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Berezovsky Boris Abramovich (b. 1946), Russian statesman, Corresponding Member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1991), a specialist in computational mathematics. Since 1996, Deputy Secretary of the Russian Security Council. Maxim Berezovsky Sozontovich (1745 - 1777), Russian composer. Member of the Accademia Filarmonica di Bologna (1771). Along with the DS Bortnyansky created a new type of Russian choral concert. Opera "Demofont" (1773). The master (it. Bereiter), 1) specialist training to go round horses and riding ... 2) assistant horse trainer in a circus. Berelekh (downstream Elon), a river in the north-eastern Yakutia, a left tributary of the Indigirka. 754 km catchment area of 17 thousand. Km2. Winter freeze to the bottom. Berel glaciers in the Altai, on the slopes of Belukha. Berel large glacier length approx. 10 km, an area of 12.5 km2; Small - respectively approx. 8 km and 8.9 km 2. Pregnancy, a physiological process in the female body and female viviparous animal associated with fertilization and development of the ovum. The woman goes on an average of 280 days. Berengar of Tours (Berengarius Turonensis) (d. 1088), the Christian theologian, representative of scholasticism. Bishop Chartres Fulbera pupil; led Turska school. His interpretation of the Eucharist was condemned at the Council in Rome and Vercelli. Berend, Turkic nomadic tribe in the southern Russian steppes in the 11-12 centuries. Since 1146 (consisting of black hoods) vassal of Russia. Berenger (Berenger), Tom (b. 1950) is an American actor. Working in theater and film. Has become well known as a performer in the role of Sergeant O. Stone's film "Platoon" (1986). Behrens (Behrens) Peter (1868-1940), German architect and designer. In the construction of industrial enterprises using reinforced concrete and metal structures, highlighting the stark power of massive walls. Euonymus, genus of shrubs or small trees of the family Celastraceae. Ok. 200 species in Eurasia (mainly in the Himalayas and east. Asia), America and Australia. Almost all poisonous. Many types of decorative, used in hedges and hedgerows. BEREST, elm tree kind. Birch bark (elm), the outer part of the birch bark. Dry distillation tar. Birch bark is used for making baskets, baskets, and so on. D. See. Also birchbark documents. Beresteis'ka EARTH, a historical region in the middle reaches of the West. Bug (the territory of present-day. Brest reg.). Center - Berestye. Was part of Kievan Rus in the 11-13 centuries. in Turov-Pinsk, Volyn, Galicia-Volyn principality. From the 14th century. in Lithuania. Berestetskaya battle between Ukrainian Cossack and peasant-Polish troops (28 .6-10.7.1651, at p. Berestechko) failed to Ukrainian troops from the treachery of allies - the Crimean Khan. Led to Belotserkovski contract. Berestechko, city (1940) in Ukraine, Volyn region., 25 km from the railway Art. Peas. 2.1 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Food enterprises. In 1651 the place Berestechko battle. Birch bark Valentin D. (b. 1928), the Russian writer. Archaeologist by training. Poems for children (collections of "Pro machine", 1957; "Pictures in the puddles," 1962; "Chitalochka", 1966; "Going out of school," 1983; "Bird charge", 1995, et al.). Fairy tales ("Katya in the toy town", 1963, in conjunction with the TI Alexandrova, et al.). Lyrics (in Vol. H. Landscape), developed the tradition of classical Russian poetry (collections of "Family Photo", 1973; "Three Roads", 1980; "The definition of happiness", 1987). Novel "The Adventures will not" (1962), "The Sword in a gold sheath" (1964) and others. Historical and literary articles. Memories (in Vol. H. Of KI Chukovsky). Translations. Birch bark, the ancient name of Brest in Belarus. Canoe, canoe for 1-2 people from a cross-linked birch bark, tight frame, the peoples of the Amur region. Birchbark documents, Old letters and documents of 11-15 centuries., Scratched on birch bark (bark). In 1951-93 found St. 753 birch bark letters in Novgorod, Smolensk few, Art. Rousset, Pskov, Vitebsk, Tver, Moscow and others. Beresford (Beresford) Bruce (b. 1940), Australian film director. A key figure t. N. "Australian renaissance" of the 1970s. in the cinema. The worldwide success of the film brought him the "intruder Morant" (1979). Working in Hollywood. "Oscar" for the film "Driving Miss Daisy" (1989). TAKES (fr. Beret), soft round flat cap without the crown and band. In Western European costume takes known since the 16th century., But only appeared in Russia in the early 19th century. In the first half of the century was the only female head-dress, moreover, only married women. Berets were made of silk, velvet, lace, trimmed with feathers, flowers and jewelry. Berger (Berger), karst chasm in France, in the Vercors massif in the Alps. The depth of 1248 m (one of the deepest in the world). Bergeron (Bergeron) Tour (1891-1977), a Swedish meteorologist. One of the founders of the air masses and fronts, the creator of the dynamic climatology. Established role in solid phase precipitation from clouds. Berzarina Erastovich Nicholas (1904-45), Colonel-General (1945), Hero of the Soviet Union (1945). Commander Infantry Division in the battles near Lake. Hassan (1938). In World War II commander near armies. After the capture of Berlin (1945), the military commander of the city. Was killed in a car accident. BERZIN (Berzins) Reinhold I. (Yazepovich) (1888-1939), commander. In 1918, the commander of the Red Army in the fight against the Central Rada and rebellion Dovbor-Musnitski, commander of the army on the North. Urals. In 1919-24 a member of the Revolutionary Military Councils of a number of fronts. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. BERZIN (pres. Fam. And name Kjuzis Peteris) Yan Karlovich (Pavel Ivanovich) (1889-1938), Army Commissar of rank 2 (1937). In 1924-35 and 1937 Head of the Intelligence Staff of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Berzin-Priedīte (Berzinja-Priede) L., See. Priede-Berzinja L. Berzins (Berzins) Boris (b. 1930), the Latvian painter, People's Artist of Latvia (1989), corresponding member of the Academy of Arts (1988). Bright optimistic paintings on the theme of the Latvian village life ("Bread and sun", 1962), landscapes ("In the dunes", 1981). Berzins Rūdolfs (1881-1949), Latvian singer, director, People's Artist of Latvia (1944). In 1919-28 the Latvian National Opera, from 1944 conductor and artistic director of the Latvian Opera and Ballet Theatre. Roles in the operas of Richard Wagner. Janis Berzins (1893-1972), scholar and livestock, the Latvian Academy of Sciences (1951). Proceedings of the Animal Production and Animal Nutrition. Lenin Prize (1964). Beriberi (from the Sinhalese beri - weakness), a disease caused mainly lack of vitamin B1 in food. Implication: polyneuritis, cardiovascular disorders, edema. Distributed mainly in southern and eastern Asia. BERIDZE Longinovich Alexander (1858-1917), a Georgian painter. and schedule. Realistic images of folk types ("Girl, knitting stockings," 1892). Beriev (Beriashvili) Georgy Mikhailovich (1903-1979), a Russian aircraft, Major General Engineer (1951), Doctor of Technical Sciences. Under the leadership of Beriev created seaplanes, jet flying boats, amphibians and others. USSR State Prize (1947, 1968). Berikaoba Georgian improvisational folk theater masks. Existed from ancient times to the beginning. 20 in. Actors Berikaoba called Berwick. Beryl mineral subclass ring silicates, Al2Be3 [Si6O18]. Crystals - hexagonal prism. Green, yellowish-white, gray. Species: emerald, aquamarine, heliodor, vorobyevite (gems), a roster. The hardness of 7.5-8; density of 2.65-2.75 g / cm3. Occurs in pneumatolytic-hydrothermal deposits in pegmatites, quartz veins and others. Beryllium ore. Beryllium ores. The main minerals beryl, phenacite, bertrandite gelbertrandit, chrysoberyl, helvite, genthelvite. Postmagmatic field. The content of BeO in beryllium ores from 0.05-0.09 to 0.7%. Field: Minas Gerais, Boa Vista (Brazil), Spur Mountain (USA) and others. BERILLIZATSIYA, saturation of the surface of products from high-temperature alloys of beryllium primarily for protection against oxidation at temperatures up to 1100 ° C. Beryllium (lat. Beryllium), Be, a chemical element of group II of the periodic system, atomic number 4 atomic mass of 9.01218. Named for the mineral beryl. Light gray metal, lightweight and solid; density of 1.816 g / cm3, melting point 1287 ° C. Above 800 ° C until the BeO oxidized. Beryllium and its alloys are used in electrical engineering, aircraft and rocket for berillizatsii. In a nuclear reactor - neutron moderator and reflector. When mixed with Ra, Po, Ac - neutron source. Beryllium compounds are poisonous. Berylliosis, occupational poisoning beryllium or its compounds with the defeat of the respiratory tract. BERYLLIUM OXIDE, BeO, colorless crystals; melting point 2578 ° C. Refractory and chemically resistant material for special ceramics, moderator and reflector of neutrons in a nuclear reactor. BERING (Bering) Vitus Ionassen (Ivan) (1681-1741), explorer, Captain-Commander of the Russian Navy (1730). Dane by birth. In 1725-30 and 1732-41 the head of the 1st and 2nd Kamchatka expedition. Passed between the Chukchi n-word and Alaska (the Bering Strait.), Reached North. America and discovered a number of islands in the Aleutian Islands. Died during the winter on the island, which now bears his name. Bering name called as the sea and the Strait in the north Pacific ok.BERING (Bering) Vitus Ionassen (according to the documents Ivan) (baptized August 5, 1681, Horsens, Denmark - December 18, 1741, Bering Island), Russian explorer, discoverer of the Bering Strait, the researcher northwest America, the North Pacific and the north-eastern coast of Asia, captain-Commander (1730). Service in Dutch and Russian origin flotahPo Dane. Taking the name of the mother (paternal it - Svendsen), in his youth Behring twice went to India for Dutch ships. In 1703 in Amsterdam finished the Marine Cadet Corps and was admitted to the Russian Baltic Fleet lieutenant. In 1710, Lieutenant Commander was transferred to the Azov Fleet and participated in the Prut campaign of Peter I (1711). In 1712-23, rising through the ranks and commanding the various courts, swimming in the Baltic Sea. In February 1724 dismissed at his own request, but in August by order of Peter again in the Navy as a captain I rank. First Kamchatka Expedition In 1725 Bering led the First Kamchatka Expedition, whose main objective was to find out whether Asia is connected with the United States or between them is the strait. He went out of 8 June 1728 on the boat Nizhnekamchatsk "St.. Gabriel." Between July 14 and August 16, 1728 mapped the Pacific coast of North-East Asia, including the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kamchatka and opened Karaginsky Gulf Island Karaginsky Bay Cross, Providence Bay and St. Lawrence Island. In the Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait, passing, (but not realizing it) reached 67 ° 24 'north latitude and not finding the fog American coast, turned back. In the summer of 1729 Bering Kamchatka moved from east to 200 km, but because of the strong winds and fog returned. Tracing the part of the coast, discovered Avachinskiy bay and Avacha Bay; filmed for the first time more than 3.5 thousand. km of the western coast of the sea, later called the Bering. Second Kamchatka Expedition Two months after his return to St. Petersburg (April 1730) Behring proposed research plan of the northern coast of Asia, as well as search for a sea route to Japan and America. June 4, 1741 Head of the Second Kamchatka Expedition Bering and his deputy Alexei Chirikov, commanding two packet-boat "St. Peter" and "Saint. Paul" put out to sea from the Avacha Bay, where he founded the city of Petropavlovsk. Court headed southeast in search of "Earth Giovanni da Gama", puts on some maps of the 18th century. between 46 ° and 50 ° north latitude. After losing more than a week and making sure that there is no piece of land, even in the North Pacific, where they were pioneers, both ships headed for the north-east. June 20 fell to the sea fog and vessels lost each other. Three days Behring on "St. Peter" sought Chirikov, passing to the south about 400 km, then moved to the northeast, and for the first time crossed the central waters of the Gulf of Alaska. July 17 at 58 ° north latitude sailors saw a high ridge (St. Elias) - this was America. But the joy of opening Behring not experienced, because he felt bad - began scurvy. July 20 came to the island kayak where Steller landed scientist and navigator Hitrovo. Food shortages forced sailors on the next day to go back. Bering walked along the beach to the west and in rare clearings there is a high mountain (Chugach). Bering discovered the island of Misty (Chirikov), five islands (Evdokeevskie), snow-covered mountains (Aleutian Range) on the "Mother of the shore" (Alaska Peninsula), the south-western tip of which found Shumagin Islands, where he first met with the Aleuts. Continuing along the west, Bering sometimes seen on the north shore (the islands of the Aleutian chain). November 4th wave nailed ship to an unknown island (later named Bering name), where Captain-Commander and many crew members died. Survivors 46 sailors had severe winter, but built from the remains of the packet boat small boat and 26 August 1742, almost without using the sail, oars reached Petropavlovsk, where they thought long dead. According to the found in 1991 in a tomb skull restored the true face of Bering, which was important since repeatedly publish images of Captain-Commander is actually a portrait of his uncle. Bering name mentioned: the sea, the Strait Island (where a monument was erected Commander), Glacier Bay (Yakutat), two Cape, vanished land (Beringia) that connected Asia with North America, Lake, Peninsula, reka.Literatura: Waxell S. Second Kamchatka expedition of Vitus Bering. L. 1940.Berg LS Discovery of Kamchatka and Bering's expedition. M .; L. 1946.Kushnarev EG Looking Strait. First Kamchatka Expedition. 1725-1730. L. 1976.Pasetsky VM Vitus Bering. M., 1982.Sopotsko AA history of Bering swimming on the boat "St. Gabriel" in the Arctic Ocean. M., 1983.Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. M., 1984. T. 3, Ch. 7 8.Steller GV Diary diving Bering to the shores of America, 1741-1742. M., 1995.V. I. Magidovich. BERING (Behring) Emil Adolf (1854-1917), German microbiologist, immunologist. Tetanus and diphtheria offered antitoxic serum, developed a method of active immunization against diphtheria. Nobel Prize (1901). BERING ISLAND, under the Commander Islands (Russian Federation). 1.7 thousand. Km2. Height up to 751 meters. It is covered mostly tundra vegetation. Rookery of fur seals, sea lions. Named for Vitus Bering. Bering Strait, between the continents of Eurasia and North. America. Connects the North. Arctic approx. with the Pacific approx. Length of 96 km, the smallest width of 86 km, the smallest depth of 36 m. It was named after Vitus Bering. In the middle of the Bering Strait, between about-you Diomede, the state border of the Russian Federation and the United States. BERING SEA, semi-enclosed sea in the North Pacific approx., Separated from it by the Aleutian and Commander-you. 2315 thousand. Km2. The greatest depth of 5500 m in the north of less than 200 m. The large gulfs of Anadyr and Olyutorskij (off the coast of the Russian Federation), Norton, Bristol (Alaska, USA). Winter is covered by ice. The larger islands: Karaginsky, St. Lawrence, Nunivak, Pribilof. Flow into rivers. Anadyr and the Yukon. The salinity of 30-33 ‰. Fishing (salmon, flounder, herring, Pacific saury), fishing sea lions and seals. On the shores and islands of the rookeries. Ports: Providence (Russian Federation), Nome (United States). Named for Vitus Bering. Berio (Beriot) Charles Auguste (1802-70), the Belgian violinist and composer. Virtuoso, the founder of the national school of violin; 10 Violin Concerto, Pieces for Violin and Piano; "Violin School". Berislav city (from 1784) in Ukraine, Kherson region., 12 km from the railway Art. Cossack, a marina for Kakhovka reservoir. 17.7 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Machine-Building Plant; food enterprises. Historical Museum. Founded in the 15th century. Beritashvili (Berit) Ivan Solomonovich (1884 / 85-1974), the Georgian physiologist, founder of the Georgian school of physiologists, academician of the USSR (1939), Georgian Academy of Sciences (1941), Academy of Medical Sciences (1944), Hero of Socialist Labor (1964). Works on the physiology of higher nervous activity and central nervous system. Investigation of the physiological, psychological, and physical and chemical basis of memory. USSR State Prize (1941). Berisha (Berisha) Sali (b. 1944), the President of Albania in April 1992. The leader of the ruling (March 1992), the Democratic Party of Albania (established in 1990) in September 1991 and April 1992. Beria Lawrence P. (1899-1953), politician . Since 1921 in senior positions in the Extraordinary Commission - GPU Transcaucasia. In 1931-38 the 1st Secretary of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Georgia. In 1938-45 Commissar, in 1953 the Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR. In 1941-53 Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (Council of Ministers) of the USSR. Since 1941 Member since 1944 Deputy Chairman of the National Defence Commission. Member of the Party Central Committee in 1934-53, member of the Political Bureau (Bureau) of the Central Committee in 1946-53 (Ph.D. 1939). Hero of Socialist Labor (1943). Marshal of the Soviet Union (1945). He was a near political environment Stalin; one of the most active organizers of mass repressions of the 1930s - early. 