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Bezhetskaya fifths, administrative and territorial unit to beg. 18 in. in the southeast of the Novgorod land (between p. MSTA and tributary of the Volga). Center - Bezhetskiy top. BEZhECKIJj UP (Bezhichi), an ancient Russian town of 12-17 centuries. (20 km north of the present-day. Bezhetsk). The first mention of 1196. Center Bezhetskaya fifths (sometimes its name). In the 14th century. the object of the struggle between Novgorod, Tver, Moscow; in the context. 15 in. attached to Moscow, and later - the village. Bezhin Leonid E. (pres. Fam. Badylkin) (b. 1949), the Russian writer and orientalist. In the books of short stories and novels "Metro" Turgenev "(1979)," Humanitarian boom "(1985)," Pumpkin Society "(1989) and others. - Lifestyle, family conflict, spiritual and moral quest urban intelligentsia. The works on the history of literature and culture of China "Under the sign of" wind and tide "(1982)," Du Fu "(1987) and others. BEZHITINSKY language, see. Art. Dagestan languages. "NO TITLE" liberal weekly, St. Petersburg, 1906, January-May. Editor - SN Prokopovich. Organ group of former members of the "Union of Liberation" (ED Kuskova, VY Bogucharsky et al.). Beza (No) (Beza, de Beze), Theodore (1519-1605), leader of the Reformation in Switzerland and in France; after the death of Calvin - the head of the European Calvinists. Besancon (Besancon), the city in eastern France, on the river. Du, the administrative center of the department of Doubs. 114 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Machinery, hour, textile and garment industry. University. Balneological resort. The birthplace of Victor Hugo, R. Fourier and Proudhon AP. Ancient Roman arch, Romanesque and Gothic churches, strengthening (under the direction of Vauban, 17 in.). Besant (Besant) Annie (1847-1933), member of Indian independence movement. Englishwoman by birth. India led the Theosophical Society, the League of Home Rule, who fought during the 1st World War, for the achievement of Indian self-government within the British Empire. Bezborodko Alexander A. (1747-99), Russian statesman and diplomat; Chancellor and His Serene Highness Prince (1797). Since 1775 Secretary of Catherine II, from 1783 the actual head of the Russian foreign policy. Beardless Michael I. (1907-35), Mordovia writer. Poem "Fairy Tale Story" (1930), "For the will" (written in 1935, published in 1941) on the pre-revolutionary life Mordva people. Drama "two camps" (1933). repressed; posthumously rehabilitated. Missing, if a court finds long (eg., At least one year) absence of the person at the place of residence or information about him at his place of residence (see. Also declared dead). Colchicum (kolhikum), a genus of perennial herbs of the family Liliaceae. Ok. 60 species in the Mediterranean, and Iran to the east - to the North. India; several species in the Caucasus, the Crimea, Wed. Asia. All parts of the plant are poisonous, t. To. Contain alkaloids (in Vol. H. Colchicine). Some species are cultivated as ornamental. Endemic species of crocus Fomin - rare, protected. OMISSIONS crime, criminal law failure to socially useful activities that a person could and should have been committed by law, contract, professional duties (eg., Failure to provide medical aid to the patient). Bezdna Unrest peasants Kazan Province. in April 1861 in response to the peasant reform. Center - with. The Abyss. Head - A. Petrov. Refusal to work for landlords, disobedience administration, the requirement section of the landed estates. Shot unarmed crowd of troops. Revolutionary democrats responded Curtin dirge. Smokeless powder, made on the basis of cellulose nitrate with different plasticizers. The first of smokeless gunpowder was invented in 1884 by the French engineer P. Viel. Distinguish nitroglycerin (Ballistite) and pyroxylin smokeless gunpowder. Calorific value of 2,9-5,0 MJ / kg. Are used in a firearm as a propellant. Bezengi, valley glacier on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus; from the tops of Shkhara and Dzhangi-Tau. Length up to 9 km. Bezengi Wall, the highest portion of the Main, or Watershed hr. Of the Greater Caucasus, with