the IP Pnin published "St. Petersburg magazine". The author of a treatise on education. Bestuzhev-Rumin Alexei Petrovich (1693-1766), Count, Russian statesman and diplomat, General Field Marshal (1762). In 1740-41 Cabinet Minister in 1744-58 Chancellor. From 1762 pervoprisutstvuyuschim in the Senate. Bestuzhev-Rumin Konstantin Nikolaevich (1829-1897), Russian historian, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1890). In 1878-82 headed the St. Petersburg University for Women (named after him). Works on Russian history, historiography. Bestuzhev-Rumin Mikhail Pavlovich (1801-1826), Decembrist, Lieutenant. A member of the Southern Society, a Republican. One of the leaders Vassilkovskaya council and rebellion Chernigov Regiment. Hanged. Bestuzhev-Rumin Mikhail Petrovich (1688-1760), Count, Russian diplomat. Since 1720 resident minister, ambassador to several European countries. Bestuzhev courses. See Art. Higher Women's Courses. Bestuzhev, the Decembrists, members of the Northern Society, the uprising December 14, 1825, the brothers: 1) Alexander (Marly) (1797-1837), the captain and writer. Co-editor of the anthology "Polar Star". Sentenced to 20 years in prison, from 1829 to the private army in the Caucasus. Killed in action. Romantic poems and novels ("Frigate" Hope "," "Ammalat Beg"). See. Portrait ... 2) Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1800-71), the captain. Sentenced to 20 years in prison, from 1826 in Shlisselburg Fortress, Nerchinsk mines in 1839-56 in exile in Selenginsk. The author of "Notes" ... 3) Nikolai Alexandrovich (1791-1855), Lieutenant Commander. Member of the Supreme Duma Northern Society, a Republican. Sentenced to penal servitude for life, from 1826 in Shlisselburg Fortress, Nerchinsk mines, from 1839 to the settlement in Selenginsk. Watercolor portrait. Historian of the Russian fleet, economist, writer ... 4) Petr (1808-40), the midshipman. Reduced to the ranks. In 1826-29 in the Army in the Caucasus. Tailless amphibians, amphibians squad. Body short, broad; tail during metamorphosis disappears. Both pairs of well-developed limbs, back longer than the front and are used for jumping. 256 genera, approx. 3500 species distributed widely. Most breeds in water; larva - tadpole. By tailless amphibians are Pipa, spadefoot toads, frogs, frogs and other real. 22 species in the Red Data Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Ownerless property, in civil law - property owner is unknown. Mismanagement content property in civil law - a citizen-owned property, which the owner does not care, so that it collapses. As a rule, the law provides for an exception in the courts of some species thriftlessly content property (apartment house, cultural values). Shuttleless loom, loom in which the weft thread is inserted between the warp threads not hook and rapiers, metal belt, a jet of air or dropping water jet. By improving the speed of laying duck significantly increases productivity shuttleless machines compared to the shuttle machines. Jawless superclass primitive aquatic vertebrates. Jaws and paired limbs missing. Includes many forms of fossil and modern class of cyclostomes. Bescherepnyh class of chordates. Length of 7.5 cm. The head office is not set aside, the skull is missing. Body and some internal organs are segmented. 13 species in Vol. H. Amphioxus, in the seas of the Atlantic and the Pacific approx. Demons in ancient Slavic mythology evil spirits; in Christian representations of the same thing as the devil. BET (Beth) Evert Willem (1908-64), Dutch philosopher and logician. Put forward the idea of the need to logic synthesis, the foundations of mathematics, history of the exact sciences and psychology of thinking. In logic, developed a method of semantic (analytic) tables, the semantics of intuitionistic logic, and others. BETA (?), The second letter of the Greek alphabet. Betacam Vasily Pavlovich (p. 1930), the Russian poet. Since 1973 in exile in France. The only published book in the USSR - "Earth Flame" (1965). In poetry, marked by expressive imagery and multidimensional - pictures of nature, cityscapes, echoes of historical and contemporary, political events. Collections