50s. In June 1953 arrested by the verdict of the Special Bench of the upper court of the USSR in December 1953 rasstrelyan.BERIYa Lawrence P. [17 (29) in March 1899, the village Merheuli, near Sukhumi - December 23, 1953, Moscow], Soviet statesman, the head of the state security organs. With his name is associated with the monstrous crimes of the Stalinist regime in the late 1930s - early 1950s gg.Rodilsya into a peasant family. After graduating from junior high school in Sukhumi (1914) studied at the Mechanics and Construction Technical School in Baku (1915-19, with interruptions), later in Baku Polytechnic Institute. In March 1917 joined the RSDLP (b). In the same year, Beria was drafted into the army and sent to the Romanian front. At the end of 1917 he returned to Baku. In 1918 Beria was an employee of the Baku Soviet (Baku Commune), then assistant Mikoyan, who led the Bolshevik underground in Azerbaijan. In 1920 was in Georgia, where he was arrested twice on suspicion of spying for the Soviet Russia, and in August sent under escort to Azerbaydzhan.V ZakavkazeS 1921 Beria activity proceeded in the KGB Transcaucasia. Since December 1926 - Chairman of the Georgian GPU and deputy chairman of the Transcaucasian GPU. In 1931-32 - the first secretary of the Communist Party of Georgia, then headed Zakkraykomom VKP (b), which controlled the activities of the Communist Parties of the Caucasus. In July 1935 Beria was made at a meeting of party activists in Tbilisi with the report, which was first put forward the thesis of the propaganda that the Bolshevik party - a "party of Lenin - Stalin." His rapid advancement in the party and punitive organs he was obliged to Stalin that comes compromising materials on the leaders of the Transcaucasian respublik.Vo led security organs in 1938 Beria was transferred to Moscow, where he became a deputy and then People's Commissar of Internal Affairs. Initially, before him the task was to eliminate the "Yezhov period", to suspend the flywheel of repression, took a horrific scale. Over time, Beria gave the state terror systematic character, greatly improved methods of repression. He was one of the organizers of the Gulag, the initiator of hard labor and special camps with the most inhuman regime. With its user security apparatus was used as a weapon in the fight against gangs in the party leadership. In 1939 he became a candidate member of the Politburo of the CPSU (b). Personally loyal to Stalin, Beria was the executor of his will, organizer of numerous cases to eliminate "undesirable" persons who personally participated in the torture of the investigation. In 1940, under his leadership, the killing was carried out Trotsky in Mexico. He was in charge of foreign and Soviet intelligence. Since 1941 Beria was appointed Deputy Chairman of People's Commissars of the USSR. During the war years of 1941-45, he was a member of T-bills, was in charge of the defense industry. On his instructions at the beginning of the war were organized proceedings against warlords who completed a death sentence. He led the punitive actions of SMERSH and defensive squads. In 1944 Beria headed the operations of the security organs to deport the peoples of the Northern Caucasus and Crimea. He was one of the organizers of the mass executions of Polish prisoners of war in Katyn (1940). Since 1944, Beria was in charge of all the work and research related to the development of atomic weapons, while showing exceptional organizational sposobnosti.V 1943 he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, and in 1945 he became Marshal of the Soviet Union. Since 1946 - Member of the Politburo of the CPSU (b) .In the postwar years, the state security organs under the leadership of Beria infinitely expand and enhance their power. End of career BeriiPosle Stalin's death in March 1953 Beria became Minister of Interior and Deputy Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers. He consolidated his control over all law enforcement agencies. As a pragmatist, Beria understood perfectly the need for change in domestic and foreign policy. According to some researchers, he was ready to abandon the ideological extremes, to make some steps to reform the totalitarian regime inclined to a more realistic exchange rate in relation to the countries of Eastern Europe. But the party and state elite feared for their future in case of capture Beria power in the country. Khrushchev was able to organize a plot against Beria, to win over members of the Politburo and a group of generals headed by Marshal GK Zhukovym.26 June 1953 at a meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in the Kremlin, Beria was arrested. He was accused of anti-Party and anti-state activities, espionage (as well as in a number of rapes, including minors). In December 1953 at a closed trial Beria was sentenced to death. The sentence was executed General PF Batitskiy.Literatura Beriah: the end of a career. M., A. Riddle 1991Avtorhanov Stalin's death. M., P. 1992Sudoplatov Exploration and the Kremlin. M., 1996L. Molchanov Burke (Burke), Robert O'Hara (1821-61), English explorer of Australia. The first to cross the continent from north to south (from Melbourne to room. Carpentaria), died on the way back. Edmund Burke (1729-97), English writer and philosopher, one of the leaders of the Whigs. Author pamphlets against the French Revolution con. 18 v.BERK (Burke), Edmund (January 12, 1729, Dublin - July 9, 1797, Bekonsfild), English philosopher, writer and politician, ideologue of conservatism. Education. Start of literary activity was born in a family of Irish lawyer. Father - a Protestant mother - Catholic. Primary education in the Catholic school, the average - in the Quaker, higher - in Dublin's Trinity