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Belyanko, a family of butterflies. Painting of white, yellow, orange, rarely black. Wingspan of up to 8 cm. Oak. 500 species. Widespread. Caterpillars some whiteflies (cabbage, Pieris rapae, Aporia crataegi et al.) Damage crops. 15 species are protected. Belyankin Gennady I. (b. 1927), a Russian architect, People's Architect of the USSR (1987). The chief architect of Yekaterinburg (from 1973). The main work in Yekaterinburg: a concert hall "Space" (1967), the Palace of Youth (1973), etc .; Memorials and monuments. Belyankin Dmitry Stepanovich (1876-1953), the Russian petrography, founder of technical petrography, academician of the USSR (1943). Conducted research in the Urals, the Caucasus, and others. He studied engineering artificial stones (refractories, abrasives, etc.). Belianska Alexander (1906-81), a statesman. In 1938-41 the production manager of the Voronezh aircraft factory in 1942-55 Director aircraft factories in Moscow and Kuibyshev, which produced the Il. BELYAUSKAS (Bieliauskas) Alfonsas (b. 1923), a Lithuanian writer, People's Writer of Lithuania (1983). Novels "We'll meet again, Wilma!" (1962), "Kaunas novel" (1966), "Then in the rain" (1977), "Good Times" (1981), "Vilnius hills" (1986). BEM (Boehm) Gottfried (p .1920), German architect. He studied in Munich. Built church buildings, private houses in medieval German architecture and using the latest technology to achieve (City Hall in Bensberg, 1963). BEM (Bohm), Karl (1894-1981), Austrian conductor. Head of Dresden (1934-43) and Vienna (1943-45, 1954-56) opera houses. Close interpreter operas of Mozart, Richard Strauss, Richard Wagner. Bambi (bavemba, vavemba), Bantu people in northern Zambia (3.1 million. People) and in the border areas of Zaire. The total number of communication. 3720000. People (1992). Preserved traditional beliefs, there are Christians. Böhm-Bawerk (Bohm-Bawerk) Eigen (1851-1914), an Austrian economist. Gave a justification of the theory of marginal utility. Andrei Bembel Onufrievich (1905-86), the Belarusian sculptor, People's Artist of Belarus (1955). Monumental sculpture, portraits, monuments, memorial complex (complex "Mound of Glory", in memory of Soviet soldiers who died fighting for the liberation of Belarus from German invaders, near Minsk, 1969, et al). Bambi (Bembo), Pietro (1470-1547) was an Italian writer, theorist of literary language and style of the Renaissance. "Discourse in the prose of the national language" (1525), dialogic treatise on the sublime love "Azolanskie conversation" (1505). Boehme (Bohme) Jacob (1575-1624), German philosopher pantheist. Cobbler by trade. Mysticism and natural philosophy permeated Boehme spontaneous dialektichekimi ideas. Had a great influence on the German romanticism. Boehmite mineral subclass hydroxides, AlOOH. The bright units bean-shaped, at least the smallest crystals. The hardness of 3.5-4, density approx. 3 g / cm3. Supergene in origin. The main mineral is some bauxite. Flat (fr. Bemol), in music - a sign instructing lowering any stage of the scale by one semitone. Lowering the level of a whole tone denotes a double-flat. BEN ALI Zine El Abidine (b. 1936), the President of Tunisia, Chairman of the Constitutional Democratic Rally in November 1987. The General (1979). In May 1986 - October 1987, the Minister of the Interior, in October 1987 the Prime Minister. Benawa Abdurrauf (1913-87), an Afghan writer and public figure. Anti-colonial historical and journalistic work; educational cycle of poems, "sadly thinking" (1957). Benavente-And-MARTINEZ (Benavente y Martinez) Jacinto (1866-1954), Spanish dramatist. In the plays of "Famous People" (1896), "Food wild beasts" (1898) critique of aristocratic society is combined with contempt for the "crowd." In the comedy "The Game of interests" (1907), "The City of a cheerful and carefree" (1916) - preaching moral perfection. Entertaining comedy ("Don Juan was", 1952; "pins in the mouth", 1953, et al.). Nobel Prize (1922). Benardos Nikolai Nikolaevich (1842-1905), a Russian inventor, one of the founders of arc welding metals. Suggested (1882, No. 1885) method of electric arc welding of metals using carbon electrodes; Other methods and brazing welding. Benares, a city in India, see. Varanasi. Benares REBELLION 1781 anti-British Indian principality