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BACHICHCHA (Baciccia), nicknamed Italian painter Giovanni Battista Gaulli (1639-1709). Bacho (Baczo) Peter (b. 1928), the Hungarian scriptwriter and director. Analytical view of reality combined in Bacho with skillful use of popular genres of comedy ("boiling water on his bald head," 1972), a musical ("Ardent Girl", 1974), a detective ("Swede missing", 1981) and others. Tower cranes cranes, used mainly in construction and has a high tower, swinging boom and winch. There are stationary and mobile. Tower crane mobile relies on the running wheel or crawler tracks that move along the track or on the ground. Load capacity mobile cranes up to 100 tons, and 400 tons of stationary, height up to 150 m, boom up to 50 m. Bashilov Ivan Yakovlevich (1892-1953), the Russian chemical engineer and metallurgist. Proceedings of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of Rare Metals. One of the organizers of the creation of the first Soviet radium plant, received (1921, together with Khlopin) first Russian radium. Developed the technology of platinum refining. USSR State Prize (1948). Bashilov Simon S. (1741-70), Russian historian, archaeographer. In 1765 the St. Petersburg Academy translator. Member publications Nikon Chronicle, Sudebnik 1550 and others. Bashinjaghyan Gevorg Z. (1857-1925), an Armenian painter. Types Caucasus imbued with a sense of the epic nature ("Alazani Valley", 1902; "Ararat", 1912). BASHIROV Gumer Bashirovich (b. 1901), Tatar writer. The novel "Honor" (1948) about the Tatar farm during the Great Patriotic War; a novel about the present "Seven Keys Altynbike" (Vol. 1-2, 1977-78, in Russian translation - "Seven Springs"); autobiographical novel "dear one edge - green my cradle" (1967). USSR State Prize (1951). BASHKADYKLAR (Bashgedikler) (Basgedikler), a village in Turkey, east of Kars. During the Crimean War of 1853-56 when Bashkadyklar Russian troops of General VO Bebutov 11/19/1853 pitched back down to Kars, Turkish troops and put them to flight. "Chump" ("Bashkimi" - "Union", "Unity"), in 1922-24 the Albanian Democratic organization. In 1924, led the revolution. A. Zogu banned by the government. Bashkina Grigoryev, Russian freethinker Ser. 16 in., Clerk. Opposed the official church, the veneration of icons, as well as slavery. Church council condemned as a heretic in 1553, imprisoned in Volokolamsk Monastery. Bashkiria (Bashkortostan), the Republic of Bashkortostan in the Russian Federation. 143.6 thousand. Km2. The population of 4008 thousand. People (1992), urban 65%; Bashkirs (864 thousand. man; 1989 census), Russian, Tatar et al. 54 district, 17 towns, 45 urban settlements (1991). Capital - Ufa. The western part of Bashkiria flat, east - mountainous (the Urals). The climate is continental. Average January temperatures from -14 to -17 ° C, in July - 16-20 ° C. 300-600 mm of precipitation per year. The main rivers - White, Ufa. Forests cover more than 40% of the territory. In Bashkortostan - Bashkir Reserve. The first mention of the Bashkirs are 9-10 centuries. In the 13th century. in Bashkiria captured the Mongol-Tatars. In 1557 the Bashkirs voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship. National and feudal oppression caused Bashkir rebellion 17-18 cc., Part of the Bashkirs in the Peasants' War 1773-75. In 1917, Soviet power. In 1918, under the authority of the White Guard Ufa directory. March 23, 1919 formed Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the RSFSR. In February 1992, adopted a new name - the Republic of Bashkortostan. Oil production, oil refining and petrochemical industry, machine building (oil equipment, chemical equipment, machine tools, motors, electrical) and metalworking, ferrous metallurgy, building materials, woodworking, light and food industries. Coal mining, iron and copper-zinc ores and others. Bashkiria - a major agricultural area. Grain crops (wheat, rye, oats, barley), industrial crops (sugar beet, sunflower). Potatoes, vegetables, fruit. Dairy and beef cattle and sheep meat and wool. Poultry farming. Beekeeping. A network of pipelines: Tuymazy - Ufa, Ishimbai - Ufa and others. Shipping on pp. White and Ufa. BASHKIROV Andrey Nikolaevich (1903-82), the Russian chemical engineer, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958). Proceedings on petrochemical synthesis, chemistry and technology of fuel. Bashkir MESCHERYAKSKOE troops in Russia in 1798-1865, the Orenburg, Samara and Vyatka Province., The type of Cossack troops. BASHKIR RESERVE, in Bashkiria, in the bend of the river. White. Founded in 1930. The area of 49,609 hectares. 