vertices Shkhara (5068 m), Dzhangi-Tau (5058 m), Shota Rustaveli (4860 m), and others. Length Bezengi wall 12 km. On the northern slopes of the glacier begins Bezengi. Rock Climbing. Mussels, freshwater mollusks genus of bivalve class. Shell length of 20 cm; Interlocking teeth not (hence the name). Ok. 50 species in Eurasia. They live in stagnant or slow-flowing waters. Edentates go to pet food; shells are made of mother of pearl buttons. Bezzubtsev Yuri (? - After 1611), leader of the Cossack and peasant uprising in the squad Bolotnikova, landed gentry. In 1606 member of the Battle of Chrome and the siege of Moscow, in 1607 one of the leaders of the defense of Tula. Toothless whales, suborder of marine mammals of the order Cetacea. Instead of teeth from 360 to 800 horny plates ("whalebone", hence the other name - baleen whales) in length from 20 to 450 cm. Females are larger than males. The body length of up to 33 meters, weigh up to 150 tons (blue whale). 3 families: baleen whales, whales, gray whales; 10-11 species. Fishing for some species is prohibited, and others - is limited. Besicovitch Abram Samoilovich (1891-1970), Russian mathematician. From 1924 - in exile, from 1927 he lived in England. Works on the theory of almost periodic functions (functions of this class is named after him), as well as measure theory and the theory of functions of a complex and real variables. Unattended mode, technological processes carried out by automated devices (automatic lines, industrial robots, controllers, and so on. N.), Which frees man from production operations. Bezmein (Byuzmeyin), city (1963) in Turkmenistan. Railway station. 32.9 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Construction materials, carpet factory. TPP. Steelyard .. 1) simple lever (or spring) scales ... 2) Measure the mass (weight) in Russia 16-17 cc., Which is equal to 2 1/2 pounds. Mine-Free Ivan Artemyevitch (? - 1696), the Russian painter. Since the 1680s. painting workshop led by the Armory in Moscow. Created a painting "on Taft" (the icon with applique of silk). Frost-free period, the year between the long-term mean date of the last frost in spring and the first frost in the fall. Duration of Northern Russia 50-150 days, the west and south - up to 250-300 days. Non-cash payments, made by transfer of certain amounts from the payer's account to the account of the creditor's bank or by mutual cancellations. Legless amphibians, amphibians squad. The length of 30-120 cm. The limbs are missing. 3 family (in Vol. H. Caecilians), approx. 170 species in tropical Africa, Asia and America. Most dwells in the soil, some - in water. Bezoar goat (goat beard), a family of cloven-hoofed animals bovids. The body length of up to 1.5 m. The horns of the males and 1.3 m, the females are short. Lives in the mountains on some islands of the Greek archipelago in the South-West. and Wed. Asia and the Caucasus. One of the founders of domestic goats. 2 subspecies reserved. Bezoar (Pers.), The formation of densely piled fibers or animal hair in plants stomach or intestine of ruminants and horses, pigs and dogs less. There are in violation of the digestive organs and the lack of minerals in the feed. Ugly aesthetic category, opposite the beautiful. "Bezobrazov click", the code name groups, mainly large landowners in Russia 1898-1905, which had the aim of creating a joint stock company for the exploitation of the natural resources of Korea and Manchuria. Leaders: State Secretary AM ugliness, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich, VK Plehve et al. Have an impact on production, conducted adventurous foreign policy. Safety glass, transparent construction material, consisting of two, three or more sheets or organic silicate glass glued together. With the destruction does not form fragments with sharp edges. Mainly used for glazing vehicles. It also includes safety glass glass reinforced metal mesh. A kind of safety glass - triplex. Subsurface tillage, loosening the soil to a depth of 20-30 cm (without wrapping layer) plows with removed dumps. The main link tillage system proposed in 1951 by TS Maltsev chernozems Zauralye. When subsurface tillage less sprayed