of Benares, vassal (1775) by the British East India Company. Broke out spontaneously in connection with the extortion of the English Governor-General William Hastings. Also covered the Aud. Benacerraf (Benacerraf) Baruch (b. 1920), American microbiologist, immunologist. Born in Venezuela, since 1939 in the United States. Work on the genetic control of immunological reactions. Nobel Prize (1980, together with Jean Dausset and George. D. Snell). BEN BEN, in Egyptian mythology descriptions of creation of the world appears as a primordial hill over the boundless expanse of water. Sacred Stone Ben Ben Ben Heliopolis was a fetish and Ra. Benveniste (Benveniste), Emil (1902-76), a French linguist. Proceedings of the general and European linguistics, Iranian languages, general semiotics. Investigated the structure of Indo-European root. Benghazi, a city and port in Libya, in the hall. Cider Mediterranean m. 446 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). International Airport. Metallurgy, electrical engineering, cement, food industry. University. Founded in the 5th century. BC. e. as an ancient Greek colony Euesperidy (Hesperides). The modern name - after the arrival of the Arabs in the 7th century. In 1517-1911 in the Ottoman Empire. In October 1911 was occupied by Italian troops and entered the Italian colony of Libya. In 1912-42 naval base in Italy. In November 1942 - December 1951 was occupied by British troops. In December 1951 - August 1969 one of the capital of the Kingdom of Libya. Mosque "Jami al-Kabir" (16 in.). BENGALIN (fr. Bengaline), silk transparent thin fabric, which resembles organdy. Bengal, a historical region in the south of Asia, in the bass. the lower reaches of the Ganges and the Brahmaputra and the Ganges delta. Since ancient times, the territory of Bengal, there were various Indian states. In 1757 was captured by the British colonialists and then turned into one of the provinces of British India. In 1947, Zap. Bengal became part of India, Eastern. Bengal - Pakistan. From 1971 eastern. Bengal - state of Bangladesh. Bangalore, a city in India, see. Bangalore. Bengal plains, the eastern part of the Indo-Gangetic Plain in India and Bangladesh, the lower reaches of rivers. The Ganges and the Brahmaputra. Bay of Bengal in the Indian c., Between the n-word in the west of the Indian subcontinent and the n-word and Indochina, you Andaman and Nicobar in the east. 2191 thousand. Km2. Depth up to 4519 m. The principal ports of Calcutta, Madras, Chittagong. Sparkler, pyrotechnic composition, which is accompanied by burning to spreading glittering sparks. Usually applied to the segments of metal wire - Bengali candles. Named from the first application in Bengal (India) signaling method using bamboo tubes burning in the fuel mixture. Bengali (Bengali) Bengali language. Refers to a group of Indian Indo-European family of languages. The official language of Bangladesh and pieces. Zap. Bengal in India. Alphabet goes back to the Brahmi. "Bengali renaissance" for Indian art, which arose at the turn of the 19-20th centuries. under the influence of the growth of the national liberation movement. Artists "Bengal Renaissance" headed by A. Tagore (1871-1951) sought to create based on the traditions of Indian miniatures new national art. Bengalis, the people, the general population of Bangladesh (St. 109.5 million. People). They also live in India (80 million. People), Nepal, Bhutan, Singapore and others. The total number of 189,650,000. People (1992). Bengali language. Believers in Bangladesh - mostly Sunni Muslims, mostly in India - Hindus. Benguela (Benguela), city and port in Angola, the administrative center of the province. Benguela. 155 thousand. Inhabitants (1988). Fish processing. Shipyard. Benguela Current, a cold current of the Atlantic ok., Near the western coast of South. Africa, extending from the southeast to the northwest; the northern branch of the Western Winds flow. David Ben-Gurion (1886-1973), prime minister and defense minister of Israel in 1948-53, 1955-63 (with a break in 1961). One of the organizers and the leader (1930-65) of the Social Democratic Mapai. Bend (Benda), a family of Czech musicians 17-18 centuries. The best known are: Frantisek (Franz) (1709-86), a violinist and composer (instrumental compositions) and George (George) (1722-95), composer, violinist, conductor. Melodrama ("Ariadne auf Naxos", 1775; "Medea" in 1775, and others.) Zingshpili ("Country Fair", 1775; "Romeo and Juliet", 1776, et al.), Cantatas, symphonies, and others. BENDER (Bender) (Bender), a city in Moldova, a marina on the River. Dniester. Railway junction. 