of poems, and poems: "Closing Time" (1974), "Europe - Island" (1981), "The Fifth Horseman" (1985). A collection of essays "Russian poetry in 30 years" (1987). Betancourt (Betancourt) Romulo (1908-81), president of Venezuela in 1945-48 and 1959-64; in 1941 founded the Democratic Action Party and was one of its leaders. BETA DECAY (b-decay), spontaneous transformation of nuclei accompanied by the emission (or absorption) of an electron and an antineutrino or a positron and a neutrino. There are types of beta decay: electronic decay (transformation of a neutron into a proton), positron decay (proton into a neutron) and electron capture. When electronic beta decay nuclear charge increases by 1 with positron - reduced by 1; mass number does not change (see. The radioactivity). Beta-spectrometer, an instrument for measuring the energy (energy spectrum) of electrons and positrons, in Vol. H. Of beta particles. BETA spectroscopy, see. Nuclear spectroscopy. BETA, therapeutic use of beta-particles; type of radiation therapy. Betatron, cyclic electron accelerator in which electrons are accelerated by a vortex electric field generated by an alternating magnetic field. Usually, the energy of the electrons in the betatron not higher than 100 MeV. Beta particles, electrons and positrons emitted in beta decay. Boettger (Bottger) Johann Friedrich (1682-1719), a German alchemist. Major works related to the search component porcelain mass and the optimum ratio. Received in 1705-07 its first samples, on which production was organized Saxon porcelain. In 1707 prepared the first European hard white porcelain, developed the technology of its production in 1710 and organized in Meissen (Saxony) manufacture, produces world-famous Meissen porcelain. BETA (Bethe) Hans Albrecht (b. 1906), a theoretical physicist. In 1933 he emigrated from Germany in 1935 in the United States. Fundamental works on quantum mechanics, nuclear physics, quantum theory of solids, astrophysics. Have most likely cycles thermonuclear reactions in stars. Member of the creation of the first atomic bomb. Nobel Prize (1967). Gold Medal. Lomonosov USSR Academy of Sciences (1990). Betel leaves pepper spice mixture betel - pepper bush family (bred in tropical Asia) with pieces of areca palm seeds and a small amount of lime. Used as a gum; excites the nerve system. Betelgeuse, a Orionis star of zero magnitude, a red supergiant with a radius of 850 solar radii. Betekhtin Anatoly G. (1897-1962), a Russian geologist and mineralogist, academician of the USSR (1953). Major works on ore formation and mineragrafii. Developed a theory of the formation of manganese ore. Investigated the problem of hydrothermal solutions. Lenin Prize (1958), the USSR State Prize (1947). Beti (Beti) Mongo (b. 1932), a Cameroonian writer. Writes in French. Anti-colonial novels "Cruel Town" (1955), "Miraculous healing of the King" (1958), "Remember Ruben" and "Perpetua and the habit of suffering" (both 1974). Baetica (Baetica), a Roman province in the south of Spain, formed by approx. 15-12 BC. e .; name from the river. Betis (modern. Guadalquivir). The most economically developed and Romanized province in Spain. In the beginning. 5. Baetica territory conquered by the Vandals. BETLEYKA, the same as Batleika. Bethlen (Bethlen) Gabor (1580-1629), Prince of Transylvania from 1613, the Hungarian king in 1620-1621. Member antigabsburgskoy motion 1604-06 under the direction of Bocskai, the Thirty Years War 1618-48 (in the anti-Habsburg coalition). István Bethlen (1874-1946), Count, in 1921-31 chairman of the Council of Ministers of Hungary. Concluded an agreement (1927) about the friendship with Fascist Italy. During the 2nd World War Adviser M. Horthy. Bethlehem (Bethlehem), a city in the northeast United States, pcs. Pennsylvania. 