College (1743-48). In 1750 went to London to study law, which, however, soon preferred literary tvorchestvo.V 1756 Burke published a pamphlet, "Protect the natural society," directed against rationalist philosophy Mr. Bolingbroke, and in 1757 - "The philosophical study of the origin of our ideas of the sublime and the beautiful "had a great influence on the development of European aesthetics. In 1757 Burke married George. Nugent, daughter of a farmer. In 1758-90 he was a leading author and editor of the yearbook "Annual Register" .Politicheskaya activities In 1759 Berg was secretary MP W. Hamilton, then Secretary of the Marquis of Rockingham (British Prime Minister). From 1765 a member of parliament, where he became the Whig party ideologue. Burke performances in defense of freedom of speech, for the commutation of sentences for insolvent debtors, against the oppression of Catholics for the abolition of the slave trade, and others. Brought him fame. During the crisis in relations between Britain and its American colonies, which led to the War of Independence in North America 1775-83, Burke blamed the repressive measures of the government. He called for the sake of preserving the integrity of the empire to compromise with the colonists to abandon the metropolis undue interference in their economic activities. In 1780-82 Burke played an important role in economic reform - Elimination of sinecures, the king used to bribe MPs. At the same time, Burke consistently rejected nominate leftist radical Whigs and the idea of parliamentary reform. In 1784-86 it received wide resonance parliamentary speeches demanding the resignation of the Governor-General of India W. Hastings for abuse of power. By participating in the trial of Hastings as a prosecutor, Burke said a number of famous speeches, devoted to issues of politics and law. Extremely negatively perceived the French Revolution, Burke put her sharp criticism in a series of parliamentary speeches and journalistic works (1790-97), chief among which were his "Reflections on the Revolution in France" (1790). This book sparked wide debate, which was attended by many prominent politicians and thinkers of Europe, and went down in history as a classic exposition of the principles of ideology and philosophical views konservatizma.Sotsialno human mind, according to Burke, is unable to fully comprehend the patterns established over the life of society, but watching the daily "course of things", embodies the wisdom of Providence, people can get a Repose of world harmony (eg., in the economy, it manifests itself in the action of the objective laws of the market). Generation after generation of the mind of the nation accumulates priceless nuggets of divine wisdom, which is reflected in the manners, customs and traditions. Considering the state as a hereditary property of all generations of its citizens, Burke called for respect for historical continuity in policy. Contradictions in society, according to Burke, as inevitable as in nature. He rejected the theory of the social contract of Rousseau suggests the possibility of a society and the state through purposeful act. Recognizing the possibility of reforming the historical institutions, Burke believed that such changes should only be partial and purely pragmatic, used as a means of improving rather than destruction. The French Revolution, he condemned as an attempt to destroy the established social order and replace it with a purely speculative and therefore unsustainable public relations scheme, developed by philosophers Prosvescheniya.Sochineniya: The philosophical study of the origin of our ideas of the sublime and the beautiful. M., 1979.Zaschita natural egalitarian society // pamphlets in England in the mid 18th century. M., 1991. S. 41-110.Razmyshleniya on the Revolution in France. M., 1993.The Correspondence of Edmund Burke. Cambridge, 1958-1978. V. 1-10.Literatura: Chudinov AV British Reflections on the French Revolution: Edmund Burke, John. McIntosh, William Godwin. M., 1996.O'Brien C. C. The Great Melody. A Thematic Biography and Commented Anthology of Edmund Burke. Chicago, 1992.A. Chudinov Burke (1209-66), the khan of the Golden Horde, the younger brother of Batu. When Berke the Golden Horde actually stood apart from the Mongol Empire. Berkengeim Abram Moiseevich (1867-1938), the Russian organic chemist, Honored Scientist of the RSFSR (1934). In the book "Fundamentals of e-chemistry of organic compounds" (1917) introduced in organic chemistry new ideas about the electronic structure of the atom. One of the founders of the chemical and pharmaceutical industry in the USSR. Developed ways to produce a number of medicinal and synthetic fragrances (procaine, Luminal et al.). BERKELEY (Berkeley), a city in the western US, pcs. CA; a suburb of San Francisco. 103 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Mechanical engineering, chemical and food industry. One of the largest departments of the University of California. BERKELEY (Berkeley), George (1685-1753), English philosopher; Bishop of Cloyne in the (Ireland). In the "Treatise on the Principles of Human Knowledge" (1710) argued that the outside world does not exist independently of perception and thinking: the existence of things is being perceived. Subjective-idealist doctrine Berkeley - one of the sources empiriocriticism, pragmatism, neo. Berkeley (lat. Berkelium), Bk, artificial chemical element of group III of the periodic system, atomic number 97 refers to the actinides. Radioactive, most stable isotope 247Bk (half-life of 1380 years). Named for the place of opening (Berkeley). Paul N. Burke (1896-1969), the Russian literary critic, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1960). Works on Russian literature and its relationship with the foreign literature, the history of journalism. Berkovskii Naum Yakovlevich (1901-72), literary critic. Major works on the