133 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Light, food processing, wood processing industry. Mechanical Engineering (ME "Moldgidrolizmash"; plants: "Electrical equipment", cable, ship repair and shipbuilding et al.). Historical museum, an art gallery. Founded in the 15th century. as a fortress until 1538, and in 1918-40 was called Tighina. Bandar Abbas, a city and port in southern Iran, the administrative center remains Hormozgan. 202 thousand. Inhabitants (1986). International Airport. Canned fish, cotton spinning, shipbuilding enterprises. Bendjedid Chadli (b. 1929), the president of Algeria in 1988-92. Chairman of the National Liberation Front in 1988-91 (from 1979 Secretary General). Colonel (1969). Bedzin (Bedzin), a town in Poland, in the Upper Silesian agglomeration. 76.2 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Coal mining, engineering, non-ferrous metallurgy. Local history museum in the castle of the 14th century. Bend (Eng. Bandy), adopted in international sports terminology, the name of hockey with a ball on the ice. Bendigo (Bendigo), a city in southern Australia. Ok. 50 thousand. Inhabitants (1984). Meat and textile industry. Bendis (Bendis), Phrygian goddess of the moon. In Dr. Greece was identified with Artemis. In Athens, celebrating holidays annually in her honor - Bendis, Piraeus was the temple of the goddess. Benevento (Benevento), in the south of the Apennine Peninsula Lombard ducat (Duchy) in the 2nd floor. 6-8 centuries. (center - Benevento); 8 in. - 1077 Principate (principality) in 1051 recognized the supreme authority of the pope; in 1077-1860 (with a break in 1798-1815) Papal States. In 1860, the territory was ceded to Benevento Kingdom of Sardinia. Beneden (van Beneden), Belgian zoologists, father and son: 1) Pierre Joseph van (1809-94), member (1842) and President since 1881) of the Belgian Academy of Sciences, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1869). Works on the embryology of invertebrates and parasitology ... 2) Eduard van (1846-1910), foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1902). Works on the embryology of invertebrates and cytomorphology. Benedetti (Benedetti) Mario (b. 1920), Uruguayan writer. In realistic short stories, plays, novels "Who among us" (1953), the novels "respite" (1960), "Thank you for the light" (1965), "Birthday of Juan Angel" (1971) - an acute social criticism of contemporary morality. Poetry, literary essays. Benedetti Michelangeli (Benedetti Michelangeli) Arturo (b. 1920), Italian pianist. 1st prize at the International Competition of performing musicians in Geneva (1939). Taught at several Italian conservatories. Touring (in the USSR in 1964). Benedict XIII (Benedictus) (in the world Pietro Francesco Orsini, Pietro Francesco Orsini) (1649-1730), Pope from 1724. A monk of the Dominican Order, Cardinal (1672), Archbishop of Cesena (1680) and Benevento (1686). In 1725 convened the Lateran Council, confirmed the Bull "Unigenitus", condemning Jansenism. Benedict XIV (Benedictus) (Prospero Lambertini in the world, Prospero Lambertini) (1675-1758), Pope from 1740. The Bishop of Ancona (1727), Cardinal (1728), Archbishop of Bologna (1731). Enjoyed great prestige among Catholic and Protestant rulers of Europe. In the Bull "Ex quo singulari" and "Omnium sollicitudinum" condemned the practice of Jesuit missionary in India and China. Author of the study of the history and the beatification and canonization of the order in the Catholic Church. Benedict XV (Benedictus) (in the world Marquis Giacomo della Chiesa, Giacomo della Chiesa) (1854-1922), Pope from 1878 to 1914. With the papal diplomatic service, Archbishop of Bologna (1907) and Cardinal (1914). Elected Pope, a month after the start of the first World War, made several unsuccessful attempts to reach peace, protested against the inhumane methods of warfare. Benedict of Nursia (Benedict, Benedictus) (d. 543), the founder of the monastic order of Benedictines. For he founded the monastery at Monte Cassino wrote Charter formulated the basic principles of the monastic community and largely determined the way of life of Western monasticism. Memory in the Catholic Church on July 11 and 21 March, in the Orthodox - 14 (27) of March. Benedictine, members of the Catholic religious order founded by approx. 