71.4 thousand. Residents, with the suburbs of Allentown and 650 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Center Steel (headquarters "Bethlehem Steel"), metal, cement, etc.. Industry. University. "Bethlehem Steel" (Bethlehem Steel), the US steel company. Founded in 1904. It produces industrial machinery and military equipment, mining of iron and manganese ore. With sales of $ 5.5 billion. Dollars., Net profit of 403 million. Dol., Steel 11.7 million. M, the number of employed 32.9 thous. People (con. 1980.). Betlingk (Bohtlingk) Otto Nikolaevich (1815-1904), German and Russian scholar indologist, academician (1855), honorary member (1894) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. The main work - "The Sanskrit Dictionary" (known as "Big Petersburg Dictionary", ie. 1-7, 1855-75; with R. Roth). Issued an ancient Indian grammar of Panini (1839-40). First applied the comparative-historical method to the study of the Turkic languages. Bethmann Hollweg (Bethmann Hollweg) Theobald (1856-1921), the German Chancellor and the Prussian minister-president in 1909-17; in 1905-07, the Interior Minister of Prussia in 1907-09 Reich Minister of the Interior and the Vice Chancellor. CONCRETE (fr. Beton), one of the most important building material produced by solidification of a compacted mixture of binder, water, aggregates and additives in some cases. By volume weight concretes are divided into very heavy, heavy, light and very light. By type of binder concrete are: cement, silicate, gypsum, asphalt, polymer and others. By appointment distinguish conventional concrete (for industrial and civil buildings), hydraulic engineering and road construction, thermal insulation, decorative, special purpose (chemical resistant, heat resistant, to protect by nuclear radiation, etc..). The main indicator of the quality of concrete - compressive strength, which is set to stamp concrete. BETONOPOLIMER prepared by impregnating the hardened concrete monomers or liquid resins and their subsequent polymerization. Has increased strength, frost and abrasion resistance. It is used for lining engineering structures in hydraulic engineering, road construction, and others. Concrete machine for concrete mixing of cement, sand, gravel, crushed stone and water by stirring them in a rotating drum with a capacity of up to 1.6 m3. Performance 5-120 m3 / h. Betpak-Dala (Dala Bedpak, North Hungry Steppe), desert in Kazakhstan, on p. Sarysu in the west to the lake. Balkhash in the East. Ok. 75 thousand. Km2. Flat undulating plain. The height of 300-350 m (maximum - of Jambul, 974 m). pastures; pockets of agriculture. Betson (Bateson) William cm. W. Bateson BETTELHAYM (Bettelheim) Bruno (1903-91), an Austrian psychoanalyst. In 1938-39 a prisoner in Dachau and Buchenwald, 1940 in exile in the United States. Proceedings of the psychological consequences of totalitarianism, emotional disorders in children (autism), etc .: "symbolic wounds" (1954), "Enlightened Heart" (1960), "Survival" (1979). BEETHOVEN (Beethoven) Ludwig van (1770-1827), a German composer, pianist and conductor. He lived in Vienna from 1792. In his work reflects the ideas of the French Revolution. The representative of the Viennese classical school. Created a heroic and dramatic type symphony (3rd "Eroica", 1804, the 5th, 1808, the 9th, 1823, the symphony, the opera "Fidelio", the final edition of 1814, Overture "Coriolanus" in 1807, "Egmont" 1810; a number of instrumental ensembles, sonatas, concertos). Complete deafness, Beethoven befell in the middle of a creative way, did not break his will. Later writings different philosophical. 9 symphonies, five concertos for piano and orchestra; 16 string quartets and other ensembles; instrumental sonatas, in Vol. h. 32 for Piano, (among them t. n. "Pathetique", 1798, "The Moon" in 1801, "Appassionata", 1805), 10 for violin and piano; "Solemn Mass" (1823). Bahai Faith, a religious-political movement. Emerged in Iraq in the middle. 