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BERNARD (Bernard) Zeno (1894-1942), Chairman of the KP Luxembourg in 1921-40, one of its organizers. After the occupation of the country by German troops (1940) led the underground activities of the Communist Party. Arrested by the Gestapo, died in prison. BERNARD Chartres (d. 1130), scholastic philosopher, master and Chancellor of Chartres school. Older brother Thierry of Chartres. Defended the primacy of morality over doctrine ("without ethics is no philosopher"). Bernardin de Saint-Pierre (Bernardin de Saint-Pierre), Jacques Henri (1737-1814), French writer. Rousseau's ideas in the novel "Paul and Virginia" (1788), satirical and philosophical story "Indian Hut" (1791), the story "Suratskaya cafe" (1791). Bernardino of Siena (Bernardino da Siena) (1380-1444), an Italian priest, a Franciscan friar. Gained popularity for his sermons (1406) throughout northern and central Italy, calling for moral renewal; a zealous advocate of honoring the name of Jesus. Bernardine see. Art. Cistercians. BERNARDSKY Eustace E. (1819-89), the Russian engraver. Engraved illustration AA Agin, GG Gagarin et al., Creatively interpreting the original. Bernat (Bernath) Aurel (1895-1982), a Hungarian painter and graphic artist. Author restrained in color, emotional, genre scenes, landscapes, murals. Bernhard (Berngardi) August Ferdinand (1769-1820), the German romantic writer. Collection grotesque fiction novels "Bambochchady" (1797-1800, in collaboration with L. Tieck), genre and poetics which later echoed in the eponymous novel by KK Vaginov. Burne-Jones (Burne-Jones) Edward (1833-1898), English painter and draftsman. Pre-Raphaelite. Resorting to the styling of Italian painting in the 15th., Wrote lyrical paintings on the theme of medieval legends ("Love among the ruins", 1893). BERN (Borne), Ludwig (1786-1837), German writer and literary critic. Struggled with the feudal reaction, nationalism, philistinism ("Letters from Paris", 1832-34; pamphlet "Menzel-frantsuzoed", 1837); one of the ideologists of the "Young Germany". Bernie J., See. J. Burnham. Bernes Mark N. (1911-69), Russian actor, People's Artist of Russia (1965). Filmed in the movies: "Fighters", "Two Soldiers", "third strike" and others. The popular singer, promoter of modern songs. USSR State Prize (1951). E Burnett. (pres. the name of Alexander K. Zhukovsky) (1810-64), Russian writer and poet. The representative of Romanticism poslepushkinskogo period. Poem "The Eternal Jew" (1839), "Alien Bride" (1843). Story. Burnet (Burnet) Frank (1899-1985), an Australian virologist and immunologist. Described the causative agent of Q fever. Proceedings on the ecology of viruses. One of the authors of t. N. clonal selection theory of immunity. Investigated the mechanisms of autoimmune diseases. Nobel Prize (1960, together with the PB Medawar). Burnett (Burnett) Frances Eliza (1849-1924), American writer. Moralizing prose for children: a novel "Little Lord Fauntleroy" (1886), the story "The Little Princess" (1905). Bernie (Berni) Antonio (1905-81), an Argentine painter. In the 30-ies. one of the founders of the social art of "new realism" in Argentina ("Midnight over the world"). Bernie (Berni) Francesco (c. 1497-1535) was an Italian poet and satirist makes fun of bigots in the sonnets, popes, tyrants; created a parody of the genre "Bernesq"; Bernie political judgments expressed in them recycled poem Boyard "Love Roland". Bernie (Burney), Charles (1726-1814), English historian of music, organist and composer. Development of musical art linked with other aspects of artistic and social life. The main work of "General History of Music" (1776-89). Cantatas, instrumental works and others. Bernina (Bernina), the highest (up to 4049 m) mountain range in the Eastern Alps. Bernini (Bernini) Lorenzo (1598-1680) was an Italian architect and sculptor. The representative of the Baroque. Architectural works are striking spatial scale, sumptuous decor, dynamic shapes, perspective and light effects (colonnade of the Cathedral of St. Peter's in Rome, 1657-63). Bernini sculpture inherent Rushing, a combination of religious affectation with exalted sensibility ("Apollo and Daphne", 1622-25; "The Ecstasy of St. Teresa", 