530 Benedict of Nursia in Italy. Were particularly influential in the 10-11 centuries. BENEDIKTOV Vladimir G. (1807-73), Russian poet, corresponding member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1855). Lyric poetry in the romantic spirit. The collection "Poems" (1835) was a big hit. Benet (Benet) Juan (1927-93), Spanish writer. Action socially critical novels "Grave" (1971), "Saul before Samuel" (1980), "In the twilight" (1989). BENEFIT (fr. Benefice - profit, benefit) 1) (obsolete.) Performance, collection of which acted in favor of one or more actors, as well as other people in the theater ... 2) Theatrical performance in honor of one of its members. Benefice (from Lat. Beneficium - deed), in the early Middle Ages in the West. Europe, land ownership, who complained the king (or any other major feudal lord) in the lifetime use vassal on condition of performing military or administrative services. Gradually turned into feudal. In the Catholic Church benefices - the revenue office or land received as a reward cleric. Benes (Benes) Edward (1884-1948), statesman Czechoslovakia. In 1918-35, Minister of Foreign Affairs, in the 1935-38 president, during the 2nd World War, the president in exile (1940), in 1946-48 president of Czechoslovakia. Beneshevich Vladimir Nikolaevich (1874-1938), historian, lawyer, member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1925; corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences from 1924). Proceedings of the Byzantine law. repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Benzaldehyde (benzoic aldehyde), C6H5CHO, colorless liquid with an odor of bitter almonds, boiling point 179 ° C. Fragrance in the perfume and food industries; raw materials in the production of dyes and fragrances. Benzidine (4, 4'-diaminodiphenyl), H2NC6H4 - C6H4NH2, colorless crystals, m.p. 128 ° C. Used in the production of dyes and also as a reagent in analytical chemistry. Carcinogens. Benzyl alcohol, C6H5CH2OH, colorless liquid with a pleasant odor, boiling point 205 ° C; contained in the free state in the form of esters of natural essential oils and balsams. Fragrance in perfumes, raw materials in the production of odoriferous substances, the solvent. Benzyl chloride, C6H5CH2Cl, colorless liquid with a pungent, irritating odor, boiling point 179,3 ° C. Used mainly for producing benzyl alcohol, benzoic acid esters, as well as dyes. GASOLINE (fr. Benzine), a mixture of light hydrocarbons with boiling point 30-205 ° C; transparent liquid, density 0,70-0,78 g / cm3. Produced mainly by distillation or cracking of petroleum. Fuel for carburetor auto and aircraft engines; extractant and the solvent for fats, resins, rubbers. See. Also synthetic liquid fuels. Benzoyl, (C6H5COO) 2, colorless crystals, m.p. 106-108 ° C (with decomposition). A free radical polymerization initiator in the production of polymers, polyester resins, hardener, curing agent, bleach fats, oils. Explosives. Benzoyl chloride, C6H5COCL, colorless, fuming liquid air, boiling point 197,2 ° C. Couples benzoyl chloride causes lacrimation. Used in the manufacture of benzoyl peroxide, indigo dyes, medicines. Benzoic acid, C6H5COOH, colorless crystals, mp 122,4 ° C. Used in the manufacture of dyes, pharmaceuticals and fragrances, in medicine as an external agent antimicrobial and fungicidal activity; sodium benzoate - expectorant agent, a preservative of food. Benzaldehyde, the same as benzaldehyde. Benzene, a colorless liquid, boiling point 80,1 ° C. Formed during coking coal and chemical processing (eg., Reforming) of petroleum fractions. Applied to obtain an aniline, phenol, styrene, caprolactam, explosives and many insecticides, etc .; used as a solvent eg. fats. Benzo (benzpyrene), light yellow crystals, m.p. 180 ° C. Contained in stone-coal tar, tobacco smoke, air, big cities, soil. Formed during the pyrolysis of acetylene, styrene, tetralin. Carcinogens. Benzoquinone, golden yellow crystals; mp 116 ° C. Raw materials in the production of hydroquinone, dyes; oxidant and tanning agents. BENI (Beni), a