2 separate grounds: Uzyansky (2 parts - Uraltau and South. Krak) and Pribelsky. Pine-deciduous and pine-birch forests. Mostly developed dry steppes with feather. Elk, brown bear, red deer, roe deer, grouse and others. We study and bred wild Bashkir wild-hive bee. Kapova cave. Bashkir Scientific Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, founded in 1987 on the basis of the Bashkir Branch of the Academy of Sciences (1951). Presidium of the Ufa. 8 academic institutions. In 1992 converted to Ufa Scientific Center, Russian Academy of Sciences. BASHKIR Drama Theatre. M. Gafuri, founded in 1919 in Sterlitamak, 1922 in Ufa, since 1935 Academic. Bashkir Opera and Ballet Theatre, founded in 1938 in Ufa. Performances on the Bashkir and Russian languages. Bashkir University, Ufa, founded in 1957 to train specialists in physical and mathematical, biological, chemical, geographical, historical, philological, legal sciences. In 1991, 8 thousand. Students. Bashkir language belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages. Writing on the basis of the Russian alphabet. Bashkirtseva Maria K. (1860-84), the Russian artist. Creative heritage (more than 150 paintings, drawings, watercolors, sculptures) and "Diary" (in French, in Russian translation published in 1892) reflected the attitudes and aesthetic trends of the last quarter of the 19th c., Later took shape in the aesthetics of decadence. Bashkiria (self - bashkort), the people in the Russian Federation, the indigenous population of Bashkiria (864 thousand. People). All in the Russian Federation approx. 1.35 million. People (1992). They also live in Kazakhstan (42 thousand. People), Uzbekistan (35 thous. People) and others. Bashkir language. Believers - Sunni Muslims. BASHKORTOSTAN see. Bashkiria. Bachelard (Bachelard) (Bachelard) Gaston (1884-1962), French philosopher, literary critic; proposed the concept of "new scientific mind," which tried to understand the dialectic of modern scientific knowledge. Studies on the activity of the imagination. Influenced the French school of "new criticism". Hood (Turk.), Pointed hood with long ends, worn over a headdress. Shoe technique -1) tip to connect wires to the terminals of an electric cable ... 2) The final part of the magnetic poles of electric cars ... 3) The lower part of the support column for the uniform distribution of pressure on the base ... 4) Adaptation in the form of a wedge imposed on the railroad tracks to stop (brake) rolling ... 5) Steel tip that fits on the bottom of the pile pointy end ... 6) Support for installation and alignment machines. "Shoe" (It. "Bundschuh"), secret peasant associations in the South-West. Germany in 1493, 1502, 1513, 1517. The main organizer - J. Fritz. Their banner was depicted shoe. Anti-feudal movement, headed by "shoes - a forerunner of the Peasants' War of 1524-26. Slipper, a genus of perennial plants of the orchid family. Approx. 50 species, mainly in the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere. Some species are decorative. Lady's Slipper (protected in Europe from the late. 19 in., in the Red book of the International Union for Conservation of nature and Natural Resources). By the same name in greenhouses bred tropical orchids from other genera. Bashmet Yuri Abramovich (b. 1953), a Russian musician, violist, People's Artist of the USSR (1991). On the 1978 soloist of the Moscow Philharmonic. The first performer of a number of works dedicated to him by Russian composers for Viola. 