history of foreign literature and theater, history and theory of Romanticism, International Relations, Russian literature. Golden eagle, a bird of prey of the family Accipitridae. Length up to 90 cm. In Eurasia, North. America, North. Africa. Long may soar; production enough on the ground. Used as a hunting bird. Guarded. Berlage (Berlage) Hendrik Petrus (1856-1934), a Dutch architect. Sought to rationality, simplicity and rigor of geometric composition (Exchange in Amsterdam, 1897-1903; the Municipal Museum in The Hague, 1916-35). Berlad, the city and the region in the 11-13 centuries. in the lower reaches of the Danube River (now the city of Barlad in Romania). The mingled people, fugitives from the oppression of the Russian principalities - Berladnik. Political dependence on the Kievan Rus, Galician principality; sometimes independent princes. Berlanga (Berlanga) Luis Garcia (b. 1921), Spanish writer and director. In a brilliant satirical form ridiculed orders and customs of Spain during the reign of Franco ("The Executioner", 1963; "National gun", 1978; "National Treasure", 1981 et al.). BERLEZE (Berlese), Antonio (1863-1927), an Italian zoologist. Works on the biology and anatomy of insects (in Vol. H. Of harmful scale insects and Diptera), mites and lower terrestrial arthropods. One of the founders of the biological control of agricultural pests. Author hypothesis about the origin of metamorphosis in insects. BURLEIGH Adolf Augustus BURLEIGH (Berle) Adolf Augustus (1895-1971), American economist and lawyer. One of the creators of "managerial revolution" theory. BERLIN (Berlin), the capital of Germany. Located at the confluence. Spree in the district. Havel, on navigable canals linking Berlin pp. Elbe and Oder. Area of approx. 890 km2. The population of 4.3 million. People in 1939, approx. 2.8 million. People in 1945, 3.3 million. People in 1949, 3.5 million. People in 1992. Since 1990, an independent administrative unit. International airports Schönefeld, Tegel and Tempelhof. Metropolitan. Major industries - mechanical engineering (electrical, electronic, instrumentation, general and transport), chemical-pharmaceutical (production of medicines and products, fine chemicals), printing, textile, food processing. As the city of Berlin began in the 1st floor. 13 in. Since 1486 the capital of Brandenburg (then Prussia), from 1871 - Germany. Berlin - the largest industrial, cultural and scientific center of Germany, one of the main centers of the German revolutionary and working-class movement (the Revolution of 1848-49, the November Revolution of 1918, and others.). At the final stage of World War II in Europe, Soviet troops captured the city 05/02/1945 completely (see. Berlin operation). After the defeat of Nazi Germany Berlin area was divided into zones of occupation, the USSR, USA, UK and France. Western powers have held elections in the city parliament (in 1948). In the eastern part of 10.07.1949 was proclaimed German Democratic Republic and Berlin declared the capital of the German Democratic Republic. In 1961, on the recommendation of the meeting of the leaders of the countries - participants of the Warsaw Pact was built "Berlin Wall" (system security barrier between the German Democratic Republic and the West. Berlin a total length of 162 km, in Vol. H. 45 km in the city) is actually to stop the exodus the population of the German Democratic Republic to the west. As a result of political changes in the German Democratic Republic (November - December 1989) in 1990, the wall was dismantled. After the annexation of the German Democratic Republic to the Federal Republic of Germany 03.10.1990 status of the federal capital of the reunified Germany moved from Bonn to Berlin. Universities. Theatres: Opera, "Komische Oper", "Berliner Ensemble" and others. The Berlin state museums, the Museum of German History, Local History and others. Zoos. Gothic churches of 13-14 centuries., Baroque and classical ensembles of 17-19 centuries. XI Olympic Games (1936). BERLIN Alexander (b. 1940), the Russian scientist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1994). Research in the field of chemistry and physics vysokomolyarnyh compounds and composite materials. BERLIN Alfred Anisimovich (1912-78), the Russian chemist. Honored Worker of Science and Technology of Russia (1978). Works on chemistry and polymer technology. Created the scientific foundations of obtaining and processing of foams. The methods of preparation of oligomers and polymers based on them. USSR State Prize (1949). BERLIN (Berlin) Isaiah (b. 1909), English philosopher and historian of European political and ethical thought in modern times. A native of Russia. Translations of Russian literature, memories of Aldous Huxley, Anna Akhmatova, Boris Pasternak. Book "Four Essays on Freedom" (1969), "Russian thinkers" (1978), "The concepts and categories. Philosophical Essays" (1978), "Against the Current. Essays on the History of Ideas" (1979), "Personal impressions" (1980 ). Berlinguer (Berlinguer), Enrico (1922-1984), general secretary of the Italian Communist Party (PCI) since 1972. In 1943-45 member of the Resistance Movement. In 1950-56, General Secretary of the Italian Communist Youth Federation. "Berliner Ensemble" (Berliner Ensemble), German Drama Theatre. Founded in 1949 in Berlin, Brecht and Weigel as E. anti-fascist and anti-militarist theater direction. Repertoire includes works by German and foreign (in Vol. H. Russian) dramaturgy. Berlin Academy of Sciences, one of the major research centers in Germany until 1945. It originated from the Brandenburg Scientific Society (founded in 1700; President - Leibniz), since 1744 the Berlin Royal Academy; later the Berlin Royal Academy of Science and Letters, the Prussian Academy of Sciences. Reconstituted in 1946 (in 1949-89 - Academy of Sciences of the German Democratic Republic). Berlin Conference of 1884-85, the international