river in Bolivia, in the Amazon. Ok. 1500 km, the basin area of 266 thousand. Km2. The average water flow of 6200 m3 / s. Navigable from the town of Rurrenabaque to the waterfalls Esperanza. Benelux economic union of Belgium, Netherlands and Luxembourg. A treaty of alliance was signed in 1958, began operating in 1960. The headquarters of the governing bodies - Brussels. Benin, state that existed in the southern part of Nigeria. Heyday in the 13-17 centuries. The department, along with the king of the important role played by large dignitaries. Significant development reached slavery. By the end. 19 in. Benin territory occupied by British colonizers and subsequently included in the colony of Nigeria. BENIN (Benin), People's Republic of Benin (Republique du Benin) (until 1975 Dahomey), the state in the West. Africa. 112.6 thousand. Km2. The population of 5.1 million. People (1993), background (3.3 million. People), Yoruba (330 thousand. People) and others. The urban population is 26% (1985). The official language - French. St. 60% of the population adhere to traditional local beliefs, others - Christians, Muslims and others. Administrative divisions: 6 provinces. Capital - Porto-Novo, the residence of the president and government - Cotonou. Head of State and the National Executive Council (government) - President. Supreme body - the National Assembly. Surface in southern lowlands in the north - a plateau in the north-west - Atacora mountains (up to 635 m in height). The climate is equatorial and sub-equatorial Monthly average temperatures 24-30 ° C. Precipitation from 1000 to 2000 mm per year. Most of the territory - savanna in the south and along the river - the tropical rainforest. National Parks: Pendjari, Double-Be. In the 15th century. The coastal area of Benin Europeans penetrated (the first - the Portuguese) and turned it into a large area of the slave trade (hence the name - Slave Coast). By the 17th century. are the first information about the current state on the territory of Benin, Dahomey. In the beginning. 1890s. Dahomey conquered by the French colonialists; August 1, 1960 - an independent state called the Republic of Dahomey. In 1960-72 in the country 10 times, governments changed and happened five military coups. In 1972 came to power the Military Revolutionary Government. Since March 1990 called the Republic of Benin (1975 People's Republic of Benin) in December 1990 adopted a new constitution. In 1991 general elections. Benin - agrarian country. The share of gross domestic product (1989,%): agriculture 40 6. Industry cultivated oil palm, cotton, peanuts, coffee. Livestock distant-pasture. Electricity production to 45 million. KW. h (1990). Enterprises for processing of agricultural raw materials, as well as textile and food industry. Length (1993), 578 km of railways, roads, 8.4 thousand. Km. Seaport - Cotonou. Exports: cotton, palm oil, and others. The main foreign trade partners: France, USA, Belgium and others. Currency - the CFA franc. BENIN CITY (Benin City), a city in Nigeria, the administrative center piece. Bendel. 203 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Woodworking and chemical industries. Arts and crafts (wood carving, ivory). University. Near Benin City - oil production. A unique collection of bronze sculpture 15-17 centuries. Beni Suef, a city and port in Egypt, p. Neil, the administrative center of the governorate of Beni Suef. 174 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Textile, food processing industry. Beni Hasan, a village in the Avg. Egypt, near which approx. 30 rock tombs of local rulers (21-20 cc. BC. E.) With porticoes; inside - paintings and reliefs. Benko (Benka), Martin (1888-1971), Slovak painter. One of the founders of the Slovak art of the 20th century. Monumental poetic scenes of peasant life, made in free post-Impressionist manner. Alexander Benkendorf Hristoforovich (1781 or 1783-1844), Earl (1832), Russian statesman, cavalry general (1832). Member of the uprising of the Decembrists. From 1826 the chief of gendarmes, and chief of the Third Division. BENN (Benn) Gottfried (1886-1956), German writer. The mature form expressionistic (the collection "Morgue", 1912), and later an extremely nihilistic (the collection "Distillation", 1953) lyrics; story "Ptolomeets" (1949). Ben Nevis (Ben Nevis), the highest