1st prize at the International Competition in Munich (1976). USSR State Prize (1986), the State Prize of the Russian Federation (1993). The tower, construction, height which is much greater than its horizontal dimensions (diameter of the base). Originally built for the purpose of defense (watchtowers, donjon). Used in religious architecture (the bell tower, minarets) in civil architecture (beacons, stations, office buildings), as well as engineering structures (such as water, radio, TV tower) and others. Bashtanka, city (1987) in Ukraine, Nikolaev obl., 11 km from the railway Art. Yavkin. 13.5 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). The food, building materials industry. BASHUTSKY Alexander Pavlovich (1803-76), Russian writer, journalist and publisher. Nravoopisaniya different layers Petersburg society in the book "Panorama of St. Petersburg" (ch. 1-3, 1834), as well as "physiological essays" (partly included in the anthology compiled Bashutskim "Our written off from life Russian"). Autobiographical novel "Bourgeois" (1840). Journalistic articles conservative orientation. Bashar ibn Burd (714-783), Arab poet. The founder of the "new style" in many ways denied the canons of pre-Islamic poetry. Panegyric and satirical poems, lyrics. BASCHELAKSKY ridge to the north-west of the Altai, in the Altai Territory. The length of 120 km, height up to 2421 m. BAYADERA (from the Portuguese. Bailadeira - dancer), Indian dancer, participating in religious ceremonies or festive amusements. Bajazet (modern. Doğubeyazit), a city in north-eastern Turkey. 17 (29). 4. 1877, during the Russian-Turkish War of 1877-78, was occupied by Russian troops. C 6 (18). 6 Russian garrison (c. 1650), headed by polkovnokom I. Khan Nakhichevan courageously withstood a 23-day siege of the Turkish troops (up to 12 thousand. People). Siege took 28. 6. (10.7) Erivansky detachment of Russian troops. Bayezid I fulminant (Bayezit Yildirim) (1354 or 1360-1403), the Turkish Sultan in 1389-1402. Conquered vast territories in the Balkans and Asia Minor. Defeated and captured by Timur in 1402. Pir Roshan (1525-1585 or 1572/73), an Afghan writer, founder of the sect and the head movement antimogolskogo Roshan in Afghanistan. Essay "Preblagaya news." Baialinov Kasymaliev (1902-79), Kyrgyz writer, people's writer of Kyrgyzstan (1968). The first in the Kyrgyz prose story "Acar" (1928). Trilogy "Brotherhood" (1962-72), dedicated to the life of the Kyrgyz people. Baia Mare (Baia Mare), a city in the North. Romania, adm. c. Maramures County. 150 thousand. Inhabitants (1989). Center of the mining area (copper, lead, gold, silver). Non-ferrous metallurgy, chemical, furniture, textile and food industry. Known since 1329. Stefan tower (15 in.). Bayamo (Bayamo), a city in the east of Cuba, adm. c. prov. Granma. 125 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Food, textile, tobacco industry. Founded in 1513. Bayamón (Bayamon), a city in Puerto Rico, the administrative center of the municipality of Bayamón. 220 thousand. Inhabitants (1990). Refining industry, mechanical engineering. BAYAN, one of the most advanced and common types of chromatic harmony. Named after a legendary ancient Russian singer-storyteller Bayan (Bojana). Bajanova Alla N. (b. 1914), Russian singer. Since 1918 in Romania, since 1989 in Russia. Acts since 1927, performing Gypsy songs, Russian romances. BAYANTUMEN name Choibalsan in Mongolia in 1921-41. Bayankhongor, a city in Mongolia, adm. c. Bayan-Khongor aimag. Ok. 16 thousand. Residents. Point on the Trans motorway. Food, footwear, clothing enterprise. Bayat Abd al Wahhab (b. 1926), Arab poet (Iraq). Collection of poems "Angels and Devils" (1950), "Glory to the children and Olivia" (1956), "Soldiers of the occupation" (1959), "On Death and Revolution" (1974); poem "Lenin" (1961). Bouaké, a city in Côte d'Ivoire; cm. Bouake. BGTO - "Be ready to work and defense of the USSR", see. Art. "Ready for Labour and Defence of the USSR." Be, a brand of Russian aircraft (mostly seaplanes), developed under the arms. Beriev and organized them EDO. Bearn (Bearn), a historical region in France, Zap. Pyrenees. The main town - Po. On the territory of Bearn - most of Pyrénées-Atlantiques department. 