soil. Trouble-free, technology - properties of the product (object) continue to operate for some time, or up to a certain scope of work without forced breaks (eg., For repairs). One of the indicators of reliability. Recoilless rifles, artillery gun that has no shot at departure (rollback) of the barrel (powder gases exit through the muzzle of the barrel and back through the breech, having a nozzle). Available in various armies. Non-waste technology, a term frequently used in the literature to refer to low-waste processes. Unemployment, unemployment of the economically active population in economic activity; there is a covert and overt, chronic and short forms. Causes of unemployment: economic competitiveness, particularly in the labor market; mismatch of demand and supply of labor by occupation, occupations; decline in production; out of production in traditional industries, closing technically backward enterprises and others. In most developed countries, government regulation of employment and unemployment assistance includes training and retraining of the workforce, the creation of new jobs, promote employment, unemployment benefits, unemployment insurance. The level and extent of unemployment - one of the most important indicators of the state of the economy. In 1980-90-ies. the average unemployment rate in the developed countries - 6-8% of the workforce. BEZREDKA Alexander (1870-1940), a Russian microbiologist. In 1897 at the Pasteur Institute in Paris. Trainee Mechnikov. Developed a method for the prevention of anaphylactic shock in serum treatment, the method of local immunization. Bezrukov Pantelei Leonidovich (1909-81), the Russian geologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1968). Proceedings on marine geology and the theory of sedimentation in the oceans. Opened Karatau phosphorite bass. USSR State Prize (1946, 1951, 1977). Bezruč (Bezruc) Peter (pres. Vashek name Vladimir, Vasek) (1867-1958), Czech poet. Reflected the revolutionary sentiments of the people, created the image of Czech workers (the collection "Silesian Songs", 1909). Bezout's Theorem, the remainder of the division of the polynomial Pn (x) of degree n by the binomial x - b, where b - number is equal to Pn (b). E. Bezout installed. Bezout (Bezout) Etienne (1730-83), French mathematician. Works on the theory of algebraic equations. Unconditioned reflex, relatively permanent, fixed hereditary reactions to certain effects of the external world, carried out by means of the nervous system. Eg., Blinking, sucking in the newborn. The term introduced by Pavlov. Avg. Conditioned reflexes. Nuclear-free zone, in international law - a demilitarized zone, which should never be placed in any form of nuclear weapons. Bezymenskii Alexander Ilyich (1898-1973), Russian poet. Entered the literature as a poet Komsomol. Poem "Komsomol" (1924), "Tragic Night" (1930-1966); the song "Young Guard" and others. satirical play in verse "The Shot" (1929). BAY, see. Beck. Bei-Bienko Grigory Yakovlevich (1903-71), the Russian entomologist, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1953). Works on the ecology and systematics of insects, plant protection theory. USSR State Prize (1952). Beideman Mikhail S. (1839-87), rossiysky revolutionary lieutenant. Since 1860 emigrant - the troops of Garibaldi, compositor Free Russian Printing House in London. In 1861 illegally crossed the Russian border with the anti-autocratic and serfdom manifesto arrested. 20 years without a trial held in Alexeyev Ravelin ("mysterious prisoner"). He died in a mental hospital. Beijerinck (Beyerinck) Martin (1851-1931), a Dutch botanist and microbiologist, a foreign corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1924), a foreign honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1929). First identified and described pure cultures of nitrogen-fixing root nodule bacteria (1888) and Azotobacter (1901). Baker (Baker), James (b. 1930), statesman and politician USA. In 1985-88 the Minister of Finance. In 1989-92 Secretary of State in the administration of President George. W. Bush. Baker (Baker) Samuel White (1821-93), English traveler in Africa. Investigated the origins of the White Nile. In 1869 the head of the Egyptian military expedition to South. Sudan. Beylagan (until 1989 Zhdanovsk), city (1966) in Azerbaijan, 20 km from the railway Art. Dashburun. 