peak of the UK (1343 m) in the Grampian Mountains. BENNETITOVYE, procedure (or class) of extinct gymnosperms tree. Found in the sediments of the Upper Carboniferous - Upper Cretaceous, especially abundant in the Triassic, Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous. Guidance resources. BENNETT (Bennett) Arnold (1867-1931), English writer. Bytopisatelskie stories from the life of the English countryside "Anna of the five cities" (1902), "The Story of older women" (1908). Satirical novel "Lord Reyngo" (1926); novella. BENNY Arthur I. (1839-67), a Russian revolutionary, a journalist, a British citizen. From 1861 to spread the Russian edition of the Free Russian press. By "process 32" exiled abroad. Detachment under Garibaldi Menton mortally wounded. Bennigsen Leonti L. (1745-1826), Earl (1814), the Russian commander, General of Cavalry (1802). Member of the assassination of Emperor Paul I. In 1807, the army commander in the war with France, was defeated at Friedland. During World War II in August - November 1812, the Acting Chief of Staff of the Army, dismissed for intrigues against Mikhail Kutuzov. Benoni (Benoni), a city in South Africa, a suburb of Johannesburg. 95 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Center of gold mining. Iron and steel. Mechanic and metalworking industries. Bent (Bent), a group of Dutch and Flemish artists who worked in Rome in the 17th century. (also Shildersbent, Bentvegels - migratory birds). Founded in 1623 Babyurenom, Bohr van Lar and others in. Login Bent received characteristic nickname. Almost all members of the group were bambochchatu. Benthala, area ponds inhabited by benthic organisms that live on the ground or in its thickness (benthos). Bentham (Bentham), George (1800-84), English botanist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1872). Author (with John. Hooker) review all sorts of flowering plants. Jeremiah Bentham (1748-1832), English philosopher, sociologist, lawyer. The founder of the philosophy of utilitarianism. BANTON (Benton) Thomas Hart (1889-1975), American painter. The representative of regionalism. Joining symbolism and naturalism scenes from the life of "Midwest" ("Midday in July", 1943). Bentonite, colloidal clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite group minerals. Formed when volcanic tuffs change and ashes under the seabed. Used for the preparation of drilling fluids as clays and others. Benthos (from the Greek. Benthos - depth), the collection of organisms living in the soil and in the ground floor of reservoirs. Marine benthos is food for many fish and other aquatic animals, and is also used by man (eg., Seaweed, oysters, crabs, some fish). Benoit, in the Egyptian mythology the god in the form of a heron is known from Heliopolis stories of creation. BENOIT Alexander (1870-1960), a Russian artist, art historian and art critic. Son NL Benois. Ideologist "World of Art". In painting, drawing, theatrical works ("Versailles Series"; illustrations for "The Bronze Horseman" by A. Pushkin, 1903-22) subtly convey the style of past eras. In the works of art combined with the promotion of the classical heritage preaching "free art". Artistic Director of the "Russian Seasons" (1908-11), director (Moscow Art Theatre, 1913-15). From 1926 he lived in Frantsii.BENUA Alexander [April 21 (May 3) in 1870, St. Petersburg - February 9, 1960, Paris], Russian artist, art historian and art critic. Mastermind and leader of the association "World of Art" .Syn architect NL Benois. He studied at the Academy of Fine Arts (1887), the basic skills of painting has received from his brother Albert, watercolorist and architect. He lived mainly in St. Petersburg. He was the chief ideologue of the magazine "World of Art" (1898-1904), and later became the initiator of the same name obschestva.Prebyvaya romantic opposition to modernity, always inspired by antiquity, drawing stories for his watercolors and gouaches in the 18th century. and early 19th century. During frequent trips to France created a large watercolor series "The last walk of Louis XIV" (1897-98, Russian Museum and others. Assembly), a melancholy-elegiac in tone, long confirmed him in glory "singer Versailles and Louis." In 1907-10 made a series of gouaches for the publication of "Russian History in Pictures" (St. Petersburg, 1910); his