5.8 thousand. Km2. The population of 350 thousand. People (1982). Beatification (from Lat. Beatus - blessed and ... cation), the Catholic Church an act of identity as a person among the blessed, performed by the Pope. Beatrix II (Beatrix) (p. 1938), Queen of the Netherlands since 1980. Babbage (Babbage) (Babbage), Charles (1792-1872), English mathematician, foreign corresponding member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1832). Works on the theory of functions of mechanization account in the economy. Designed and built (1820-22) machine tabulation. From 1823 he worked on the construction of the Difference Engine. In 1833, drafted a universal digital computer - a prototype of a computer. Bebel (Bebel) August (1840-1913), one of the founders (1869) and the head of the German Social Democratic Party and the 2nd International. He was repeatedly elected to the Reichstag. Fighter against militarism, a champion of women's emancipation. For speaking in defense of the Paris Commune, criticism of the state of colonial policy, and others. Subjected to repression (total was imprisoned approx. 6 years). Bebryces, in Greek mythology, warlike people, ruled by Amick. Argonauts on their way to Colchis lander country Bebryces (Bithynia). Bebutov (Turk.), Curved dagger with a double-edged sword. In the Russian army in the beginning. 20 in. was armed with non-commissioned officers machine-gun teams, gun room light and mountain artillery soldiers and artillery parks. Bebutov Vasily Osipovich (1791-1858), Prince, Russian General of Infantry (1856). In the Crimean War in 1853-54 commander of the Caucasian Corps (victory at Bashkadyklare and Kyuryuk Dara). Bevin (Bevin), Ernest (1881-1951), one of the right-wing leaders of the British Labour Party, a member (1925-40) and chairman (1937) of the General Council of the British Trades Union Congress. Minister of Labour and national duty in 1940-45, Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1945-51. Running, see. Beck. "Race to the Sea", 16.9-15.10.1914, the name of the three counter-operations of Anglo-French and German armies during the 1st World War. Opponents of "irregular" moved on p. Oise to the North m., Trying unsuccessfully to get around open flanks each other, and when they reached the coast, set the static front. RUN sport, one of the main kinds of athletics: running smooth (on a treadmill, highway), obstacles, barriers (in Vol. H. Steeplechase-), cross-country marathon. RUN trotting, type of horse trials. Running birds, the same as ratites. Begeldinov Talgat Yakubekovich (b. 1922), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), Colonel (1975). During the Great Patriotic War in attack aircraft, the commander of the regiment; St. 300 sorties. Hippos, family suborder of non-ruminant cloven-hoofed animals. 2 species in sub-Saharan Africa. At Hippopotamus (hippo) body length up to 4.5 m, weighs 2-3,2 (sometimes up to 4) T. Pygmy hippopotamus (body length 1.7-1.8 m, weighs up to 250-270 kg). Rare. In the Red Book of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. BEGETRIYA (App. Behetria), in medieval Spain (mainly in Castile and Leon) freestyle peasant communities concerned, and government. Begetrii arose during the Reconquista. Begetrii given the right to choose a lord among the feudal lords; during the war begetrii carried military service. BEGIN Menachem (1913-92), the prime minister of Israel in 1977-83. Signed (1978) Camp David Accords and the (1979) treaty with Egypt. Until 1983 the leader of the Likud bloc (founded in 1973) and the incoming chairman of the Herut party in it (founded in 1948). The Nobel Peace Prize (1978) - for the shares contributed to the "understanding and human contacts between Egypt and Israel." Beguinage (fr. Beguinage) (Begijnhof), Belgium and the Netherlands in the village monastery-like, with the cells for single women (widows and orphans). Begich Dmitry Nikitich (1786-1855), Russian writer. Picture of court life in the novels "Kholmsky Family" (1832), "Olga" (1840), the story "The provincial scene" (1840) and others. Begich (Bigichev) Nicephorus A. (1874-1927), a Russian sailor, polar explorer. Member of the expedition EV Toll in 1900-02, the search crew members "Maude" in 1922. He opened two islands at the entrance of the hall Khatangsky., Named after him. Begichev Big Island, m. Laptev, at the exit of Khatangsky room., In Yakutia. Ok. 1800 km2. Height up to 201 m. Tundra vegetation. Fishing for arctic foxes and reindeer. Walrus rookery. Beglopopovtsev, for among popovtsev. Arose in the context. 