13 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Maslosyrodelatelny plant. BAILEY (Baily) Francis (1774-1844), English astronomer. First described (1836) the appearance of bright spots on the edge of the lunar disk at the beginning and end of the total phase of a solar eclipse ("rosary Bailey"), created when sunlight passes between the mountains on the edge of the lunar disk. Bayliss CASE trial (Kiev, 1913) over the Jew M. Beilis falsely accused of ritual murder of a Russian boy. Organized by the tsarist government and the Black Hundreds. Prompted an outcry best public in Russia and abroad; a jury acquitted Beilis. Bayliss (Bayliss) William Maddock (1860-1924), English physiologist, a member of the Royal Society of London (1903), its president in 1913-15. Works on the general physiology and physiology of digestion. In 1902, together with the EH Starling discovered secretin (they are also introduced to the science, the term "hormone"). Work on the physical-chemical principles of enzyme action, adsorption. In 1906, together with A. Gardenia founded "Biochemical Journal". Author fundamental work "Fundamentals of General Physiology" (1915, in Russian translation - "Introduction to the general physiology", 1927). Bailey (Bayle), Pierre (1647-1706), French writer and philosopher, an early representative of the Enlightenment; from the standpoint of skepticism rejected the possibility of rational justification of religious dogma, asserted the independence of morality from religion. The main work - "Historical and Critical Dictionary" (vols. 1-2, 1695-97) - had an impact on the development of European free. Beilstein Fedor Fedorovich (1838-1906), rossiysky organic chemist, Academician of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1886). Proceedings on aromatic compounds. Under the leadership of Beilstein was published (1881-1906) multi-volume reference book on organic compounds. Since 1951, the directory named after the Beilstein, published in Germany. BEYNEKS (Beineix) Jean-Jacques (b. 1946), a French film director. Gained fame debut film "Diva" (1982). Directed the film "Moon in the Gutter" (1983), "Betty Blue" (1986), "Otaku" (1994) and others. Bein (Banim) John (1798-1842), Irish writer. Historical novels "The waters of the River Boyne" (1826) and "Accused" (1830), realistic, "Tales of the O'Hara family" (1825-26, together with his brother Michael). Bayne (on behalf of the American metallurgist E. Bain, E. Bain) (1891-1971), a structural component of steel - finely divided mixture of ferrite and iron carbide. Beira (Beira), a city and port in Mozambique, the administrative center prov. Sofala. 292 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). International Airport. Food, textile, metalworking industries. Beirut, capital of Lebanon, a port on the Mediterranean m. 1.5 million. Inhabitants (1990, with suburbs). Light and food industries. International Airport. Universities. Museums. Known from 18 (or 15). BC. e. called Berit, Bierut. In the Hellenistic-Roman period - a major trade and craft center. In the 7th century. included in the Arab Caliphate. In the 14-15 centuries. under the authority of the Egyptian Mamluks. In 1516-1918 in the Ottoman Empire. In 1920-43 adm. c. French Mandate of Lebanon, in 1943 the capital of an independent Lebanon. Financial center. Remnants of Phoenician, Roman and Byzantine buildings, mosques: Jami al-Omari (13 in.), "The Palace" (beg. 16 in.). Buys-Ballot (Buys Ballot) Christopher Henrik Diederik (1817-90), Dutch meteorologist, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1887). One of the organizers and the first director (from 1854), the Meteorological Institute in Utrecht. In 1857, the empirically established a link between wind direction and pressure gradient. BASEBALL (Eng. Baseball), sports game with the ball and bat, reminiscent rounders at the site of 175 x 125 m, which involves two teams of nine (North American baseball) or 11 (Welsh baseball) players each. The birthplace of baseball - England; modern rules of the game since 1845 (see. also Softball, Cricket). The International Baseball Federation (IBF; founded in 1921), 71 countries (1991). World Championships since 1938. The program of the Olympic Games since 1992. Basie (Basie) Count (pres. The name of William Basie) (1904-84), American jazz pianist. In the 1930s. organized an orchestra, which concentrated in its execution the most typical quality swing. Created a number of original performing tricks, giving swing a special dynamism and depth. Laid the foundations of modern jazz styles, subsequently developed bop musicians and Kula. Introduced new features in the technique of ensemble music. Created a whole new trend within the swing, associated primarily with the development of the Negro jazz. Basie (Basie) William (nickname Count, Count) (1904-84), American jazz pianist. Negro. The representative of the style of "Swing". Directed the jazz band in Kansas City (1935), then in New York. BASIC (BASIC; from the initial letters of the English words Beginners - Beginners, All-purpose - a versatile, Symbolic - symbolic, Instruction - training, Code - code), a programming language that focuses on learning the basics of programming. Used mainly for programming on personal computers. BEYSUGSKY Lima, in the west of the Kuban-Azov Lowland. 272 km2. River flows. Beysug River. Connected with the Azov m. BEIT (Ar.) Couplet poetry peoples of the Middle and Wed. East generally contains a complete thought. Compiled from Beit gazelle qasidas, mesnevi, Rubaie and the works of other genres of classical oriental poetry. Poems can be rhymed (like aa, ba, ca) and rhyming. BEYTEVEH (Buytewech) Willem (1591-1624), Dutch painter and graphic artist. One of the creators of genre and national landscape. BEYTENZORG (Buitenzorg), the name of the Dutch city of Bogor in Indonesia. BATES (Bates), Henry Walter (1825-92) was an English naturalist. Proceedings on etnomofaune South. America. First described the phenomenon of mimicry (1862). BATES (Bates) Cathy (b. 1948) is an American actress. She worked in Broadway theaters and on television. In the 1990s. played several notable roles in films, in Vol. h. W. Beatty in the movie "Dick Tracy". "Oscar" for the starring role in R. Reiner "Misery" (by S. King). BEYHAKI Abul-Fazl (995-1077), an Iranian historian. Works on the history of Iran 10-11 centuries. Beishenaliev Shukurbek (b. 1928), Kyrgyz writer. Novels "The Way to Happiness" (Vol. 1-2, 1957-62), "The Voice of the heirs" (1969), "Steel Pen" (1981); novels, plays the people of Kyrgyzstan. Beyshenalievoy Byubyusara (1926-73), the Kyrgyz ballet dancer, People's Artist of the USSR (1958). Since 1941 at the Kyrgyz Opera and Ballet (Frunze). BECK (running, Bey) (Turk. - Lord, master; synonym Arab. Emir), 1) the title of nobility in the Middle and Wed. East. In the Turkic peoples Wed. Asia and the Caucasus in the Middle Ages and modern times the title of landlord ... 2) In Turkey, from the 2nd floor. 19 in. until 1934 form of address ... 3) In Tunisia, 1705-1957 hereditary ruler. BECK Alfredovich Alexander (1902 / 03-72), Russian writer. Tale of the heroic defense of Moscow in 1941 "Volokolamsk Highway" (1943-44), the novel "Life Berezhkova" (1956). The novel "New Appointment" (published in 1986) about moral problems caused by administrative-command system of management in 1930-50-ies. The novel "The next day" (neokoncheno, published in 1989) about the origins of the phenomenon of Stalinism. Bekabad (until 1964 Begovat), city (1945) in Uzbekistan, Tashkent region., At p. Syr. Railway station. 82.8 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Metallurgical Plant, production of building materials (cement plant and others.); the food industry. BEKAR (fr. Becarre) (music), a sign of abolishing increase or decrease in any stage of the scale a semitone or a whole tone. Bekasi, genus of birds of the family Charadriidae. Length 30 cm. 13 species. Widely distributed (except Australia). Live in damp and marshy areas. During the current flight lateral tail feathers publish original sounds. The object of hunting. Japanese snipe - in Russia rare and protected. Bek-Budi, the name of Karshi in Uzbekistan in 1926-37. Bekdash, urban-type settlement in Turkmenistan Balkan region., A port on the Caspian Sea. Sea ferry Bekdash - Baku. 7.