historical images ("Parade under Paul I", gouache, 1907, Russian Museum) is impressive reliability of the living, ironic joke. In wonderful - thanks to its thin, romantic historicism - series of illustrations for "The Queen of Spades" (1899 and 1910 a separate edition - St. Petersburg, 1911) and "The Bronze Horseman" by A. Pushkin (1903-22; separate edition - Petrograd 1923) acted as a reformer Russian book grafiki.Vozglavlyal art piece repertory Diaghilev, actively participating in his "Russian Seasons". He worked as an artist and director of the Moscow Art Theater (1913-15), the Bolshoi Drama Theatre and Opera and Ballet Theatre (1919-25) in Leningrad. In his staging [ballet NN Tcherepnin "Le Pavillon d'Armide" at the Mariinsky Theatre (1907), "Petrushka" Stravinsky in the Theatre du Chatelet in Paris (1911), "Little Tragedies" Pushkin in Moscow Art Theatre (1914-15, Benoit is also made as a director), and many others. performances] continued the tradition of "beautiful theater" 18-19 cc., giving her a new dramatic ostrotu.V debuted in 1894 as an art historian, wrote a chapter about the Russian artists for German edition of "History of the painting of the XIX century" R. Mutter (Munich, 1894). Here, as well as in the "History of Russian art in the XIX century" (St. Petersburg, 1902) and "Russian school of painting" (10 editions, St. Petersburg, 1904-06) was first identified in detail the original features of Russian national artistic tradition in the background other European schools. Monumental contribution to the world art history became his 4-volume "History of painting of all time" (St. Petersburg, 1912-17). Constantly acted as a critic (the most significant of his article in the newspaper 1908-17 "Speech"). Expressing concern at the lack of contemporary culture combining "grand style", fought against the bad taste and barbaric attitude to the monuments of history and art; opposed the Russian avant-garde with the conservative-ohranitelskih pozitsiy.S 1917 actively participated in the reform of the artistic life and work of the museum (in 1918 headed the Hermitage Art Gallery). But, disappointed in the Revolution, in 1926 settled in Paris. Remaining faithful to the historical and retrospective aesthetics "World of Art", much fruitful work in the theaters of different countries: the Parisian "Grand Opera" (1927-34), Milan's "La Scala" (1947-56), where part of the staging was headed by his son and students, NA Benoit, theaters in London, New York, Vienna and others. gorodov.V written in the later period of his memoirs "My memories" (New York, 1955; 1st edition in Russia - Moscow, 1980) pathetically recreated the atmosphere of spiritual and creative research "Silver Age" in Russian foreign stoletiy.Literatura 19-20: Etkind MG Benois. L .; M. Benoit 1965.Aleksandr reflects ... / Ed. I. Zilberstein, A. Savinov. M., 1968.Bernandt GB Alexander Benois and music. M., M. 1969.Etkind G. Benoit and Russian artistic culture of the late XIX - early XX century. L. 1989.A. Benoit and The Hermitage: Exhibition Catalogue / The State Hermitage Museum. SPb., 1994.M. Sokolov Benoît de Sainte-Maure (Benoit de Sainte-Maure), Norman poet at the court of King Henry II, the author of the poetic chronicle of Normandy and "The Story of Three" (between 1180 and 1190), one of the episodes of which (about Troilus and Cressida) served as the source of subjects for George. Boccaccio, George. Chaucer and Shakespeare. BENOIT Leonti N. (1856-1928), architect, Honored Artist of Russia (1927). Son NL Benois, brother Alexander Benois. Continued the tradition of classical (western housing the Russian Museum in St. Petersburg, 1914-16). BENOIT Nikolai (1901-88) was an Italian painter. Born and educated in Russia, the son and pupil of Alexandre Benois. From 1925 he lived in Italy. Designed operas many theaters in the world (in 1936-71 was the director of the staging of the Teatro alla Scala), successfully continuing the tradition of "beautiful theater" times "World of Art". Nicholas L. BENOIT (1813-98), a Russian architect. Masterfully imitating historical styles (freylinskie house in Petrodvorets, 1858, in the spirit of the Baroque). Built a number of railway stations (in Peterhof, 1855-57), which reproduced the shape of the frame in the Gothic metal structures.
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