17 in., Included a fugitive priests who had departed from the official Orthodox Church. Community-based organizations were persons hiding from the tsarist authorities. Now is the smallest group of Old Believers. Since 1923 is the Archbishop (Novozybkov). Official self - Old Orthodox church. Beglyarov Sergey Nikitivich (1898-1949), the Turkmen artist, Honored Artist of Turkmenistan (1939). The author of satirical drawings (series "Types old Ashgabat," the 20-ies.), A portrait-type ("Turkmen", 1928), genre and narrative paintings, landscapes. Begonia, genus of grasses, shrubs or subshrubs family Begonia. Ok. 900 species in the tropics and subtropics (except Australia). Many species are bred in the rooms, gardens. "Flight from money" in times of severe inflation desire holders depreciating paper money to get rid of them by buying goods, movable and immovable property. Leads to deformation of consumer demand (goods are bought not for consumption, but for insurance money depreciation) and higher inflation. Runners, family birds of the order Charadriiformes. 10 species in the deserts of Africa and South-West. Asia, on about. Sri Lanka, Australia; 1 species in the South. Turkmenistan. Runners (runners bowl), the machine for grinding by crushing and abrasion rollers, rolls along the bottom of a cast-iron bowl; sometimes - for amalgamation (eg., gold ore). Traveling wave wave, which propagates in a medium with transfers energy (as opposed to standing wave), for example. elastic wave in the rod, pole gas, liquid, electromagnetic wave in a long line in the waveguide. Bede (Bede, Beda, Baeda Venerabilis) (672 or 673 - c. 735), the Anglo-Saxon chronicler, a monk; author of "The Ecclesiastical History of the English People" - the most valuable source for the history of England 7-8 centuries. TROUBLE Leonid Ignatievich (1920-76), twice Hero of the Soviet Union (1944, 1945), Lieutenant General of Aviation (1972), Distinguished Military Pilot of the USSR (1971). During the Great Patriotic War in attack aircraft, the assistant commander of the regiment; St. 200 sorties. BEDAUYE LANGUAGE (Beja language), the language of the people of the badge. Refers to the Cushitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic languages. Unwritten. Baedeker (Baedeker) Karl (1801-59), a German publisher. Founded in 1827 in Koblenz publishing guides to different countries. The word "Baedeker" became the name of the guides, which continues to produce firm "Karl Baedeker" (from 1958 in Freiburg, Germany, in the 80s. Entered the publishing group "Langensheydt"). Beja (bedauye), Cushites people groups in north-eastern Sudan (approx. 1.75 million. People) and in the neighboring areas of Ethiopia and Egypt. Total number. 1.85 million. People (1992). Language bedauye. On Religion Sunni Muslims. Bejaia (Bougie), a city in northern Algeria, the administrative center of Bejaia wilaya. 124 thousand. Inhabitants (1987). Port (export of crude oil and iron ore). The final destination of the oil deposits in the Sahara. Flavoring, cement companies. Bedilov Mirza Abdulkadir (1644-1720 or 1721), Persian poet of India. Major works: "Talisman amazement" (1669), philosophical and didactic essay "Cognition" (1711-12), which includes a romantic poem "The division commander and fashion." Creator deliberately complicated, so. N. Indian style. Bedlam (Eng. Bedlam, from Bethlehem - Bethlehem, the city of Judea), 1) initially Hospital. Mary of Bethlehem, then home for the insane in London ... 