1644-52). Robert Burns (1759-96), Scottish poet. Created a distinctive poetry, which glorified the work, the people and freedom, unselfish and self-sacrificing love and friendship. Anti-clerical satirical poem "Two shepherd" (1784), "The prayer hypocrites Willie" (1785), a collection of "poems written mainly in the Scottish Dialect" (1786), a patriotic anthem "Bruce - Scots" cantata "Jolly Beggars", civil and love poems (poems "The tree of liberty", "John Barleycorn" et al.), drinking songs. Collected and prepared for publication the work of Scottish poetry and folk music, which is closely related to his poetry. Burnside (Burnside), William (1852-1927), English mathematician. Major works on mathematical physics, probability theory, algebra. Introduced (1891) in the algebra of linear fractional transformations of a complex variable. Published a monograph in 1897, in which he outlined the abstract theory of groups. Berne International, founded in 1919 with the center-right leaders disintegrated early. 1st World War, the 2nd International. United Social Democratic Party of Austria, Great Britain, Germany, Italy, France and others. In February 1921 some of the social-democratic parties came out of the Berne International and formed a centrist "Internationale a 2 1/2-nd" united in May 1923 with the Bern International in Labor and Socialist International. Bernson (Berenson) (Berenson) Bernard (1865-1959), an American art historian. Master attribution; first defined the stylistic features of the schools of painting of the Italian Renaissance and the creative work of many artists. BERNSTEIN (Bernstein) Leonard (1918-90), American conductor, pianist and composer. Conducted many orchestras, in 1958-69 chief conductor of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra. The first performer of many works by contemporary American composers, in Vol. H. Of his own music. Ballets, symphonies, musicals ("West Side Story", 1957, et al.), Music for film and others. Bernoulli (Bernoulli), a family of Swiss scientists, gave prominent mathematicians. Bernoulli (Bernoulli) Daniel (1700-82), academician (1725-33) and foreign honorary member (1733) Petersburg Academy of Sciences, the son of Johann Bernoulli. Developed the laws of mechanics of liquid and gaseous bodies (Bernoulli equation). Bernoulli (Bernoulli) Johann (1667-1748), foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1725), brother of Jacob Bernoulli. Works on the infinitesimal calculus and calculus of variations. Bernoulli Theorem, one of the limit theorems of probability theory; the simplest case of the law of large numbers applies to the distribution of the frequency of occurrence of deviations of a random event from its probability in independent trials. Set Bernoulli (published in 1713). Bernoulli equation that relates the velocity and pressure in the flow of an ideal incompressible fluid in steady flow. Bernoulli's equation expresses the law of conservation of energy of a moving fluid. Widely used in hydraulics and technical hydrodynamics. We derive Bernoulli in 1738. Bernoulli (Bernoulli), Jakob (1654-1705) developed a method of infinitesimal calculus Leibniz; in probability theory proved the simplest case of the law of large numbers - Bernoulli's theorem; together with his brother Johann Bernoulli laid the foundation for the calculus of variations. Bernhard (Bernhard), Thomas (1931-89), Austrian writer. Grotesque, satirical plays ("Feast for Boris", 1970, et al.) And novels ("Chill", 1963, "obsession", 1967, "Proof", 1975, "Old Masters", 1985, "Shutdown", 1986 ). In the play "Before retirement" (1979) and memoirs - anti-fascist sentiment. Burnham (Burnham) (Burnham) James (1905-87), American sociologist, one of the authors of the theory of managerial revolution, by which authority in modern society moves to a new class of managers (senior engineers, managers). Critic of Marxism and socialism. Nikolai Bernstein (1896-1966), the Russian neuro- and psycho-physiologist, Corresponding Member of the Academy of Medical Sciences (1946). Bernstein's research on the physiology of the movement - the theoretical basis of modern biomechanics, some of his ideas anticipated number of provisions of cybernetics. Author of the