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). ON "Karabogazsulfate." Becket (Becket) Thomas (1118-70), the Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162; Chancellor of England from 1155. The opponents of Henry II, aimed at the subjugation of the English Church secular power. Killed on the orders of the king. Becket (Becket) Welton (1902-69), American architect. Developed the concept of "integrated design" (total design), provides for joint work of architects, engineers, artists across the landscape at all stages of the order. BEKETOV Alexander (b. 1970), the Russian sportsman (fencing epee). Honored Master of Sports (1996). Olympic champion (1996) and Russia (1994) in the individual standings. BEKETOV Aleksei Nikolaevich (1862-1941), Ukrainian architect. He worked mainly in Kharkov in the tradition of Russian classical architecture: buildings Sq. Tevelev (1898-1907), the body of the Agricultural Institute (1907-12), Bank (1932). BEKETOV Andrey Nikolaevich (1825-1902), a Russian botanist-evolutionist, one of the founders of the morphology and plant geography, the founder of the scientific school, Corresponding Member (1891), honorary member (1895) Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Studied the laws of the structure of the vegetative organs of plants, vegetation zoning problems and expediency in nature. Author of the first Russian textbook "Geography of Plants" (1896). BEKETOV Nikolai Nikolaevich (1827-1911), the Russian scientist, founder of the national school physical chemist, academician of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1886). Brother Andrei Nikolaevich Beketov. Opened the way to recovery of metals from their oxides, laying the foundation aluminothermy. Found displacement metals from solutions of their salts with hydrogen under pressure. Organized the first in Russia thermochemical laboratory. Békés (Hung. Bekes), top men's winter clothing in the form of a short coat with gathers at the back and fur trim (on the edge of the collar, sleeves, pockets, hem); top men's clothing in the form of a coat with pleats or gathers behind the waist. Bekeshev as fashion appeared in Russia in the 16th century. Békés (Bekesy) Gyorgy (George) (1899-1972), a physicist. Hungarian by birth, since 1947 in the United States. Proceedings on bioacoustics. Opened the physical mechanism of excitation of the inner ear. Nobel Prize (1961). Békéscsaba (Bekescsaba), city in south-eastern Hungary, the administrative center of Békés counties. 70 thousand. Inhabitants (1985). Machine tools, agricultural machinery, textiles, food processing. Buckingham (Buckingham) (Buckingham) George Villiers (1592-1628), Duke, favorite and minister of King James I and Charles I. Condemned the parliamentary opposition and the Puritans as chief conductor of the absolutist policy. Killed by an army officer. Beccaria (Beccaria) Cesare (1738-94) was an Italian educator, lawyer and publicist. Beccaria ideas about the necessity of proportionality of punishment and crime et al. Have played an important role in shaping the democratic principles of criminal law. Becky (Becke) Friedrich (1855-1931), an Austrian mineralogy and petrography, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1912). Developed a method for measuring the immersion of the refractive indices of solids (Becke method). Established the law of sectorial structure of crystals (Becke law). Beckenbauer (Bechenbauer) France (p. 1945), German athlete and coach. Recognized as the best player in Europe (1972, 1976). World Champion (1974) and Europe (1972), winner of the European Cup (1974, 1975, 1976). The coach of the national team of Germany (1987-90), won the world championship 1990. Becker (Becker) Boris (b. 1968), German athlete (tennis). World Champion (1989), winner of the US Open (1989) and Australia (1991), Wimbledon (1985, 1986, 1989) in singles. Olympic champion (1992) in doubles. The team of Germany winner of the Davis Cup (World Team Championship in 1988 and 1989).
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