2) (Perrin.) Madhouse; chaos, confusion. Badlands (Eng. Badland) (bad ground) slozhnoraschlenenny relief arid and semiarid areas, consisting of strongly branching narrow ravines and jagged watersheds (eg., The eastern foot of the Rocky Mountains in the United States, parts of the foothills Wed Asia). Bednodemyanovskoye (until 1925 Spassk), city (with 1779) in the Russian Federation, Penza., 32 km from the railway Art. Zubov Glade. 8.3 thousand. Inhabitants (1991). Creamery, production of artistic ceramics. Named for D. Poor. "Poor art" (ital. Arte povera), a term that Italian criticism of the 1960s. marked direction close conceptual art and minimalism (the most famous of his representatives in Italy -I. Kounellis and M. Merz). Deliberately scarce, "poor" items and characters only hint at the artistic idea, giving the latter a mysterious innuendo. Installation in the spirit of "poor art" is often likened to the ruins, which brings him to arheologizmom. Bednorz (Bednorz) Johannes Georg (b. 1950), a German physicist. Works on the high-temperature conductivity. Nobel Prize (for the discovery of new superconducting materials, 1987, with KA Müller). "The poor", daily newspaper of the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) for peasants (in the Civil War - and the Red Army), Moscow, 03.27.1918 - 31.01.1931. Merged with the newspaper "socialist agriculture." POOR Demian (pres. Name and fam. Eph. Al. Pridvorov) (1883-1945), Russian writer. Published in the Bolshevik newspaper "Star" and "The Truth". Popular in the Civil War satirical poems, poetic satires, fables, songs; epic poem "On the ground, about the will, about the work share" (1917), "Main Street" (1922). Captions "TASS windows". "Poor Conrad" (It. "Armer Konrad"), a secret alliance, who led the anti-feudal uprising of peasants and townspeople in 1514 in Württemberg (South-West. Germany), the largest of the preceding Peasants' War of 1524-26, was brutally suppressed. Bedrenets, the genus of herbs Umbelliferae. Ok. 150 species in Eurasia and Africa, several species in America. Widespread Pimpinella saxifraga; its young leaves are eaten (in the form of salads), the roots are used as a seasoning, fruit - as a spice; there are forage species, honey plants. Thighs, upper section of the rear extremities of terrestrial vertebrates (legs - a person) from the hip to the knee. The skeleton of the thigh - the femur. In arthropods hip - 3rd or 4th from the bottom of the mobile segment of the leg. Bedouin (from Arabic. Badauin - the inhabitants of the desert), the nomadic Arab herders (mainly verblyudovody) Southwest Asia and North. Africa. In European literature is also called semi-nomadic Bedouin Arabs, combining animal husbandry and agriculture. BEDIE (Bedier), Joseph (1864-1938), a French linguist and medievalist. Author transcriptions of medieval romance "Tristan and Isolde" (1900). Bejar (Bejart) Maurice (pres. Fam. Berger, Berger) (p. 1927), a French ballet dancer, choreographer, teacher. One of the leading figures of choreographic art of the 20th century. In 1953, together with Jean Laurent founded in Paris troupe "Ballet" Stars "(existed until 1957). In 1957-60 led the troupe" Ballet Theatre of Paris. "In 1960-87 in Brussels organized a troupe" Ballet of the twentieth century "(" Bolero "to music by Maurice Ravel, 1960;" Ninth Symphony "to the music of Beethoven, 1964," Petrushka "Stravinsky, 1977, et al.). in 1987-92 founded the troupe" Ballet Bejart in Lausanne. "put ballet troupes in different countries. in an effort to dance to express the complexity of the spiritual life of modern society, recreated the dance vocabulary. Bezhevets Predvoditelev (b. 1929), test pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1975). Conducted tests more than 70 types and modifications of aircraft. Bezhetskaya, a city in Russia, Tver., at p. Mologa. Railway station. 30.6 thousand. inhabitants (1992). Engineering (agricultural machinery factory, garage equipment), flax, food companies. known since the 13th century.
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