conference of 14 countries (the UK, Germany, Russia, France, USA, Belgium, Portugal and others.) On African affairs. Congo (mostly present-day territory. Zaire) was formally declared "independent state" led by the Belgian King Leopold II. Berlin Conference in 1945 (Potsdam Conference) (17 July - 2 August, Potsdam) Heads of Missions major powers - the winners of the 2nd World War: the USSR (Stalin), USA (Truman) and the UK (Churchill , from July 28 Attlee). Decided on the demilitarization and denazification of Germany, the destruction of the German monopolies, reparations, Poland's western border; confirmed the transfer of the USSR in Königsberg and the surrounding areas and dr.BERLINSKAYa (Potsdam) Conference 1945, held from July 17 to August 2 in the palace Tsetsilienhod in Potsdam, near Berlin. Attended by the heads of the victorious powers in World War II - Joseph Stalin (USSR), Winston Churchill (after the change of the Conservative government in the UK Labour - Attlee), Truman (USA) .In the beginning of the Berlin Conference was approved American project of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of Great Britain, the USSR, China, France and the United States, that is. e. the five countries - permanent members of the Security Council OON.Tsentralnoe negotiations took place in the German problem. It was decided to complete disarmament and demilitarization of Germany, the abolition of all its armed forces, the SS, SA, SD and Gestapo, the elimination of the military industry. At the same time provided for the reconstruction of German political life on a democratic basis. In Potsdam, in contrast to the Crimean (Yalta) conference in 1945, was not considered the question of the dismemberment of Germany. At the Berlin Conference stated that the Allied Powers "are not going to destroy or enslave the German people" .Raznoglasiya emerged in the discussion of the question of reparations. However, the Soviet Union and the United States managed to work out a compromise, according to which the Soviet Union received reparations from its zone of occupation and at the expense of German investments abroad (as well as an additional 25% of industrial equipment from the Western zones). On the Polish-German border was accepted Stalin's proposal (of the Oder - Neisse), although Churchill strongly opposed the expansion of Poland to the west. It also departed Poland Danzig (Gdansk) and a large part of East Prussia. Königsberg (Kaliningrad since 1946) with the surrounding areas of the USSR passed. Serious problems arose when discussing the topic of peaceful settlement with some former allies of Germany. Soviet side reaffirmed the commitment of the participation of the USSR in the war against Japan (USSR entered the war on August 9, 1945) .Resheniya Berlin conference had mixed effects. On the one hand, was produced by the division of spheres of influence between the USSR and the Western powers, on the other - the conference drew a line under the six-year period of the World War II. Although the anti-Hitler coalition on its last legs, and denote the hidden cracks in the relationship between its members, in Potsdam, the three powers were able to reach agreement on many issues postwar. However, further cooperation of these powers has given way to the "cold war" .Literatura: Berlin (Potsdam) Conference leaders of the three allied powers - the USSR, the USA and the UK (17 July - 2 August 1945): Proc. documents. M., 1980.Israelyan VL diplomacy during the war years (1941-1945). M., 1985.Beletsky VN Potsdam 1945: Past and Present. M., 1987.Perepiska Chairman of USSR Council of Ministers with the US President and the British Prime Minister during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. M., 1989. T. 1-2.Soyuzniki in the war of 1941-1945 / Ed. Ed. AO Chubarian, William F. Kimball, D. Reynolds. M., 1995.SSSR and the German question 1941-1949: Documents from the Archives of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation. M., 1996. T. 1.Foreign Relations of the United States. The Conference of Berlin / The Potsdam Conference 1945. Washington, 1960. V. 1-2.Feis H. Between War and Peace. Tht Potsdam Conference. Princeton, 1960.L. B. Pozdeyeva Berlin operation .4-8.5.1945 16, during the Great Patriotic War. Soviet troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian Front (Marshal of the Soviet Union Georgy Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Konev) broke through the defenses of German troops on pp. Oder Neisse and Zelovskih heights, surrounded by the largest group of German troops in Berlin and south-east of Berlin, and then in the stubborn fighting to eliminate them. April 30, Soviet troops stormed the Reichstag; May 2 remnants of the Berlin garrison capitulated. May 8 representatives of the German High Command in Berlin signed an unconditional surrender of the armed forces of Nazi Germany. Berlin State Museums, one of the largest museum complexes in the world. Founded in 1830 include the National Gallery, Picture Gallery, Near Eastern Museum, Islamic, Egyptian Museum, antique collection, the New National Gallery, the Ethnographic Museum, and others. The Congress of Berlin in 1878, convened to review the conditions of the San Stefano Peace 1878 at the initiative of the United Kingdom and Austria -Hungary who opposed the strengthening of Russia's position in the Balkans. Other participants: Germany, France, Italy and Turkey. Caught in the diplomatic isolation of the Russian government made concessions. Signed Berlin Treaty. 1940 Tripartite Pact military alliance between the major parties Anti-Comintern Pact - Germany, Italy and Japan; signed on 27 September. Later joined by the governments of several other countries that are dependent on Germany. The Treaty of Berlin, signed 07.13.1878 powers - the member of the Berlin Congress. Confirmed the independence of Montenegro, Serbia and Romania. North. Bulgaria became an autonomous state, South. Bulgaria (eastern. Rumelia) remained under the rule of the Turkish sultan, received administrative autonomy. Russia absorbed the mouth of the Danube, the fortress of Kars, Ardahan, Batum with the counties. Austria-Hungary occupied Bosnia and Herzegovina. University of Berlin, Humboldt University, founded in 1809. In 1990, approx. 