book "On the construction of movements" (1941). USSR State Prize (1948). Bernstein Bernstein (1880-1968), mathematician, academician of the USSR (1929) and the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (1925). Major works on the theory of differential equations (conditions analytic solutions), the theory of functions (approximation of functions by polynomials), probability theory (axiomatic, limit theorems). USSR State Prize (1942). Bernstein (Bernstein), Felix (1878-1956), German mathematician. Founder and director of the 1921-34 Institute of Mathematical Statistics, University of Gottingen. In 1934-48 he worked in the US, then returned to Germany. Works on the theory of numbers, sets, trigonometric, integral equations. First proved in 1897 equivalence theorem of set theory. One of the first set practical importance of set theory, studied the application of mathematical methods to problems in various fields of knowledge. Bernstein (Bernstein) Edward (1850-1932), one of the leaders of the German Social Democracy and the 2 nd International, the ideologist of reformism. Participated in the development of the Gotha Program. In the 2nd floor. 90s., Citing its own research trends of social development, criticized the theoretical foundations of Marxism as outdated. Bernstein rejected the scientific basis of socialism, including its ethical ideal, the doctrine of the inevitability of the collapse of capitalism, of the revolution and the dictatorship of the proletariat, has put forward a program of reform of capitalism ("The ultimate goal - nothing, movement - all"). Berosus (Gr., Babylon. Belrushu) (c. 350-280 BC. E.), The Babylonian historian, priest of the temple of the god Marduk. Author of a history of Babylonia (in Greek), fragmentary information from which came in the writings of ancient and Byzantine historians. BERRY (Berry), a historical region in central France, in the bass. p. Cher (bass. Loire). On the territory of Berry - Cher, Indre, partly Allier. 14.3 thousand. Km2. 550 thousand. Residents. The main city - Bourges. Berry, an oil field in Saudi Arabia (Gulf oil and gas basin). Opened in 1964. The deposits at a depth of 2.2-2.3 km. The initial stocks of 1.055 billion. M. The density of 0.876 g / cm3. Burroughs (Burroughs), William (b. 1914), American writer. One of the leaders of the Beat movement (see. "Beat generation"), author of the novels "Naked Lunch" (1959), "Machine softening" (1961), "Red City Nights" (1981) and others. Berruguete (Berruguete), Spanish artists 1) Pedro (c. 1450-1504), a painter. Combined with knowledge of medieval archaisms prospects (cycles of paintings from the life of St. Thomas) ... 2) Alonso (c. 1486-1561), sculptor, architect, painter, son of Pedro. Representative of the Spanish Renaissance. Expressive, emotional value-sculpture ("Transfiguration", 1543-48). Bersaglieri (ital. Bersagliere, from bersaglio - target), the arrows of the Italian infantry (1836), specially trained in marksmanship and forced marches; in the 20th century. became the basis for the formation of Samokatnaya and motorcycle parts. BERSENEV Ivan Arkhipovich (1762-89), the Russian engraver, subtle master reproduction prints cutter. BERSENEV Ivan Nikolaevich (1889-1951), Russian director and actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1948). On the stage in 1907, in 1924-36 in the Moscow Art Academic Theater 2nd (1928 artistic director). Since 1938 artistic director of the Moscow theater. Lenin Komsomol. Roles: Helmer ("Nora" Ibsen), Protasov ("The Living Corpse" Leo Tolstoy), Cyrano ("Cyrano de Bergerac" by E. Rostand) and others. GITISa Professor (since 1939). Bersenev-Beklemishev Ivan Nikitich (? -1525), The son Boyarsky, a diplomat, a member of the Grand Duma under Ivan III and Vasily III. Leader of the opposition at the court, opposed strengthening autocracy. Executed. Bertalanffy (Bertalanffy) Ludwig von (1901-72), an Austrian theoretical biologist. Since 1949 in the US and Canada. First put forward in modern science generalized systemic concept ("general systems theory"), whose mission - to develop the mathematical formalism describing the different types of systems, the establishment of the isomorphism of laws in various fields of knowledge ("General Systems Theory", 1968). Eugene E. Bertels (1890-1957), orientalist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1939). Works on the history of Persian, Tajik, and a number of Turkish literature, the study of Sufism and Sufi literature, art Ferdowsi, Jami, Navoi, Nizami. USSR State Prize (1948). "Bertelsmann", publishing and printing concern. Center in Gütersloh (Germany). C. Bertelsmann founded in 1824, publishing with 1835. In 1950-80 joined St. 100 printing and other companies of the country and overseas. Produces artistic, scientific, encyclopedic (in Vol. H. "Leksikoteka" 26 vols., 1972), information, training and other literature, CDs, cassettes and video discs. Distributes products primarily through a network of book and music clubs. Bert (Bertin) Rose (pres. The name Marie Jeanne) (1744-1813), the court dressmaker French queen Marie Antoinette, earned the nickname "Minister of Fashion". Bertillon (Bertiyon) (Bertillon) Alphonse (1853-1914), a French lawyer, author of forensic identification techniques (formerly sometimes called "bertilonazh"). Albert I. Bertini (1906-87), a Russian scientist in the field of electrical engineering, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1965), the founder of scientific school. In 1938 under his leadership created Europe's first hydrogen-cooled turbogenerator with. In 1945-47 led the work on the design of the first All-Union single series asynchronous motors up to 100 kW. Berthelot (Berthelot) (Berthelot) Pierre Eugène Marcel (1827-1907), French chemist and statesman, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1876). Proceedings of organic chemistry, chemical kinetics, thermodynamics and Agricultural Chemistry, Explosives, the history of chemistry. Synthesized organic compounds of different classes than inflicted the final defeat notions of "life force". Invented (1881) bomb calorimeter. Introduced the concept of the exo and endo-thermal reactions. Minister of Education (1886-87), Minister of Foreign Affairs (1895-96). Potassium chlorate salt, the same as potassium chlorate. Bertolli (Berthollet) Claude Louis (1748-1822), French chemist, founder of the theory of chemical equilibrium. One of the first to support the teaching of antiphlogistic Lavoisier. Developed (jointly with Lavoisier and others.) New chemical nomenclature. Unlike J. Proust thought the composition of chemical compounds variables. Determine the composition of ammonia, natural gas, hydrogen cyanide, hydrogen sulfide. Opened (1785), potassium chlorate, potassium chlorate salt named later. Berthollides see. Daltonides and berthollides. Bertolucci (Bertolucci) Bernardo (b. 1941), an Italian film director and poet. Was strongly influenced by P.-P. Pasolini, inherited from his social criticism and confessional. The most significant films: "The Conformist", 1970 (by Alberto Moravia); "Last Tango in Paris", 1972; "Twentieth Century", 1976 (epic panorama of Italian life for half a century); "The Last Emperor", 1987; "Stealing Beauty", 1996. BURTON (Burton) Richard Francis (1821-1890), an English traveler. Together with John. H. Speke in 1854-59 studied Somalia, in 1858 opened the lake. Tanganyika. BURTON (Burton), Robert (1577-1640), English writer and scholar, author of the encyclopedic work "Anatomy of Melancholy" (1621), which became one of the most outstanding examples of essays Baroque. BURTON (Burton) Tim (p .1958), American film director and screenwriter. After years of working in the studio Walt Disney began making films on their own. His films are very close to comics and cartoons. The most significant are the movies: "Beetlejuice" (1988), "Batman" (1989), "Edward - Scissorhands" (1990), "Batman Returns" (1992). Removed the animated feature "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993). Bertrand (Bertrand) Aloiziyus (1807-41) was a French Romantic poet. His book of medieval stylization "Gaspard of Darkness" (published in 1842) lies at the origin of the French "prose poem". Bertrand (Bertrand) Gabriel Emile (1867-1962), a French biochemist, foreign corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925, foreign corresponding member of Russian Academy of Sciences from 1924). Proceedings on enzymology. Develop