19 in. after the suppression of uprisings babidskih, then spread to the Middle East, West. Europe and the United States, partly in Russia. Founder Mirza Husayn Ali Behaulla preached reconciliation with the Shah's regime. In recent times the Baha'i faith preaches the idea of the nation-state of denial, the connection between science and religion. The main centers - in the US and Germany. Boeheim (Boehm) (Boheim) Hans (? -1476), A German shepherd, folk preacher in the village. Niklaskhauzen (Franconia), the mastermind of the peasant movement in 1476 in Central Germany. Burned as a heretic. Boeheim (Behaim) Martin (1459-1507), German geographer. In 1492 created the first geographical globe, reflecting the geographical representation of the Earth's surface on the eve of the opening of new. Sveta. Béhanzin (Gbehanzin) (c. 1851-1906), ruler of Dahomey (present. Benin) in 1890-94. Waged a bitter struggle against the French colonialists. Behar Tags Mohammed (1886-1951), an Iranian poet, scholar and philologist. The enemy reaction and religious fanaticism. Collection of "Prison works", the poem "Owl war"; 3-volume "Stylistics". Becher (Becher) Johann Joachim (1635-82), a German chemist and physician. Created the first chemical theory - the theory of phlogiston. Watched (1669) by the action of sulfuric acid on alcohol wine selection petroleum gas (ethylene). Becher (Becher) Johannes Robert (1891-1958), German writer and statesman, Minister of Culture of the German Democratic Republic (since 1954), founder and president Kulturbund (1945), president of the Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic (1953-56). One of the organizers of the German anti-fascist literary movement. In 1933-45 in exile. An anti-war novel "Lewisite" (1926). Poetry collections "seeker of happiness and the seven sins" (1938), "Step middle of the century" (1958), etc .; novel "Farewell" (1940) on the basis of autobiographical. Tetralogy of "experience" (1951-57) on the problems of culture. International Lenin Prize (1952). Becher Ulrich (b. 1910), German writer. Lives in Switzerland. In 1933-45 in the antifascist emigration. Features exotic and grotesque in dramas ("Fire Water", 1951), short stories ("The Lady and the Reaper", 1949); in the novels ("In the beginning of the fifth", 1957, "The hunt for marmots", 1969, "Ex-Casino William", 1973) - the fate of the German antifascist exile, contemporary political issues. Behzad Kemaleddin (c. 1455-1535 / 36), miniaturist, the largest representative of the Herat school of miniature painting. Master of dynamic multi-figure compositions, exquisite color construction, expressive drawings. Behistun inscription trilingual (Old Persian, Elamite and Babylonian) cuneiform text on the rock Behistun (Behsutun), near the city of Hamadan in Iran, carved by order of King Darius I. contains a summary of events in the State of the Achaemenid mainly in 522-519 BC. e. Read in 30-40th. 19 in. (mostly) English scientist GK Rawlinson, which marked the beginning of deciphering cuneiform writing of many nations Dr. East. Bekhterev Vladimir Mikhailovich (1857-1927), the Russian neurologist, psychiatrist and psychologist, founder of scientific school. Fundamental works on anatomy, physiology and pathology of the nervous system. Studies of therapeutic use of hypnosis in Vol. H. In alcoholism. Proceedings of sex education, young child behavior, social psychology. Investigated person on the basis of a comprehensive study of the brain physiological, anatomical and psychological methods. Founder of reflexology. Organizer and leader of the Psychoneurological Institute (1908; now they. Spondylitis) and the Institute for Research on the brain and mental activity (1918). BEKHTEREV DISEASE, same as ankylosing spondylitis. Described VMBekhterev in 1893. BEKHTEREV Natalya Petrovna (b. 1924), physiologist, academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1981), Academician of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (1975). Granddaughter Bekhterev. Proceedings on the physiology of mental activity, structural and functional organization and brain activity in pathology. USSR State Prize (1985). Vladimir A. Betz (1834-94), the Russian anatomist and histologist, one of the founders of the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex. Described (1874) the giant pyramidal cells (Betz cells). Betsky Ivan Ivanovich (1704-1795), the Russian public figure, the personal secretary of Catherine II (1762-79). To carry out reforms in the field of education. Founder and trustee of child-care homes (for orphans) in Moscow and St. Petersburg, Smolny Institute and others. Academic and educational institutions. President of the Academy of Fine Arts (1763-95).
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