18 thousand. Students. BERLIOZ (Berlioz) Hector (1803-69) was a French composer, conductor. Member of the Institute of France (1856). The creator of the romantic program symphony. Innovator in musical form, harmony, instrumentation. Aspired to dramatization symphonic genre, to the monumental vocal-instrumental style, to the grotesque sharpening images. "Fantastic Symphony" (1830), "Funeral and Triumphal Symphony" (1840), the opera-film series "Les Troyens" (1859), Requiem (1837) and others. Along with R. Wagner created a new school of conducting. Treatise "orchestra conductor" (1856). "Memoirs" (vols. 1-2, 1860). Berlichingen (Berlichingen) Goetz (Gottfried) background (1480-1562), a German knight, a member of the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Commanded a large peasant groups in Franconia; before the decisive battle in May 1525 gave the peasants. BERLUSCONI (Berlusconi) Silvio (b. 1936), the Italian Prime Minister in May and December 1994. Prominent businessman, leader he created in January 1994, the association "Forza Italia", part of a block of Right Forces. BERMA (Pol. Berma), the horizontal area between the slopes ledges nonworking pit wall. Distinguish transport, safety and security of the berm. Bermamyt plateau Rocky Mts. B. Caucasian, 35 km south-west of Kislovodsk. Main board - Big Bermamyt up to 2591 m, Small Bermamyt up to 2643 m. Karst is developed. BERMAN Mikhail Mikhailovich (1908-76), a Russian engineer and machine-organizer of production, Hero of Socialist Labor (1976). Major works associated with the creation of production and development of new technology - hydraulic semi-automatic turning-copiers, unique automatic lines. Lenin Prize (1959). Bermejo (Bermejo) (Vermeho) (Vermejo) Bartholomew (1474-95 worked or later), Spanish painter. One of the first Spanish artists began to paint in oil. Wrote in the manner of contemporary Flemish painting ("Pieta", the Cathedral of Barcelona, 1490). BERMUDA (Bermuda), in the Atlantic ok., Near the North. America. British possession. Total approx. 150 islands. 53.3 km2. The population of 61.0 thousand. People. (1990). Height up to 79 m. Adm. c. - Hamilton (about. Bermuda). "Bermuda Triangle", the area of the Atlantic approx. between about you, Bermuda, Puerto Rico and the n-word Florida, featuring complex conditions for navigation. BERN (it. Bern, French. Berne), capital (since 1848), Switzerland, the administrative center of the canton of Bern, at p. Aare. 134 thousand. Residents (1990, with suburbs approx. 300 thous. Inhabitants). International Airport. Engineering, chemical and pharmaceutical, food, printing industry. University. Museum of Art, History, Alpine. Founded in 1191. In 1353, entered the Swiss Confederation. Medieval Fortifications (15 in.), The Gothic Cathedral of St. Vinzenz (1421-1588), Hall (1406-17). Bernadette Soubirous (Bernadette Soubirous), the baptism of Mary Bernard (1844-79), the holy Catholic tservi, the miller's daughter from Lourdes (France), which has become a place of pilgrimage for the international phenomenon after her in 1858 the Virgin Mary in a cave near Lourdes (obschekatolicheskoe celebration since 1907) . Memory in the Catholic Church on April 16. Bernadotte (Bernadotte) Jean-Baptiste (1763-1844), Marshal of France (1804). Member of the revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. In 1810 Napoleon dismissed and elected heir to the Swedish throne. In 1813 the commander of the Swedish troops in the war against France. In 1818-44 the Swedish King Karl XIV Johan, founder of the Bernadotte dynasty. Bernadotte, the Swedish royal family from 1818. The founder of JB Bernadotte. Since 1973 the Swedish throne, Carl XVI Gustaf. BERNAL (Bernal) John Desmond (1901-1971), English physicist and public figure, a foreign member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Works on the X-ray analysis; studies metal structure, proteins, hormones, viruses, liquids. Work on the science of science. President of the Executive Presidium of the World Peace Council (1959-65). International Lenin Prize (1953). Bernanos (Bernanos), Georges (1888-1948), French writer and publicist. In the novel "Under the Sun of Satan" (1926), "Diary of a Country Priest" (1936), "Mr. Win" (1940, published in 1943) et al., Drew crisis "European soul" (unbelief, drained, individualism), criticism the current state of the world is conducted from the perspective of religious and ethical (Catholic) positions. Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard (Bernar de Clairvaux) (1090-1153), French theologian, mystic, abbot of the monastery at Clairvaux, had an influence on the political life of the Church and West. Europe was the mastermind of the 2nd crusade. Opposed the theological rationalism P. Abelard. BERNARD (Bernard) Claude (1813-78), French physiologist and pathologist, one of the founders of Experimental Medicine and Endocrinology, foreign member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1860). Classic studies of pancreatic function and its role in digestion. Opened the formation of glycogen in the liver. Works on the innervation of the vessels, the endocrine glands, carbohydrate metabolism, electrophysiology. Introduced the concept of the internal environment of the body. BERNARD (Bernhardt) Sarah (1844-1923), a French actress. In 1872-80 in the "Comedie Francaise", in 1898-1922 headed the "Theatre Sarah Bernhardt" (Paris). Tragic and melodramatic roles in plays Hugo, Dumas, Rostand, and others.
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