quantitative methods for determination of sugars (1906) and trace elements in plants and animals. Bertran de Born (Bertran de Born) (c. 1140 - c. 1215), Provencal troubadour. Participated in feudal strife, describing them in verse (preserved more than 40); glorified the military exploits. Joseph Louis François Bertrand (1822-1900), French mathematician, foreign corresponding member (1859) and foreign honorary member (1896) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Proceedings of mathematical analysis, the theory of groups. Marcel Bertrand (1847-1907), French geologist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1899). First suggested tectonic nappes in the Alps, developed ideas about the epoch of folding and frequency tectonic movements. Bertrand, mineral, Be4 [Si2O7] (OH) 2. White, colorless crystals, aggregates. Hardness 6-7; density approx. 2.6 g / cm3. Hydrothermal in origin. Beryllium ore. Bert de la Garde Aleksandar (1842-1920), a Russian historian and numismatist. Proceedings of the ancient and medieval antiquities of southern USSR. BERULAVA M. Huth (b. 1924), the Georgian poet. Poem "Russian heart" (1950), "Kolkheti Legend" (1943-55), "Stormy silence" (1981). Collection of poems "Snow Day" (1973), "Native names. Memories" (1979), "Every spring" (1984). Biruni, al-Biruni (until 1958 Shabbaz), city (1962) in Uzbekistan, Karakalpakstan, 20 km from the railway Art. Urgench. 39.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Cotton ginning plant; Cotton Spinning, hlopkotkatskaya factories and other enterprises. Renamed in honor of Biruni. TAKE (Bierut) Boleslav (1892-1956), President and Chairman of the Presidium of the State Council (1947-52), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1952-54) in Poland. Chairman (December 1948 - March 1954), 1st Secretary (March 1954) of the Polish United Workers' Party. Berchem (Berchem) Nicholas (1620-83), Dutch painter and etcher. Italian landscape with pastoral motifs. Berchtesgaden (Berchtesgaden), mountain resort in the south-east of Germany, south of Salzburg (Austria). Winter sports center. Berzelius (Berzelius) Jens Jakob (1779-1848), Swedish chemist and mineralogist, a foreign honorary member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1820). Opened cerium (1803), selenium (1817), thorium (1828). Created (1812-19) electrochemical theory of chemical affinity, on its basis to construct a classification of elements, compounds and minerals. Identified (1807-18) atomic masses of 45 elements, introduced (1814) modern chemical signs of the elements. Coined the term "catalysis". Birch (Birch) Arthur (b. 1915), the Australian organic chemist, a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; Foreign Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences c 1976). Developed a method for the recovery of aromatic compounds with alkali metals in liquid ammonia in the presence of proton donors (Birch reaction). Bershov fish perch family. Length 25-45 cm, weighs 250 g to 1.4 kg. Mainly in reservoirs bass. Caspian, Black and Azov Seas. Target species. Bershad, city (1966) in Ukraine, Vinnitsa region. Railway station. 14.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Electrical Plant, food enterprises. Museum. Known since 1459. Bershov (Berchet), Giovanni (1783-1851) was an Italian poet, one of the founders of Italian Romanticism, a member of the Carbonari movement. Poetry and poems imbued with motifs of national liberation struggle: "Fugitives from Parga" (1823), "Fantastic Dreams" (1829), "Parga" (1848); critical articles. Berstein Inna Abramovna (b. 1919), the Russian literary critic, Doctor of Philology. In the spotlight - the history of Czech literature, the development of novel genre in the literature of the 20th century. Books: "Contemporary Czech Literature" (1961), "The Good Soldier Svejk" Jaroslav Hasek "(1971)," Epic renewal of life: a novel in the literature of the socialist countries of 60-70-ies. "(1982) and others. BERYNDA Pamba (50-70th. 16 in. - 1632), leader of the Ukrainian culture, poet and translator. Dictionary "Lexicon slavenorossky names and interpretation" (1627; approx. 7 thousand. words) panegyric poetry and spiritual. "Conversations" one of the first associations of agrarian leaders (Moscow, 1899-1905). Discussed in rural and political issues. Through the newspaper "Right" and other liberal publications promoted the idea of constitutionalism. "Conversations LOVERS RUSSIAN WORDS" literary Society in St. Petersburg in 1811- 16 headed by Derzhavin and Shishkov. Most of the members (SA-Shirinsky Shikhmatov, A. Tails, Tails DI AA Shakhovskoy et al.) from the standpoint of defenders of classicism and Old Church Slavonic opposed the new literary trends and the reform of the literary language, started NM Karamzin. NI Gnedich and IA Krylov, enter society, defended the national democratic traditions of Russian literature. BESEDKOVYE BIRDS (bower birds), a family of passerine birds. The length of 23-35 cm. 17 species in Australia, New msg. Guinea and the adjacent islands. Tokuyuschie males build branches of the arbor for mating, decorate the area in front of her shells, flowers and other bright objects. Besik (pres. Name and fam. Vissarion Gabashvili Zakharievich) (1750-91), a Georgian poet and politician. Love poems, patriotic ode "Aspindza" (1770). BESKAPSYULNOE blasting, blasting method, in which the initiation of the main charge is carried out by means of fuse without blasting cap. It is used in chamber and borehole charges. Beskid, northern strip of the Carpathians in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Consist of several isolated massifs (height up to 1725 m, of Babya). Beech and coniferous forests, subalpine meadows. Divided into Zap. and east. Beskydy. Ratites (running birds), a group of birds, unable to fly. The pectoral muscles are weak, there is no keel, soft feathers on the wings. Legs are strong. Good run. 4 unit: ostriches, rheas, cassowaries, kiwis. Avg. Bird keel. Besco Konstantin (b. 1920), the Russian athlete and coach (football), Honored Master of Sports (1948), Honored Coach of the USSR (1968). Champion (1945, 1949) and winner of the Cup of the USSR (1953). Coach of the USSR team (1955, 1963-64, 1981-82). His cap, shaped headdress (cap without a visor) soldiers, sailors, some junior officers, students of naval schools a number of armies and navies. In the Russian army and navy to 1811. In 1872, the Russian Navy on his cap were put ribbons on which the designated name of the ship or the number of the sailors; now on the ribbon indicated the name of the fleet or naval school. Infinite decimal fractions, decimals, in which the recording after the comma contains an infinite number of digits. Of infinite induction, the total output of statements (judgments) of an infinite set of assumptions, exhaust all its special cases. Plays an important role in the foundations of mathematics (see. Induction). Infinitely more variable Y, the inverse infinitesimal X, ie Y = 1 / X. Infinitesimal variable, which in the process of change becomes (in absolute value) and further change is less than any preassigned positive number, t. E. Has a limit of zero. In mathematical analysis play an important role beyond the relationship infinitesimal quantities (see. Differential calculus) and the limit of the sum of infinitely small quantities, when the number of terms increases indefinitely (see. Integral calculus). Infinite product, the product of an infinite number of factors, ie. E. Expression of the form: an infinite series. See Series. Contactless equipment, electrical and electronic devices in which the electrical switching circuit (their circuit breaking switching) and the current or voltage transformation performed without mechanical disruption circuits. Great Auk, extermination (19 in.) Flightless bird auk family. Length up to 70 cm. Dwells on the Atlantic coast of Europe and North. America. Wingless, the same as the kiwi. Beslan, a town (since 1950) in the Russian Federation, North. Ossetia. Railway junction. 32.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Maize Plant; plants: electromechanical, "Avtospetsoborudovanie." Besov Oleg Vladimirovich (b. 1933), Russian mathematician, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991; corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences since 1990). Works on the theory of functions. USSR State Prize (1977).
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